地理学 geography地理学dViC^rEfi geographer地理学家dViC^rEfE

1、PAGE 地理学geography地理学geographer地理学家hemisphere半球meridian子午线/经线parallel平行圈latitude纬线longitude经度elevation 海拔altitude高度/海拔temperate latitudes温带地区horizon地平线equator赤道tropic热带地区Arctic/the north pole北极Antarctic(Antarctica)南极（南极洲）the Antarctic continent南极洲Antarctic circle南极圈Aurora极光Tropic of Cancer北回归线Tropic

2、of Capricorn南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference时差expedition探险time zone时区topography地形/地形学plain平原plateau(highland)高地lowland低地basin盆地oasis绿洲peak山峰cavern(cave) 洞穴terrain地域subterranean(underground)地底下coastland沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary支流deposit沉积spri

3、ng/fountain泉水iceberg冰山riverbed河床gulf/bay海湾waterfall瀑布reef暗礁tide潮水tropical rain forest热带雨林island岛屿continental island大陆岛volcanic island火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆continent大陆inland waterway内陆河 subcontinent次大陆range山脉cliff山崖valley山谷，峡谷hillside/mountain slop

4、e山坡 continental shelf大陆架canyon峡谷channel(strait)海峡 remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat(geothermal)地热terrestrial magnetism(geomagnetism)地磁 continental drift theory大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom海床sediment沉淀物/沉积物tropical热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的formation

5、形成frost heaving冻涨现象fieldstone卵石地质学geology地质学geologist地质学家stratum(pl:strata) ,layer地层 stratigraphy地层学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳plate板块fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift(crack, split) 断裂 disintegration(decomposition)分解 erosion腐蚀fossil化石outer core外核igneous rock火成岩 m

6、etamorphic rock变质岩 volcanic火山岩quartz石英quartzite石英岩sedimentary rock沉积岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma/molten lava岩浆 mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金/铂silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石the Northern Hemisphere北半球glacier冰川gl

7、acial冰川的glacial epoch(age,period)冰川期glacial drift冰渍volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山eruption火山喷发ncrater火山口lava火山岩浆volcanic火山的volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰earthquake(quake, tremor, seism)地震 seismic地震的seismology地震学geonomy地球学magnitude震级seismic wave地震波cataclysm灾变tidal for

8、ce/tsunami海啸melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽vegetation植被Great Canyon大峡谷natural wonder自然景观Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河Geologic survey地质调查Greenwich Mean Time格林尼治时间desert沙漠coastline海岸线tributary支流volcano eruption火山爆发天文学astronomy天文学astronomical天文的astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆ast

9、ronomer天文学家astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos(universe)宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body(heavenly body)天体celestial map(sky atlas)天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf(dwarf star)矮星quasar类星体constellation星座galaxy(Milky Way)银河系star cluster星团asteri

10、sm星群solar system太阳系 solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射satellite卫星planet行星comet彗星planetoid(asteroid)小行星 revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石space(outer s

11、pace)太空，外层空间spacecraft(spaceship)宇宙飞船spaceman(astronaut)宇航员space suit宇航服space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜star恒星stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨corona日冕chromosphere色球photosphere光球convection zone对流层 vacuum真空absolute magnitude绝

12、对量级radiation辐射emission发射/散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪illusive object幻影体faint微弱的image影像gravitational吸引力molten熔化的(金属、岩石) leap year闰年rotation自转revolution公转sunspot太阳黑子black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线infrared ray红外线luminosity光度light year光年气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站

13、forecast(predict)预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层cold front冷锋warm air mass热气团current(气)流vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp(wet,moist,humid)潮湿 humidity湿度moisture潮湿/水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog(mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩scrystal水晶体downpour(torrential rain)大雨 tempest(storm)/ (torrential rain

14、)暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard(snowstorm)暴风雪avalanche(snow slide)雪崩precipitation(雨、露、雪等)降水thunder雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado(twister, catastrophe)龙卷风 upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗，漏斗云disaster(calamity, catastrophe)灾难 devastation破坏 submerge淹没 drought旱

15、灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind scale风级wind direction风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析，卫星云图stratus层云carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放 purify净化 acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理 waste disposal废物处理environment protection环境保护微生物学microorganism/microbe微生物 microbiology微生物

16、学antibody抗体toxin 毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus(fungi)真菌 bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染(感染) virus毒素disinfection消毒sterilization灭菌food chain食物链生物学biology生物学biologist生物学家marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学dinosaur恐龙die out/extinction灭绝m

17、icrobiology微生物学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家mammal哺乳动物barnacle北极鹅underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潜水/跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体(微生物) jellyfish水母tissue(动植物细胞的)组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛 animal adaptation动物适应性wild environment野生环境owl猫头鹰insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产后

18、护理habitat栖息地squid鱿鱼tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接受器specimen范例, 标本, 样本amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危物种 survival活着的transition转变/过渡yeast酵母(菌) single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物turtle海龟hatch孵化nest巢robin知更鸟wasp黄蜂offspring子孙chew up咀嚼rodent啮齿类动物burro驴子octopus章鱼s

