凡纳滨对虾消化脂肪酶的纯化及生化分析=Purificationand

1、 - 11 - 凡纳滨对虾消化脂肪酶的纯化及生化分析=Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in Whiteleg Shrimp 关键词消化，脂肪酶，纯化，凡纳滨对虾，甲壳动物本实验成功分离纯化到凡纳滨对虾中肠腺中的脂肪酶，并测定其分子量约为44.8kDa。对其进行肽链测序，确定该酶cDNA全长为1186bp，且氨基酸序列含有/脂肪水解酶家族保守序列（GXSXG）。（/content/u134813t3q2u4q14/,early view,2011）雄性黑斑小丑鱼在雌化过程中三种促性腺激素亚单位和受

2、体mRNA的表达=Expression of three gonadotropin subunits and gonadotropin receptor mRNA during male-to-female sex change in the cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus 关键词黑斑小丑鱼，促性腺激素，促性腺激素受体，性别转换为了定量分析雄性黑斑小丑鱼的雌性化过程，本实验对小丑鱼雌化过程中不同时期促性腺激素亚基和受体的表达量进行测定，发现性腺激素亚基和受体的mRNA表达量在一直增加，且促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）在脑-下垂体-性腺调控系统中

3、发挥了重要的作用。（,early view,2011）不同复方藻类对紫贻贝幼虫生存、发育、固着和脂肪酸含量的关系=Effects of different dietary microalgae on survival, growth, settlement and fatty acid composition of blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) larvae 关键词生长率，双壳类幼虫，钙质角毛藻，牟氏角毛藻，DHA 22:6n-3 EPA 20:5n-3硅藻属钙质角毛藻是紫贻贝幼虫培育中重要的饵料。通过对比研究五种混合藻类（钙质角毛藻含量不同）

4、的养殖效果，发现紫贻贝幼虫的发育状况与饵料中DHA含量呈正相关。进一步研究表明(DHA+EPA)/ARA含量比率是确定紫贻贝幼体发育优劣的重要指标。（/,early view,2011）鲑鱼鱼虱类组织蛋白酶B半胱氨酸蛋白酶的初步研究=Characterisation of cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Lepeophtheirus salmonis 关键词大西洋鲑鱼，鲑鱼鱼虱，组织蛋白酶B鲑鱼鱼虱是寄生在大西洋鲑鱼体表的一种寄生虫，对鲑鱼养殖有很大威胁。本研究成功克隆了鲑鱼鱼虱体内编码类组织蛋白酶B半胱氨酸蛋白酶(LsCtB)的cDNA。对比发现成

5、熟的鱼虱半胱氨酸蛋白酶与人体组织蛋白酶相似度达69%，且包括所有的保守氨基酸区域。该酶发生水解作用的最佳pH和温度分别为3.5和45。（/, early view,2011）Effect of delayed first feeding on larval performance of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla assessed by digestive enzyme activities=饥饿胁迫条件下蜘蛛蟹幼体发育的研究关键词蜘蛛蟹，幼体发育，营养水平本实验的目的是研究食物短缺对蜘蛛蟹（Maja brachydactyla）幼体发育的影响。通过对

6、幼体存活率、蜕皮能力、个体大小、体重和酶活性的测定，我们发现刚孵化的幼体在无食物供给时可存活10天且不蜕壳；蚤状I期幼体仅能存活2天。综合分析表明消化酶活性是最佳的幼体营养水平指示标准。（/, early view, 2011）Identifications of expressed sequence tags from Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) skeletal muscle cDNA library=太平洋马鲅骨骼肌cDNA文库中EST标记的鉴定关键词太平洋马鲅， cDNA文库，表达序列标签，骨骼肌本实验利用太平洋马鲅肌肉组织的mR

7、NA构建其cDNA文库，通过测序分析发现了129个有价值的表达序列标签（ESTs）和14个新型基因。此外还确定了包括Not2p，Tsc222结构域家族2，LIM区域结合因子2和间叶细胞同源框2在内的4个mRNA序列。这些都表明肌肉cDNA文库可用来标识太平洋马鲅的EST序列。（/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02355.x/full, 2011）用探针增量分析对普通章鱼Octopus vulgaris进行年龄鉴定=Age validation in common octopus Octopus vulgaris using stylet increment anal

