高级笔译考前必看实用翻译技巧

1、一、英语词汇翻译的多样性在 William Thackeray 的小说 Vanity Fair（名利场）一书 中，作者描绘女子学校校长巴巴拉平克顿给其学生写的推荐 书时是这样写的：l.Although schoolmistresses letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs;yetz as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life , who is really deserving of all the praises the stone

2、-cutter carves over his bones;who is a good Christian , a good parent, child , wife or husband;who actually does leave a disconsolate family to morn his loss;.这一段杨必先生译为：般说来，校长的信和墓志铭一样靠不住。不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话，真的是虔诚 的教徒，慈爰的父母，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻 子，他们家里的人也真的哀思绵绵地追悼他们。那正有意思。我以前读书的时候，也是找我现在的爰人补课的。张科长调侃

3、地笑起来了。情况不同了，现在的年轻人意思多，不比你们那年代 单纯。王秘书看了他一眼。还能有几个意思?张科长感到大为惊讶。几个意思!几个意思!说不定你夫人也有几个意思起来 喽!王秘书忍不住笑起来了。嘻嘻，张科长干笑两声，连连说：不谈了，真没TT-. ET1 后、心你读完了这段对话，是否感到有点意思呢？(And moreover, can you teach Chinese yisi to your American friends or students?)中国的东西(Chinese Dongxi)五、汉语成语翻译的多样性例：欢天喜地1)宁荣两处上下内外人等，莫不欢天喜地。(曹雪芹：红楼梦，第十

4、六回)Then high and low alike in both mansions werefilled with joy.2）那小厮欢天喜地，容许去了。（曹雪芹：红楼梦， 第三十九回）The boy assented and made off in high spirits.3）我才已经和他母亲说了，BANNED已经欢天喜地应 To （曹雪芹：红楼梦，第七十二回）Ive spoken to Chaixias mother and shes consented gladly.4）两个小头目听了这话，欢天喜地，说道：好了!众人 在此少待一时。（施耐庵：水浒传，第十七回）The junior

5、officers were delighted. Excellent,“they said. Just wait here a little.5）不管归迟归早，那妇人顿羹顿饭，欢天喜地伺候武松,武松倒过意不去。（施耐庵：水浒传，第二十四回）Whenever he returned home , whether early or late ,Golden Lotus had food ready.She served him with obvious pleasure.lt rather embarrassed him.6）得蒙派遣，欢天喜地，收拾枪刀。（施耐庵：水浒传， 第六十三回）Happy

6、 with their mission z they gathered their weapons.7）石宝得胜，欢天喜地，回城中去了。（施耐庵：水浒 传，第九十五回）The victorious Shi Bao returned to Hangzhou in jubilation.8）他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地 的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。（鲁迅：呐喊中的狂人日 记）Then they can enjoy their hearts desire without being blamed for murder.Naturally that delights them and

7、sets them roaring with laughter.汉语成语欢天喜地形容非常高兴，其中欢和喜表示高兴，天和地表示非常的意思，并 非真正表示天地。这是汉语文学作品中常用的成语之 -O像这样的成语并不能根据其字面意思来翻译，天和地不能译成，heaven和eartho这条成语可根据原文的 实际含义来翻译：to be highly elatedo我们也可用对等的 英语成语来翻译：to go into raptures;to be in high gleeo 上面8个例句中的欢天喜地采用了 8种不同的译法，充 分显示了多样性译法的优越性：l)were filled withjoy;2)in

8、high spirits;3)gladly;4)were delighted;5)with obvious pleasure;6)happy;7)in jubilation;8)delightso在采用多样性翻译方法时，可参考英语的和汉语的同义 词词典，也可参考英汉和汉英词典。比方，在翻译汉语成语大惊小怪时，我们可以先参考英语同义词词典，查fussy 这一基本词条，同时再参考汉英成语手册，查大惊小怪 的各种英译。综合以上两类词典里的相应词语和词组，大 惊小怪就会有大量的多样性译法：(l)be surprised or alarmed at sth quite normal(2)be surpr

9、ised or alarmed at sth perfectly common(3)make a fuss about nothing(4)make unnecessary ado about trifles(5)make a fuss about(sth)(6)fuss aboutoversthtrifles(7)much ado about nothing(8)muchgreatcry and little wool(9)a flurriedhurriedado about trifles(10)get alarmed foraboutnothing(ll)get nothing for

10、nothing(12)get all stirred up over nothing(13)make a terrible to-do about sth(14)a storm in a teacup(15)a tempest in a teapot(16)a teapot tempest(17)a tempest in a barrel(18)a tempest in a bucket(19)create about(it)(20)like a hen with one chickchicken(21)alarmism(22)fussy(23)get jittery for nothing(

11、24)great alarm at a little bogey六、汉语句子翻译的多样性例：你的眼睛长哪儿去了？l)Havenz t you got eyes?2)Are you so blind?3)Are you such a blind man?4)Youre really stone-blind !5)How blind you are !6)As blind as a bat!7)What a blind man8)A sightless guy !9)Why are you so rash?10)How can you be so reckless?ll)My goodness!

12、Be careful!12)Would you please be more careful?这个例句实际上是汉语中很不礼貌的说法，指责对方没 看清楚，不够小心。由于汉英两种语言有着不同的文化背景, 各人对这个原文有不同的理解和体会，这个句子可能被用于 不同的上下文，因此，这个句子自然会有多样性的译法。上 面第一至第八个译文都是根据字面意思来进行翻译的。这样 的翻译可以保存原文的形象和原文中粗野的口气，为了塑造 说话人的人物形象，这个句子就必须直译。上面第九至第十 二个译文是根据原文的含义来进行翻译的，这4种译文更符 合地道的英语，在日常用语中，还是以这4种译法为好。又如你有笔吗?可以译为：H

13、ave you got a pen?Have you got pens?Have you got any pens?Have you got some pens?Have you got the pen?Have you got the pens?准确的译文只能视具体语境而定。只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和幽默将这个人争取过来。(a)When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.(b)As soon as he

14、finds any possible opponent, he is, by instinct, to have as an inclination for winning him over with charm and humor.(c)The sight of a potential antagonist arouses (evokes) his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humor.一想到要出国深造，他就激动不已。(a)The idea that he would go abroad for furtherstu

15、dy made him greatly excited.(b)He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.近年来，中、泰两国国民经济开展迅速，为两国的经济、 贸易合作提供了良好的基础。(a)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation betwee

16、n the two countries.(b)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.(c)China and Thailand ,with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years

17、, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.(d)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.总之，翻译中的多样性或多样性译法一方面可以使我们 从多种译文中选择最正确的译文，另一方面可使原文中反复

18、出 现的词句拥有多种译法，从而使整个译文既忠实于原文，又 行文流畅，生动活泼。一个good，译得何等文采风流！ 虔诚的、慈 爰的、孝顺的、贤良的、尽职的不都是在具 体语境中从好的一词升华出来的吗？2.A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin, emotionless eyes.(James Thurber : One Is A Wanderer)一个骨瘦如柴、衣服薄弱、双目失神的男子注视着他们。I am busy today.I have a busy day.()3.Some fishing boats were becal

19、med lust in front of us.Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water ,a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep , or if sleep , that it was sleep with dreams.眼前不远，渔舟三五，凝滞不前啬影斜映水上，仿佛 睡去，偶尔微见颤抖，似又未曾熟睡，恍假设惊梦。这是一个充满诗情画意的段落。其中sleep(slept)一词 出现五次，如果将它们逐个译成睡字，大煞风景。译者 经过处理，只译出其

20、中三个，分别为斜映、睡去、熟睡，无一简单重复，而另有两个隐去。译得如此丰富 多彩，首先在于对原文意蕴的深入开掘和理解。同时也有赖 于译者运用语言的娴熟手法。4.A great company came to the exhibition.(agroup of people)许多人参加了展览会。The company are now enjoying a feast.(a numberof people combined with a common purpose)那一行人正在进餐。He kept me company.(He is my guest)他是我的客人。We have company

21、 today.(invited guest)今天我们请客。The ship7 s company assembled on the deck forinspection, (a shipz s crew)全体船员在甲板上等候检阅。以上例句中都有一个company在不同的语境中就 有了不同的含义(见括号内解释)。又如：In married life three is company and two none.止匕句中的company中的意思又与上面的例子不一样,意思是和 谐，所以全句的意思是结婚以后，有了孩子才成其为 家。由此我们想到汉语的成语两个和尚抬水吃，三个和 尚没水喝”可以译成,zIn

22、social life , two is company and three is none/7正确理解多义词的关键是正确把握语境， 也就是上下文，关于这一点我们还要进一步讨论。三、英语句子翻译的多样性例：A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway.(Herman Wouk : The Winds of War)1)一位头戴扁平的黑草帽的矮个儿姑娘，出现在门口。2)一个头戴黑色扁平草帽的小个儿姑娘，出现在门口。3）一位姑娘出现在门口，只见她个头不高，头戴一顶浅 浅的黑草帽。4）门口闪出了一位个头不高的女

23、孩子，头上戴着一顶平 平的黑草帽。5）门口出现一矮妞，头戴扁平黑草帽。上面例句中的5个措辞不一的译文都是对同一个英文句子的翻译。这5个译句所表达的内容是一样的，但所采用的 形式是多样化的。第一和第二个译句在形式上基本相同，并与原句形式相似，只是把修饰词黑色的前提到第一个位LOLO扁平的黑草帽比黑色扁平草帽通顺一些。short译成矮个儿比小个儿更能反映出short的原 意，而小个儿在英语里的对应词应该是little。一个较长 的主语往往在其后面用逗号与谓语隔开。第三至第五个译句 把原句中的主体局部前提到第一个分句来表述，原句中的所 有定语都后移到第二个分句来表述。这是长句短译的最好方 法。第五个

24、译句前后两个分句各占7个字，语言非常精简, 译者是费了许多心思的，只是很像两句打油诗，读来让人感 到可笑。与英语一样，汉语不同表达方式的差异往往在于语气和情 感，而语气和情感的选择又取决于具体的环境，所以标识语 的翻译一定要考虑具体的场合与对象。一定要根据不同的语 境做不同的处理。如小心地滑 Caution : Wet FloorMind your step小心碰头 Mind your head小心夹手Mind the gap(be careful the clipping hands)小心轻放 Handle With Care小心开水烫手 Caution : Boiling Water小心有

25、狗Beware of Dog禁止通车 Closed to all vehicles严禁靠近Keep off禁止通行Street Closed禁止入内Off Limits禁止穿鞋Shoes Off禁止喧哗Keep silent(Don t make noise)等等，就不一定非要用Don 表示禁止不可。而且，这种词语往往给人一种居高临下的感觉，语气显得十 分生硬。又如，一次(性/用)因搭配对象不同至少有以下各表达法：一次处理：single/primary treatment;一次污染：primary pollution;一次冻透：straight- freezing;一次空气：fresh/primary air;一次爆破：one pull;一次付清:pay in full;一次消费：one- time consumption;一次误差:first-order error;一次成像照片：a Polaroid picture;一次归还信贷：non-installment;一次性杯子：sanitary cu