19、pider蜘蛛unfertilized eggs未受精的卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食gene基因respiration system呼吸系统reproductive system生殖系统ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶 cell细胞nucleus细胞核protein蛋白质amino acid氨基酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异 chromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary

20、独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性 metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异anemone海葵antenna触角，天线hibernation冬眠evolution进化adaptation适应动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择class纲order目family科genus属suborder亚目species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic(life)水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian(amphibious anim

21、al)两栖动物 protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物(如松鼠) ruminant反刍(chu)动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物warm-blooded animal温血动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物herbivore食草动物carnivore食肉动物dinosaur恐龙bird鸟类extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物Primates灵长目动物insect昆虫antenna(pl: antennae)触须larva幼虫/幼体camouflage伪装p

22、est害虫worm虫(蠕虫)hibernate冬眠lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色蜥蜴regeneration再生turtle龟beast野兽domesticate驯养predatory(carnivorous)食肉的 predator捕食者prey捕食，被捕食的动物scavenger食腐动物migrate迁移wing翅膀/翼bill(鸟)嘴beak (鹰等的)嘴nest筑巢dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼bat蝙蝠gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩habitat栖息地shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster对虾crab螃蟹clam蛤蜊sponge海绵coral珊瑚sta

23、rfish海星canary金丝雀chirp(鸟/虫的叫声)唧唧owl猫头鹰vulture秃鹫)penguin企鹅crane鹤stork鹳squeak(老鼠等)吱吱porpoise海豚otter水獭frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子centipede蜈蚣cicada蝉mantis螳螂wasp黄蜂hornet大黄蜂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓sloth树獭slothful懒惰的hygiene卫生sanitation卫生parasite寄生虫moth蛾caterpillar毛虫horde(昆虫等)群swarm (昆虫等)群flock(鸟羊等)群

24、community动物的群落或人的部落herd兽群bunch(花等)束/捧beaver海狸monogamous一夫一妻的/一雄一雌的polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的trapper诱捕动物者rhinoceros犀牛niche小生态环境vestige退化器官/遗迹oyster牡蛎fertilizer使受精larva幼虫tentacle触角homotherm恒温动物poikilotherm变温动物metabolism新陈代谢baboon狒狒breed品种，繁殖multiply(reproduce繁殖) hatch孵spawn(鱼、虾、蛙等)孵a

25、natomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物microbe微生物herbivorous食草的carnivorous食肉的omnivorous杂食的scale鳞feather羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎 digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统antelope羚羊aphid蚜虫beluga白鲸bipedal两足动物的rare animal稀有动物生态学eco

26、logy生态学ecologist生态学家ecosystem生态系统balance(of nature)自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse effect温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer(ozonosphere)臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution污染pollution control污染控制air pollution空气污染water pollution水污染noise pollution噪音污染soil po

27、llution土壤污染pollution-free无污染pollutant污染物noxious(toxic)有毒的 fume(有毒)废气waste废物solid waste固体垃圾sewage(wastewater)污水sewage purification污水净化sewage disposal污水处理decibel(噪音)分贝植物学botany植物学botanist植物学家botanical(botanic)植物的 plant植物aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage(leaf)叶leaflet小叶rosette

28、(叶的)丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot(sprout)嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel(skin)果皮shell(硬)果壳husk(干)果壳/(玉米)苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原shrub(bush)灌木 cluster一簇(灌木) fern蕨类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis共生wither(shrivel, fade)凋谢 blossom花pollen

29、花粉nectar花蜜leaf树叶pollinate传授花粉pollination授粉cell细胞tissue组织organ器官system 系统seed种子everlasting永久的orchid兰花crossbreed杂交sequoia红杉root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱symbiotic共生的immunity免疫organism生物/有机物necrosis坏死barren贫瘠futile无用的carbohydrate(starch)碳水化合物(淀粉)/醣类 glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质

30、vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的evergreen常绿树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树能源和环境fossil fuel矿物燃料 process of photo synthesis光合作用 solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能源traffic jam交通堵塞fuel-efficient

31、节能型的rush hour高峰期pollute污染zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气climate气候carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖green house effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升melt融化，熔化long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental环境的, 环境论recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash bag/ga

32、rbage垃圾 air pollution空气污染pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林flood drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出 carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水in5dQstriEl upper atmosphere上层大气recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨food chain食物链sewage disposal污水处理ozone layer臭氧层waste

33、disposal废物处理emission (汽车废气的)排放soot烟尘elnino厄尔尼诺现象美术（绘画和雕塑）fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画sketch速写/素描pastel彩粉画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting/fresco壁画 engraving版画lithograph石版画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画canvas油画布brush画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original原作copy

34、临本reproduction/replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的，独特的数学mathematics数学mathematician数学家arithmetic算术calculation计算calculator计算器abacus算盘numeral数字sum和total(sum total)总和/总

35、数aggregate总计fraction分数/小数decimal十进位/(十进)小数digit数字/数位percentage百分比addition加法plus加上subtraction减法minus减去multiplication乘法multiplication table乘法表multiply乘以times次power乘方，幂square平方division除法divide除以algebra代数quantity表示量的数或符号equation方程式/等式formula公式root根geometry几何geometric几何的dimension维parallel平行的/平行线quadrilat