8、ysis 关键词年龄鉴定，增量， HYPERLINK /search?fulltext=Octopus+vulgaris&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase Octopus vulgaris，氧四环素，探针野外捕获的章鱼在受控条件下探针中日生长量的鉴定。通过氧四环素或四环素着色探针来证实，比较随着天数增加产生的环数。在比戈有19个动物（10雄9雌；体重6801470 g）用氧四环素注射(平均124 mg kg1)，那不勒斯6个动物（1雄5雌；体重248570 g）用四环素注射(平均120 mg kg1)。这些被囚禁章鱼在第

9、6天时死了一只，第9天又死了一只，18天时死了6只，21天时死了17只。用探针的截断横断面计算的数目增量在18天和21天分别是18.9 1.4，20.5 1.5。结果成功证实了在普通章鱼的日增量沉积物在分析范围内。（/content/early/2010/06/08/icesjms.fsq054.abstract,2011）枪乌贼科Loliolus noctiluca南部种群的生长，孵化大小和成熟=Growth, hatch size and maturation in a southern population of the loliginid squid Loliolus noctiluc

10、a关键词气候变化，生长，孵化大小，鱿鱼，繁殖策略，躯体条件，耳石对塔斯马尼亚水域的近海岸枪乌贼Loliolus noctiluc的年龄，生长和繁殖成本进行了检测。比较不同地点，季节，和年份采集的个体耳石自然环的大小，评估几个因素对孵化尺寸的影响。L. noctiluca 的生命周期小于六个月。七月孵化的雌体生长快于五月孵化的，说明在冬季孵化个体的与秋季孵化的相比生长更快。地点，季节，年份和性别作用于自然环的差异是比较大的，雌性的自然环明显大于任何地点和年份的雄性。未成熟和正在成熟的雌性比相对应的成熟个体显示较差的身体条件，表明性腺的生长不影响胴长和鳍的生长。在L. noctiluca频临死亡时

11、依保持着良好的躯体形态，说明其在整个产卵期持续为身体器官提供 营养。这个物种的繁殖策略更接近于“多重产卵”而不是“单次产卵”。L. noctiluca作为一个模型来探索季节变化对近海岸枪乌贼科种群的影响。（http:/cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=22918437, 2011）埃及地中海鳕科欧洲无须鳕Merluccius merluccius 雌性的繁殖生物学、组织学和超微结构的特征=The reproductive biology and the histological and ultrastructural characteristics i

12、n ovaries of the female gadidae fish Merluccius merluccius from the Egyptian Mediterranean water关键词欧洲无须鳕Merluccius merlucciu，卵子发生组织学，超微结构成熟阶段分布的月分析揭示了鳕科欧洲无须鳕Merluccius merluccius有长的产卵期，从一月早期到六月早期。所有雌性体长超过34.4 cm是成熟的。生殖腺成熟指数(GSI)的峰值在一月获得并持续到了五月，六月到八月逐步降低。卵直径分析揭示在每个成熟并能产卵的卵巢中有八个卵群体；前四个群体是小而透明，其余四个为蛋黄质

13、的。繁殖力显示对既定长度的范围，绝对繁殖力和去脏净重是线性关系。相对繁殖力从743 到1699颗卵每厘米不同于92 到148颗卵每克。（/AJB/abstracts/abs2010/26Apr/Al-Absawy.htm，2011）北极头足类分布及其相关天敌=Arctic cephalopod distributions and their associated predators 关键词北冰洋，加拿大，头足类，分布，海洋学，捕食者头足类动物无论是作为猎物还是捕食者都是北极东部海洋食物网的关键物种。它们出现在北极鱼类，鸟类和哺乳动物的食谱中的说明了其重要营养价值。对北大西洋和格陵兰岛西侧的头足

