全校任选课学术英语读写4rpunit

1、Unit 3The literature review serves several important functionsGives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question. Shows yo

2、ur ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research. Convinces your reader that your proposed research wi

3、ll make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature). Page 4Literature reviewtensecoherenceproblems variationLiteraturereviewPage 5Organize your literature reviewThis theory is widely proposed i

4、n manuals and standard practice guides.1. Citations are used to recognise and acknowledge the intellectual property rights of the authors. They are a matter of ethics and a defense against plagiarism.This theory has many supporters, especially in the well established fields like the sciences.2. Cita

5、tions are used to show respect to the previous scholars. They recognize the history of the fields by acknowledging the previous achievements.coherencePage 6The remaining theories have been proposed by individual authors.3. Citations operate as a kind of mutual reward system. Rather than paying other

6、 authors money for their contributions, writers “pay” them in citations. Ravetz (1971)4. Citations are tools of persuasion; writers use citations to give their statement greater authority. Gilbert (1977)5. Citations are used to supply evidence that the author qualifies as a member of a chosen schola

7、rly community; citations are used to demonstrate familiarity with the field. Bavelvs (1978)6. Citations are used to create a research space for the citing author. By describing what has been done, citations point to the way to what has not been done and so prepare a space for new research. Swales (1

8、990) coherenceLiterature reviewEstablished major theoriesTheory 1Theory 2Theories associated with individual authorsRhetoricalTheories 4 and 6EconomicTheory 3SociologicalTheory 5Page 7coherencePage 8Literature reviewtensecoherenceproblemsvariationLiteraturereviewPage 9Jones (1987) investigated the c

9、ause of illiteracy.The causes of illiteracy were investigated by Jones (1987). Past references to single studiestensePage 10The causes of illiteracy have been widely investigated (Jones 1987).There have been several investigations into the cause of illiteracy (Jones 1987, Hyon 1994)Several researche

10、rs have studied the cause of illiteracy (Jones 1987, Hyon 1994). Present perfect reference to areas of inquirytensePage 11The causes of illiteracy are complex (Jones 1987, Hyon 1994)Illiteracy appears to have a common set of causes (Jones 1987, Hyon 1994). Present reference to state of current knowl

11、edgetensePage 12 Investigated Studied AnalyzedPast tense what a previous researcher didtensePage 13State ConcludeClaimJones (1987) concluded thatJones (1987) has concluded thatJones (1987) concludes thatWhat a previous researcher wrote or thoughttensePage 14Literature reviewtensecoherenceproblemsvar

12、iationLiteraturereviewTwo basic methods of acknowledging source materials 1. Reporting using paraphraseReporting verbsX observes thatX states thatX assumes thatX believes thatX concludes that.X implies thatX maintains thatX remarks thatX claims thatAs X points out,X has expressed a similar view .A s

13、tudy by X indicates thatX has drawn attention to the fact thatX found/discovered thatResearch by X suggests thatX argues thatAs noted by XAccording to XIt has been argued by X thatIn Xs viewWays of Presenting Ideas and ArgumentsTypes of writingWays you might present this in your essay1When the write

14、r is very committed, even passionate, about the ideas he/she writes X asserts that X strongly argues that X firmly believes that X is committed to the idea that2When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas The work of X shows that X concludes that X found that X discovered

15、that X learned that3When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward Research by X indicates that X suggests thatWays of Presenting Ideas and Arguments4 When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences onlyThe work of X indicates thatX believ

16、es thatX feels that5When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical aboutX claims thatX believes thatAccording to X6When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way, backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presentedX states thatX reports th

17、atX notes thatX found thatX observes thatX concludes thatAs X points out, X has drawn attention to the fact thatX argues that2. Direction quotationparaphrasing1. By changing the vocabularyShe examined the difficulties= She investigated the problems that2. By changing the verb formBrown analyzed the

18、students difficulties. = The students difficulties were analyzed by Brown.3. By changing the word classThe reports were completed in April = The completion of the repots ensured that.4. By synthesisJohns touched on the problems created by the lectures use of colloquial words and phrasesThis use of i

19、nformal language was also noted by Jackson who investigated geology lectures given in English.Combine the techniques1. The growth of the car industry parallels the development of the modern capitalism.The rise of the automobile industry matches the progress of the contemporary capitalism. 2. It bega

20、n in France, but took off in the USA.It started in France, but accelerated in the USA.3. In the 1920s Alfred Sloans management theories helped GM to e the worlds dominant car company.In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, GM dominated the worlds car company.4. At this

21、time, trade unions became increasingly militant defence of their members jobs.At this time increasingly militant trade unions defended their members jobs.5. It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no one knew exactly how populous it was until last month.Although Cai

22、ro has been the worlds most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago.6. The amphibia, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth.The first animals to leave t

23、he sea and live on dry land were the amphibia.Page 29According to Jones (1987), the causes of illiteracy are closely related to poverty.Jones research shows that illiteracy and poverty are inter-related (Jones 1987).variation6 patterns for referring to others: 1Petress (2003)reportedthatstatesthatfo

24、undthatstressedthatindicatedthatconcluded thatexaminedstudiedidentifiedinvestigatedargued forLiterature fromsuggeststhat(Mccake ,1993)ResearchindicatesthatStudies onrevealedthatA study offoundthatResearchesobservedthatJones researchshows that 6 patterns for referring to others: 2In a studyconductedb

25、y Burke (1997), reportedDrawing fromBreens (2005) study,.6 patterns for referring to others: 3It has been suggested that (Carroll,2005)Page 336 patterns for referring to others: 4As Carroll (2005) suggests,As suggested by Hayes (2008),6 patterns for referring to others: 5A technique used was the use

26、 of credibility checks (Carroll 2001). In general, Asians tend to value(Hui 1986)Using purposeful sampling (Conyne 1917) ,6 patterns for referring to others: 6Page 36Literature reviewtensecoherenceproblemsvariationLiteraturereviewPage 37Lacking organization and structure Lacking focus, unity and coh

27、erence Being repetitive and verbose Failing to cite influential papers Failing to keep up with recent developments Failing to critically evaluate cited papers Citing irrelevant or trivial references Depending too much on secondary sourcesproblemsissues ofthe studies ideasuggestionstudiesinterviewsa more holistic perspectivethe collected datathe resultsexplore/ investigatereveal/ discuss explorePresentconductsetprovideanalyze/ categorizegroup/gatherinsightscategoriesdata analysesThe resultsthe notionthe observation ofthe previous researchconclusionFigure 1 thatModel 1offer/ gainemergesho