高考英语名词专题学案

1、学习好资料欢迎下载名词考向一名词的数bookfbooksbenchbenches,名词后面加“ s”（大部分名词）map-maps,bag-bags, girl fgirls, 名词词尾为 s, x, ch, sh, o加“esclass - classes, busbuses, dish-dishes, box boxes,zoozoos.注意：photo photos piano-pianos名词词尾为辅音字母+y,去y+iesbaby babies, storystories, lady ladies.注意：名词词尾为元音字母+y,直接加s. boy-boys, joy-joys, ke

2、y-keys.2010全国II.短文改错Christie was one of my best friend at high school.76I have some _in my pocket. In other words, I have on me.A. coin; change B. coins; change C. coin; change D. coins; changesfriend的复数形式是friends.由one of可知，friend应用复数形式。故答案：friendscoin 硬币为可数名词;change零钱，为不可数名词。答案：B以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe变为v,

3、再力口 -es。thief - thieves, wife wives, life-lives, shelf-shelves, knife - knives, leaf-leaves, self selves, wolf wolves, half-halves.注意： 有些以 f 或 fe 结尾的词直接力口 -s. roofs, cliffs, chiefs, reefs, safes, beliefs, gulfs, proofs.有些名词有两种变化形式。handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarfs/scarves, dwarfs/dwarves, wharfs/

4、wharves, hoofs/hooves. 【歌诀1】小偷之妻生活难，自己扫叶来做饭。忽见一狼藏架后，取刀把它劈两半。【歌诀2】树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像强盗逃命忙。考点2:名词变复数的不规则变化情况例词1、改变内部兀音字母men, women, policemen, feet, geese2、词尾加en, ren或其它形式oxen, children, mice3、复合名词的 复数将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law 女婿 passers-by过路人无主体名词，词尾加 sgrown-ups 成年人 go-betweens 中 间人，媒人man 或 woman

5、作定语的名词，两个名词都要交复数men drivers, women teachers4、有些名词形似复数，实为单数news, physics, politics, mathematics5、有些集体名词，形式上单数，用作复数cattle, police, people6、有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义papers文件，goods货物，商品，glasses眼镜woods树林,arms武2年， works 工厂，者作7、单复数同形的名词Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, means, fish【典例】2010.济宁高三检测His parents raise hund

6、reds of, including four.A. cattle; cows B. cattles; cow C. cattle; cow D. cattles; cows欢迎下载学习好资料【解析】cattle为集体名词；cow是可数名词，其复数形式需要加s。答案:A考点3:抽象名词具体化定义-抽象名词是指表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词。抽象名词一般为不可数名词，但在实际运用中，抽象名词常用来表示具体的人或事，这种情况我们称之为抽象名词具体化。应用1与不定冠词连用，表示“某个人或“某件事 。success成功-a success成功的事，成功 的人 beauty美，美丽- a b

7、eauty美人surprise惊奇- a surprise惊奇的事 应用2与不定冠词连用，表示“一种，一阵，一场”等含义。a heavy rain 一场大雨a coffee一杯咖啡a strong wind 一阵大风 a beer 一瓶啤酒【典例】2010.四川卷In_ most countries, a university degree can give you _ flying start in life.A. the; aB. the;不填 C.不填；不填 D.不填；a【解析】countries表泛指，不用冠词，抽象名词 start前有flying修饰，因此被具体化，意为“一个飞跃性的

8、开始”。句意：在许多国家，一个大学学位能给你人生一个飞跃的开始。故第二个空填不定冠词a。答案：DThe news brought comfort to all of us.这消息给我们大家带来了安慰。Her husband was a great comfort to her when she was ill.她生病时，她丈夫对她是个极大的安慰。Failure is the mother of success. 考向二 名词的格失败是成功之母。She was a failure as a teacher.她当教师并不成功。题组训练用所给词的适当词形式填空(1) Two (month) ago

9、, three (Negro),who were all (hero), caught four (thief )because they had stolen some(potato ) and some bamboos from 2 (zoo) ,where 500 (sheep) ,200, (deer) ,100 (ox) and 1,000(goose) were raised.Months ,Negroes,heroes,thieves,potatoes,zoos,sheep,deer,oxen,geese考向二名词的格表示有生命的名词的所有格情况构成例词不以s结尾的单复名词加-,

10、sMarys e-mail玛丽的电子邮件 childrens books儿童图书以s结尾的复数名词加-the girls dormitory 女生宿舍the teachers office 教师办公室以s结尾的单数名词加-s或-our bosss (boss) office 老板的办公室Engelss (Engels) works 恩格斯的著作.合成名词的所有格，直接在词尾加-so例如：her sister-in-laws book她嫂子的书.并列名词的所有格，表示各自的所有关系，在各个名词后加-s。表示共同的所有关系，在后一个名词后加-So试比较：Toms and Jacks rooms汤姆

11、的房间和杰克的房间Tom and Jacks room汤姆和杰克（共有）的房间.在表示“家宅”、“店铺”等所有格后面，常省略其所修饰的名词。欢迎下载学习好资料例如：at the doctors (office)(在诊所),at my uncles (house)高考链接(2009.江西)The shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got intocar.A. girls; TomsB. girlss; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms两个空都是名词

12、所有格做定语。由后面的them可知，girl应用复数形式，其所有格是girls;Tom所有格形式是 Toms。答案：C表示无生命的名词的所有格.通常用of所有格表示。例如The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the north on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。.表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构、节日等的名词通常用-s所有格表示。例如：todays newspaper今天的报纸a few hours bus-ride 几小时的公交车程Beijings parks 北京的公园 April Fools Day 愚人节.一

13、句话巧记名词所有格的形式和用法The childrens teacher asked a friend of Toms to bring him some students books on the first day of the month.双重所有格定义of+ s结构叫作双重所有格功能表B分a daughter of Mrs. Greens=one of Mrs. Greens daughters.a picture of Toms汤姆收藏的一张照片 比较：a picture of Tom 一张汤姆的肖像表示感情色彩this lovely son of your brothers你弟弟的

14、这个可爱的儿子that large house of Mr. Browns布朗先生的那栋大房子典 例Miss Smith is a friend of.A.Marys mothers B. Marys mothers C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers玛丽母亲的一个朋友 要使用双重所有格，表达为a friend of Marys mothers.答案:A题组训练用所给词的适当词形式填空(2)The(girl) shoes were covered with mud ,so I asked them to take them off before they go

15、t into(Tom) car,Yesterday I was invited to dinner at the(Turner).Girls ,Toms,Turners考向三名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)英语中构成名词的后缀包括-ence, -ance , -tion ,-sion , -ment ,-ness , -age ,-th , -ure , ,-dom 等。存在 exist-existence 接受 accept-acceptance 生产 produce-production表达 express-expression 发展 develop - development 盲目 blin

16、d -blindness婚姻 marry-marriage 温暖 warm-warmth 快乐 please pleasure离开 depart-departure 暴露 exposeexposure压力 press -pressure欢迎下载学习好资料失败 fail failure混合 mix-mixture 签名 sign-sign ature 智慧 wise-wisdom考向四名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数-shoe repairers修鞋的人 tooth brushes牙刷rouser pockets裤子上的口袋例外-a sports car 一辆赛车 a customs office

17、r 一个海关官员arms production 武器的生产a salesgirl个女售货员数词+名词作定语时，名词一般保留单数形式。a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋a five-year plan. 个五年计戈 U【典例】Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for building.A. respectB. friendship C. reputation D. Character考察名词作定语。根据前面的信息词health可知，运动既可以增强体质

18、又可以发展个性,故用character作定语修饰 building.答案:D考向五名词辨析1 cause, reason, excuse词汇辨析典型例句cause造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”，后接介词ofCarelessness is the usual cause of fire.reason说明一种看法或行为的“理由”You must tell him the reason why you won t accept his offer.excuse意思为“借口、辩解”Late again! What s your excuse of this time.题组训练-I m sorry

19、I stepped outside for a smoke. I was tired.-There is no _B_ for this while you are on duty.A. reason B . excuse C. cause D. explanation2. mistake ,error ,fault词汇辨析短语mistake几乎等于 errorby mistake（错误地）errorerror更止式，更常用于书面语。强调“道 德方面的过失”。an error of judgment （判断错误 ）fault强调（性格上的）小缺点”find fault with（找茬儿，挑剔）

20、；It is someones fault是某人的过错题组训练I dont think its my _C that the TV blew up. I just turned it on. Thats all, said the boy.A. error B. mistake C. fault D. Duty3. sight, view, scene, scenery词汇辨析典型例句sight目光；视力；视野；看到；景物，情景， 景象。Birds have better sight than dogs.鸟比狗有更好的视力。view可数名词，从某一个特定点看到的东西、 景物，尤箕是美丽的自然风

21、景。We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.从旅馆的窗口我们可以看欢迎下载学习好资料到湖向美丽的风景。scene可数名词，局部或者具体的风景 ，但景中 更有可能包括人的活动。还表示戏剧、 电影中的“场景”、“场面”等There are many beautiful scenes in the out-of-town park.这个郊外公园有多处美丽的风景。scenery不可数名词，是大自然风景的总称，其 中包含了许多个 sceneGuilin is world-famous for her finescenery桂林以其美丽的风景闻名 于世。 There is no _from this window, except for some factory chimneys. The white sailboats in the blue water make a pretty. The crowd waited for a of the Queen passing by. During the summer holiday, we enjoyed the beautiful _of China. view scene sight sc