14、类（主要是Gonatus fabricii）一直有相当多的研究，在那里它们被认为是一个潜在的渔业和副渔获物。相比之下，北极头足类生物地理学数据仍不完整。本研究整合了北极头足类最知名的地区，试图找出对头足类有利益的潜在地区，和以它们为食的捕食者。国际和国家数据库，博物馆收藏，政府报告，发表的文章和个人通信被用来建立分布图。了解生态系统内的物种分布和它们之间的相互作用对北冰洋变暖研究和海洋保护区的选择十分重要。（Polar ResearchVolume,29(2):209-227,2010）巴西南部涌生区双幼虫和小型未成年头足类的分布与初级生产的关联=Distribution of paralar

15、vae and small juvenile cephalopods in relation to primary production in an upwelling area off southern Brazil 关键词Argonauta nodosa，头足类，叶绿素a，Illex argentinus，Loligo sanpaulensis，双幼虫，上升流 高级浮游生物生产和未成年头足类的高密度，通过一个短期有效的生态食物链存在一致和直接的关联。生产，密度跃层的强度以及双幼虫和未成年头足类的密度之间的关系显示出在上升流季节生存和生长的适宜条件。（/content/67/7/1346.a

16、bstract,2011）南极极面近海洋表面远洋鱿鱼大型族聚以及被灰头信天翁的捕食=Large aggregations of pelagic squid near the ocean surface at the Antarctic Polar Front, and their capture by grey-headed albatrosses 关键词南极极面，灰头信天翁，定位和捕获方法，远洋中层拖网，鱿鱼鱿鱼捕食者的卫星跟踪和寻找鱼群的声响设备被用于定位南极极面鱿鱼的聚集，用中层拖网对其捕获。近海洋表面捕获的主要是七星鱿鱼Martialia hyadesi ，与喂养灰头信天翁雏鸟的鱿鱼大

17、小相似。七星鱿的特征以及它们接近海洋表面说明了信天翁通过嗅觉定位鱿鱼聚集，利用俯冲捕获鱿鱼。（/content/early/2010/06/07/icesjms.fsq069.abstract，2011）智利渔业：小型中上层鱼，管理，权利，海洋分区制=Fisheries in Chile: Small Pelagics, Management, Rights, and Sea Zoning关键词智利，管理，权利，海洋分区制建立在专属捕鱼权，领土使用权和海洋分区制基础上的渔业管理政策是保持可持续发展的常用工具。在智利，1991年的渔业和水产养殖法改革了个体和工业间捕鱼权，提出了海洋分区（空间基础

18、）策略，建立了不同的个体可转让配额(ITQ)制度。对这种制度安排和小型远洋个体和工业围网捕鱼为重点进行描述。结果显示新的管理改革和授权使得个体捕鱼者的船队的数量和上岸量的增加，工业部门则减少。改革似乎已经抵消了在开放评估系统中固有的公共资源“race for fish”的特征。（Bulletin of Marine Science, 86(2): 221234, 2010）在一大食源性疾病爆发时临床分离的两个单核细胞增生李斯特菌的高通量基因组测序=High-throughput genome sequencing of two Listeria monocytogenes clinical i

19、solates during a large foodborne outbreak关键词单增李斯特菌，基因组序列，PFGE 2008年在加拿大多个省份爆发了由单增李斯特菌1/2a血清型污染即食肉类产品引起的李氏杆菌病。使用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）进行亚型分析结果显示有两个类似但不同的AscI电泳。对分离到的两菌株进行了高通量焦磷酸测序以获得基因组序列，并探讨了电泳时使用单一的限制性内切酶获得的遗传多样性与变化的酶切片段间关系。（/1471-2164/11/120,2010）诺如病毒在食品和食品处理者污染情况=The Scenario of Norovirus Contamination in

20、 Food and Food Handlers关键词诺如病毒；食品；食品处理者最近，世界各地报道了病毒性肠胃炎爆发事件。急性肠胃炎主要由诺如病毒引起。化验急性胃肠炎患者的粪便和呕吐物通常会发现诺如病毒呈阳性。本文综述了诺如病毒各种活性及以前报告中描述的在各类食品基质中污染及与食品处理者的关系。最近，报道了诺如病毒在新鲜农产品（如蔬菜，水果）、贝类和预制食品中大量爆发。食品生产加工中由感染的食品处理者更容易污染食品。此外，食品需要很多的处理及食用不经热处理的食物，增加了食源性疾病的风险。目前已建立诺如病毒在粪便样本中的标准检测方法。然而到现在，只开发了几种方法检测食品中的诺如病毒。（http:/

21、www.jmb.or.kr/journal/viewJournal.html?year=2010&vol=20&num=2&page=229,2010)韩国仁川爆发的食源性诺如病毒流行病学调查=Epidemiology of Foodborne Norovirus Outbreak in Incheon, Korea关键词疾病爆发;诺如病毒2008年06月14日，仁川的小学生爆发了肠胃炎。我们对污染源及污染程度进行了调查。我们对暴露于食堂食品的学生、教师及食品处理者进行了回顾性队列研究。使用调查问卷的形式收集了症状者、在食堂吃饭的天数及吃的食物资料。收集了131位有症状的和11位食品处理者的粪

22、便样本。检查了公共厨房并收集了食物样本。在食堂吃饭的1560人中，117人有症状，感染率为7.5。食用不同食品可能引起感染的概率为黄瓜-茼蒿沙拉（相对危险度为2.71），混合新鲜白菜（相对危险度为2.23），干萝卜沙拉（相对危险度为3.04）和新鲜萝卜泡菜（相对危险度为2.52）。检测发现142个粪便样品中64个（45）诺如病毒呈阳性。在2个食品处理者中检出诺如病毒。通过对厨房员工的访谈表明污染可能源于被感染的食品处理者加工的干萝卜沙拉。诺如病毒爆发的污染源可能是无症状的食品处理者的排泄物中含有的诺如病毒。（/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.20128,2010）2010年2

23、月-3月期间在爱尔兰诺如病毒污染区收获牡蛎时健康风险管理=Management of health risks associated with oysters harvested from a norovirus contaminated area, Ireland, FebruaryMarch 2010关键词 爱尔兰、牡蛎、诺如病毒收获牡蛎地区常暴发肠胃炎，但牡蛎可通过干净海水的冲洗然后高温下对海水净化处理。这种联合处理方法使诺如病毒降低到了不能爆发水平。虽然在收获地区禁止直接销售牡蛎，但经处理后在监测诺如病毒的基础上还是允许出售。目前还没见到食用处理后的牡蛎引起疾病的报道。（/ViewAr

24、ticle.aspx?ArticleId=19567,2010）英国2010年爆发的食源性巴雷利沙门氏菌=A foodborne outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly in the United Kingdom, 2010关键词英国、巴雷利沙门氏菌、豆芽本文报告了对食源性巴雷利沙门氏菌爆发的初步结果。在英国从2010年8月到11月，共验明了231例巴雷利沙门氏菌感染。采用病例对照研究表明该病与食用豆芽有关。调查结果表明，提高公众意识，并在烹饪时正确处理生豆芽是防止该菌进一步感染的主要手段。（/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19732, 2010

25、）使用多重SYBR Green 荧光 实时PCR技术对35 例食源性疾病同时进行24个靶基因鉴定=Simultaneous Screening of 24 Target Genes of Foodborne Pathogens in 35 Foodborne Outbreaks Using Multiplex Real-Time SYBR Green PCR Analysis关键词 食源性疾病、致病菌、DNA本文设计了含有三个靶引物和一个内参对照引物的8重SYBR Green荧光实时PCR (SG-PCR)方法，该方法可以在3小时内对96孔板上在爆发食源性疾病时收集的七个粪便样品中的23种致病

26、菌的24个靶基因进行检测。该方法结合提取DNA，至少可检测到每克粪便样品中103-104病原菌。经溶解温度曲线分析确定产物。使用该方法在5个不同的实验室经4种PCR仪，在35例食源性疾病样品中有33例检测到病原菌。在所有分析中，其中包含内参对照，对粪便样品的多重荧光定量PCR结果没有冲突。我们发现使用多重SG-PCR技术检测食源性致病菌的24个靶基因，是一种全面、便捷、廉价、精确和高度选择性的检测方法。（/pmc/articles/pmid/20936159/?tool=pubmed, 2010）探测单增李斯特菌泛基因组：种内生态龛发展和基因组多样性的新见解=Probing the pan-g

27、enome of Listeria monocytogenes: new insights into intraspecific niche expansion and genomic diversification关键词 食源性疾病、单增李斯特菌、DNA基于硅片比较基因组分析和高密度的泛基因组DNA阵列杂交，比较了三个谱系的26株菌株。发现当生活于自然环境和宿主胃肠道时单增李斯特菌不同谱系的86个基因和8个微调节RNA在利用碳水化合物和抗逆能力有所不同。在一超过4,052个基因的未知泛基因组中确定了2330至2456个核心基因。在3,560个同源组的基础上重建系统发育，以最大评估株系间系统进

28、化关系。（/1471-2164/11/500，2010）机会致病菌单增李斯特：致病性与粘膜免疫系统的相互作用=The Opportunistic Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System关键词 食源性疾病、单增李斯特菌、DNA由单增李斯特菌为引起的李斯杆菌病具有致命性，可导致脑膜炎、败血症或感染胎儿并可能导致流产。最近发现该菌在健康人体也可引起急性、自限性的发热肠胃炎。在肠道中，穿透黏膜直接通过肠上皮细胞，或入侵派尔集合淋巴结。动物侵染模型提供了关于

29、单增李斯特菌发病机制的许多见解，且发展得新模型系统能研究影响适应胃肠环境及粘附并侵袭的肠道黏膜的各种因素。（/pmc/articles/PMC3003996/?tool=pubmed, 2010）适应丙酸的肠炎沙门发斑伤寒菌蛋白组学分析=Proteomic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis following propionate adaptation关键词 食源性疾病、肠炎沙门氏菌、DNA使用二维凝胶电泳检测了适应PA下和不适应PA下的肠炎沙门氏菌蛋白组学，在PA适应性培养中通过基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱的标准肽质量

30、指纹图谱和液体芯片蛋白指纹飞行时间质谱系统串联质谱法的序列确定了五个上调蛋白。其中两个蛋白（DPS和CpxR）与压力显著相关分析，在转录水平上调表达。与适应PA后的野生型不同，适应PA的肠炎沙门氏菌的cpxR 和dps突变菌株存在不适应高度酸性环境的明显缺点。然而，我们发现当基因互补后耐酸性得到充分地恢复。本研究揭示了适应和不适应PA的肠炎沙门氏菌在蛋白组上有显著差异，并确定了Dps和CpxR蛋白在PA诱导的耐酸性时的作用。（/pmc/articles/PMC2957393/?tool=pubmed,2010 ）朗读显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - HYPERLINK /dictionary?

31、source=translation&hl=zh-CN&q=Background:%20Salmonella%20Enteritidis%20is%20a%20highly%20prevalent%20and%20persistent%20foodborne%20pathogen%20and%20is%20therefore%20a%20%20leading%20cause%20of%20nontyphoidal%20gastrointestinal%20disease%20worldwide.%20A%20variety%20of%20stresses%20are%20endured%20t

32、hroughout%20its%20%20infection%20cycle,%20including%20high%20concentrations%20of%20propionate%20(PA)%20within%20food%20processing%20systems%20and%20within%20the%20%20gut%20of%20infected%20hosts.%20Prolonged%20PA%20exposure%20experienced%20in%20such%20milieus%20may%20have%20a%20drastic%20effect%20on%

33、20the%20%20proteome%20of%20Salmonella%20Enteritidis%20subjected%20to%20this%20stress.%20%20Results:%20In%20this%20study,%20we%20used%202%20D%20gel%20electrophoresis%20to%20examine%20the%20proteomes%20of%20PA%20adapted%20and%20unadapted%20S.%20%20Enteritidis%20and%20have%20identified%20five%20protein

34、s%20that%20are%20upregulated%20in%20PA%20adapted%20cultures%20using%20standard%20peptide%20%20mass%20fingerprinting%20by%20MALDI-TOF-MS%20and%20sequencing%20by%20MALDI%20LIFT-TOF/TOF%20tandem%20mass%20spectrometry.%20Of%20%20these%20five,%20two%20significant%20stress-related%20proteins%20(Dps%20and%

35、20CpxR)%20were%20shown%20(via%20qRT-PCR%20analysis)%20to%20be%20%20upregulated%20at%20the%20transcriptional%20level%20as%20well.%20Unlike%20the%20wild%20type%20when%20adapted%20to%20PA%20(which%20demonstrates%20%20significant%20acid%20resistance),%20PA%20adapted%20S.%20Enteritidis%20dps%20and%20S.%2

36、0Enteritidis%20cpxR%20were%20at%20a%20clear%20disadvantage%20%20when%20challenged%20to%20a%20highly%20acidic%20environment.%20However,%20we%20found%20the%20acid%20resistance%20to%20be%20fully%20restorable%20after%20%20genetic%20complementation.%20%20Conclusions:%20This%20work%20reveals%20a%20signifi

37、cant%20difference%20in%20the%20proteomes%20of%20PA%20adapted%20and%20unadapted%20S.%20%20Enteritidis%20and%20affirms%20the%20contribution%20of%20Dps%20and%20CpxR%20in%20PA%20induced%20acid%20resistance.&langpair=en|zh-CN 查看字典详细内容朗读Lis t jn sh y zhng jhu zhy sh yun xng lis t jn bng bngyun, y zhng zhm

38、ng de gnrn dozh nom yn,Bixizhng, hu y shu yngxing de rn tir lichn h gnrn. Zh sh zujn fxin, zh zhng xjn y k ynqJxng, z xin xng fr xng chngwi yn de jinkng rn. Zi chng dozhng, lis t jn chun tu ninmZhji tnggu chng, hu jinji tnggu de Peyer sh bn de rqn. Lis t jn gnrn de dngw mxng tgngXdu jinji de f bng j

39、zh, yj xn de mxng xtng de f zhn, sh diochG zhng yns de yngxing wi chng shyng hunjng yj zhn fh qnx de chng doNinm. Wi chng do zhnm biomin bol zi jd de yngji hzi li z kngyunWi chng do wishngw cnzi y rnli de chng do. De zhngyo shngp pngzhng de wnzhng xng sh yuNinm miny xtng, t y tnggu msh shbi shu t (z

40、h ln r bng) de gngshng zhw de xingh zuyng. Zi zhl, wmenZi wmen de toln y szh xingh zuyng de dn zng lis t jn de miny xtng chf de lioji zuxn jnzhnDu rnt wi chng do de zhnm biomin kngjn de miny fnyng.字典 - HYPERLINK /dictionary?source=translation&hl=zh-CN&q=Abstract:%20Cryptosporidium,%20the%20protozoan

41、%20parasite,%20has%20several%20transmission%20routes,%20%20including%20anthroponotic%20and%20zoonotic%20transmission,%20as%20well%20as%20the%20foodborne%20way,%20but%20%20mainly%20by%20water.%20The%20oocysts,%20the%20resistant%20stage%20produced%20by%20Cryptosporidium,%20are%20remarkably%20%20stable

42、,%20and%20can%20survive%20for%20weeks%20or%20even%20months%20in%20the%20environment.%20Furthermore,%20%20the%20infective%20dose%20is%20low,%20probably%20even%20a%20single%20oocyst%20can%20cause%20infection.%20%20The%20Cryptosporidium%20genus%20includes%20at%20least%2016%20species;%20nevertheless,%20

43、only%20a%20few%20can%20%20cause%20cryptosporidiosis,%20an%20intestinal%20disease%20in%20human%20and%20domestic%20mammals.%20Thus,%20%20the%20genetic%20characteristics%20of%20different%20Cryptosporidium%20species%20became%20fundamental%20in%20%20the%20diagnosis,%20monitoring,%20prevention%20and%20con

44、trol%20of%20infections%20caused%20by%20this%20pathogen.%20%20Unfortunately,%20the%20traditional%20phenotypic%20techniques%20meet%20with%20diffi%20culties%20in%20the%20specifi%20c%20%20diagnosis%20of%20cryptosporidiosis,%20therefore%20the%20new%20molecular%20tools%20must%20be%20applied.%20The%20%20RT

45、-qPCR%20method%20can%20be%20used%20to%20differentiate%20viable%20and%20dead%20Cryptosporidium%20oocysts,%20%20and%20the%20LAMP%20assays%20have%20advantages%20for%20detection%20of%20organisms%20at%20relatively%20low%20concentration%20%20in%20environmental%20samples;%20however,%20the%20NASBA%20assay%2

46、0specifi%20cally%20detects%20as%20%20few%20as%20one%20oocyst%20of%20a%20viable%20human%20pathogenic%20Cryptosporidium%20species.%20Reverse%20line%20%20blot%20hybridization%20(RLB)%20has%20been%20successfully%20used%20for%20specifi%20c%20identifi%20cation%20and%20for%20%20differentiation%20of%20Crypt

47、osporidium%20species.%20Described%20techniques%20are%20the%20most%20promising%20%20methods%20for%20the%20sensitive%20and%20accurate%20detection,%20but%20require%20a%20considerable%20selection%20of%20%20appropriate%20tools,%20genetic%20markers%20and%20analytical%20techniques%20for%20interpretations%2

48、0of%20database.%20%20However,%20the%20applicability%20of%20most%20of%20these%20methods%20to%20detect%20Cryptosporidium%20species%20%20or%20genotypes%20from%20environmental%20samples%20needs%20to%20be%20evaluated%20and%20standardized.&langpair=en|zh-CN 查看字典详细内容朗读显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - HYPERLINK /dictionary

49、?source=translation&hl=zh-CN&q=Background.%20Each%20year%20in%20Australia,%20health%20departments%20investigate%20hundreds%20of%20gastroenteritis%20outbreaks.%20%20Long-term%20care%20facilities%20(LTCFs)%20for%20elderly%20persons%20are%20a%20common%20setting%20for%20these%20outbreaks%20and%20can%20r

50、esult%20in%20%20potentially%20serious%20outcomes.%20%20Methods.%20We%20established%20surveillance%20for%20gastroenteritis%20outbreaks%20in%202001,%20and%20analyzed%20data%20on%20outbreaks%20%20occurring%20from%201%20July%202002%20through%2030%20June%202008%20to%20estimate%20the%20incidence%20in%20Au

51、stralian%20LTCFs%20and%20residents.%20%20We%20summarized%20outbreaks%20by%20mode%20of%20transmission%20and%20etiological%20agent.%20We%20used%20negative%20binomial%20regression%20%20to%20examine%20variation%20in%20the%20number%20of%20fecal%20specimens%20collected%20in%20outbreaksa%20marker%20of%20in

52、vestigation%20intensity.%20%20Results.%20During%20surveillance,%203257%20(52%25)%20of%206295%20outbreaks%20of%20gastroenteritis%20and%20foodborne%20disease%20in%20Australia%20%20were%20reported%20in%20LTCFs.%20These%20outbreaks%20affected%2084,769%20people,%20with%201577%20people%20hospitalized%20an

53、d%20209%20deaths.%20%20There%20were%200.19%20(95%25%20confidence%20interval,%200.140.26)%20residents%20affected%20per%201000%20bed%20days%20and%2016.8%20(95%25%20confidence%20%20interval,%2012.422.7)%20outbreaks%20per%20100%20LTCFs%20annually.%20LTCF%20outbreaks%20were%20most%20commonly%20transmitte

54、d%20from%20%20person%20to%20person.%20Only%2043%20(1.3%25%20)%20of%203257%20outbreaks%20were%20foodborne,%20although%2047%20(6.4%25)%20of%20733%20residents%20were%20%20hospitalized%20and%2020%20(2.7%25)%20of%20733%20died.%20Norovirus%20was%20responsible%20for%201136%20(35%25)%20of%20all%203257%20outbreaks.%20Higher%20%20numbers%20of%20fecal%20specimens%20per%20outbreak%20were%20collected%20in%204%20Australian%20States,%20in%20later%20years%20of%20surveillance,%20and%20%20where%20the%20etiology%20was%20i