36、eral四边形square正方形area面积rectangle长方形/矩形polygon多边形cube立方体volume体积sphere球形circle圆形ellipse(oval)椭圆形 cone圆锥形circumference圆周diameter直径radius半径triangle三角形angle角degree(角)度calculus微积分differential calculus微分学integral calculus积分学function函数probability概率statistics统计quantitative量的/数量的qualitative质的/质量的deduction(inf

37、erence)推论/演绎 induction归纳建筑学architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辅楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building写字楼cathedral大教堂

38、mosque清真寺the Statue of Liberty自由女神像 the Triumphal Arch凯旋门 Sphinx狮身人面像Pyramid金字塔castle城堡gas station加油站物理学physics物理mechanics力学heat热学thermodynamics热力学acoustics声学electromagnetism电磁学optics光学dynamics动力学force力conservation of energy能量守恒定律velocity速度acceleration加速度deceleration减速度uniform motion匀速运动Newtons laws

39、 of motions牛顿运动定律equilibrium平衡statics静力学motion运动inertia惯性gravitation引力relativity相对gravity地心引力/重力centrifugal force离心力centripetal force向心力acceleration of gravity重力加速度reaction反作用velocity/speed/rate速度momentum动量vibration震动medium(media)媒质frequency频率wavelength波长pitch音高，音调intensity强度power功率echo回声resonance回声

40、/洪亮sonar声纳ultrasonic超声学electricity电static electricity静电magnetism磁性magnetic force磁力magnet磁铁electromagnet电磁magnetic field磁场charge电荷electric current电流direct current(DC)直流电alternating current(AC)交流电electric circuit电路electric charge电荷electric voltage电压electrode电极anode正极cathode负极electric shock触电electric a

41、ppliance电器conduction传导conductor导体insulator绝缘体semiconductor半导体battery(cell)电池dry battery干电池storage battery蓄电池watt瓦特volt伏特electronics电子学electronic电子的electronic component(part)电子零件integrated circuit集成电路 chip集成电器片/集成块electron tube电子管 vacuum tube真空管transistor晶体管amplification放大amplify放大amplifier放大器/扬声器osc

42、illation震荡optical光(学)的optical fiber光学纤维lens透镜/镜片convex凸透镜concave凹透镜microscope显微镜telescope望远镜magnifier放大镜spectrum光谱ultraviolet紫外线X ray X射线Gamma ray 射线infrared ray红外线fluorescence荧光microwave微波dispersion色散transparent透明translucent半透明opaque不透明的solidify固化gasify气化liquefy液化volatilize挥发calorie卡路里friction摩擦lev

43、el杠杆pulley滑轮convection对流expansion膨胀reflection反射resonance共振compression压缩refraction折射volume音量intensity音强heat conductivity热传导thermal energy热能考古学archaeology考古学archeologist考古学家paleontology古生物学anthropology人类学anthropologist人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychologist anthropologi

44、st心理人类学家origin起源originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人(科) homogeneous同一种族(种类)的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate(unearth) 挖掘 ruin遗迹/废墟 remain遗迹/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age(青)铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨crani

45、al颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明dinosaur恐龙starfish海星cave man 住在山洞里的人cultural relic文物rock painting岩画化学chemistry化学chemical property化学特性/化学性质chemical composition(make up)化学成分chemical agent化学试剂chemical reaction化学反应chemical change化学变化chemical bond化学键chemical apparatus化学器械substance(matter, material)物

46、质periodic table(元素)周期表hydrogen氢oxygen氧nitrogen氮helium氦carbon碳calcium钙silicon硅sulfur硫iodine碘compound化合物hydrocarbon碳氢化合物derivative衍生物alchemy炼金术petroleum(oil)石油petroleum products石油产品crude oil原油refine提炼，精炼gasoline汽油methane甲烷solution溶液dissolve溶解solvent溶剂solubility可溶性oxidation氧化dilution稀释distillation蒸馏red

47、uction还原combustion燃烧cohesive聚合力adhesive粘合力atom原子nucleus原子核electron电子neutron中子proton质子molecule分子particle粒子ion离子particle accelerator粒子加速器catalysis(pl: catalyses)催化作用catalyst /catalytic agent催化剂 artificial人造的synthetic合成的synthetic fiber人造纤维polymer聚合物polymerization聚合作用plastic塑料dye染料cosmetic化妆品organic che

48、mistry有机化学inorganic chemistry无机化学biochemistry生物化学composition化合物property性质element元素decomposition分解reagent试剂test tube试管test paper试纸isotope同位素radioactivity放射性sensitivity灵敏度教育学higher education高等教育moral character道德品质domain领域faculty全体教员alumni男校友treasurer生活委员/财务大臣elective system选课制度curriculum课程(总称) discipline学科/管理learn by rote死记硬背音乐musical instrument乐器 orchestra乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓 pound drum 击鼓 foot beat点脚/跺脚note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐Symphony交响乐rock a