【学习课件】第一篇货物买卖法lec-6(上)买卖合同效

1、 lec-5Lec-5的教学内容：2-3.4 比较法视角下承诺概念2-3.5 CISG承诺规则研究p61 1. CISG下承诺构成条件p57 2.承诺的生效 3.承诺的撤回 4.逾期的承诺 5.承诺对要约的修改和添加p63 编辑课件 CISG 我合同法 4.承诺必须在要约有效期内做出实务问题：(1) 承诺期限的认定和计算Art 20 -信和电报 -假日和非营业日的计算 (2)承诺做出的时间和地点 Art 21-在承诺期限内做出-在超出承诺期限内做出受要约人在承诺期限发出承诺.Art 29实务问题：(1) 承诺期限的认定和计算 - 依要约规定; 如果对规定歧义? - 如果要约没有规定:依合理期间

2、？(2)承诺做出的时间和地点 -在承诺期限内做出Art 29 -在超出承诺期限内做出Art 28编辑课件关于承诺期限的认定和计算The statement of offer “You may accept this offer within 10 days after this offer has reached you “Suppose on June 1st ,Seller mails an offer to Buyer and telephones the Buyer that:” you have five days to consider the offer” however thi

3、s mail between the Seller and Buyer takes normally 7days. Please refer to CISG Art 20 编辑课件规则研究之二：CISG 承诺的生效 CISG Art 18 （2） 我合同法 Art 26 An acceptance becomes effective at the moment when the indication of assent reaches the offeror within the time fixed or ,if no time is fixed, within a reasonable t

4、ime.-承诺通知到达要约人时生效。-承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。-采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间以数据电文到达特定系统为准。(见后面PPT)问题与思考: 承诺的生效与要约的生效编辑课件实务问题：承诺到达的法律意义-Firstly, the arriving moment of the acceptance means the time that contract becomes binding ,thus giving rise to starting binding moment of the rights and duties；-seco

5、ndly，in the case of contract being rendered invalid or revoked , the arriving moment of the acceptance is just the time to invalidate or revocate the contract；-Lastly, the arriving moment of the acceptance determines the right moment when the contract is concluded and then determines the issues of j

6、urisdiction and governing law。编辑课件SILENCE DEEMED AS A ACCEPTANCE ?Felthouse v. Bindley(1862) Felthouse wrote to his nephew offering to buy a horse. In the letter Felthouse told his nephew that if Felthouse did not get a response from his nephew, he would consider the offer has been accepted.Court he

7、ld: nephews acceptance had not been communicated, as silence could not used as the means of acceptance ,unless otherwise agreed. therefore , there was no contract between them.编辑课件silent acceptance: 两例比较Case 1On June 1st Seller sends Buyer an offer to sell the a specified type and quality of goods a

8、t a stated price and added: this is such a attractive offer that I shall assume that you accept unless I hear form you by June 15”Buyer did not reply. Seller shipped the goods on June 16.Contract concluded ? 编辑课件silent acceptance: 两例比较Case 2 On June 1st Buyer delivered the following to the seller “p

9、lease rush price quotation for the following goods if you dont hear form me within three days after I received your quotation ,consider your offer as accepted ”The seller delivered the quotation to the buyer on June 3, buyer did not respond until June 10.later buyer rejected the contract that seller

10、 believed has been concluded.Contract concluded ?编辑课件silent acceptance: 两例比较Key:In Case 1, the contract is not concluded as Silent acceptance from offeree (the buyer) is not legally valid In case 2, the contract is concluded as the offeree (the buyer ) is voluntarily willing to be legally bound by t

11、he contract if he does not respond to the seller within 3 days after receiving the quotation (offer) 编辑课件 CISG Art22 COMMON LAWan acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective POSTAL RULEAcceptance by letter (

12、telegram) becomes effective once the acceptance is posted, regardless of whether the acceptance is delayed or lost in the postal system. However, this rule does not apply if the parties have agreed otherwise. 编辑课件 实务问题：application of Postal Rulemeans acceptance offerFax/email/telephoneReception rule

13、 (到达规则): The mail of acceptance becomes valid once it reaches the offeror. See: acceptance by fax and email (next slid)Reception ruleLettertelegramPostal rule （投邮规则）:Once letter /telegram posted (mailed, shipped) the offer is accepted, unless otherwise agreed. USA: Mail Box Rule - Acceptance becomes

14、 effective on dispatch, unless both parties otherwise agreed. Reception rule编辑课件实务问题：To become effective for the acceptance by fax and email Acceptance by instantaneous communication generally occurs when it is received- A fax sent during regular business hours is probably accepted when it reaches t

15、he offerors fax machine.-In negotiations by email, acceptance is likely to be communicated when the offeror “log into ”the system.编辑课件To become effective for the other notifications -Notification of withdrawal of offer;-Notification of revocation of offer;-Notification of withdrawal of acceptance;-N

16、otification of amendment to the offer (purported acceptance);- other notifications for cancelling or conforming contractual intention either in oral form or writing form.Key: “communicated” or “ reached”编辑课件规则研究之三：CISG 承诺的撤回 CISG Art22 我合同法Art27an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches

17、the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective 承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。UNIDROIT ART 2.1.10an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective问题与思考:要约的撤回Art1

18、7: 要约可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与承诺通知同时到达要约人。编辑课件规则研究之四：CISG下逾期的承诺CISG Art 21 我合同法A late acceptance is effective if ,without delay , the offeror orally informs the offeree or dispatch the notice 1 一般迟延承诺 Art28受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，为新要约，除非要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效。If the transmission had been normal it would have b

19、een reached the offeror in due time ,the acceptance is effective unless 2、意外迟延承诺 Art29受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，该承诺有效，除非要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外。编辑课件CISG Art 21/我合同法Art28一般迟延承诺 新要约，除非要约人及时认可CISG Art 21/我合同法Art29意外迟延承诺 承诺有效，除非要约人及时反对。实务风险点以及化解之法要约人如何知道逾期的承诺是一般迟延承诺还是意外迟延承

20、诺，以便采取完全不同的处理方法 ？-出险的承诺的表达方式多半是书面方式（即fax、email 、信）中的信件承诺。-如何判断承诺信是否正常还是非正常逾期？Key：可以通过对如下indicators 来判断：邮戳、承诺函中的日期以及信件传递通常所需要的时间。编辑课件Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7发价人依据CISG Art 21对逾期承诺的接受权利和CISGArt7诚信原则的关系On June 1 Seller mailed an offer that stated “your acceptance of this offer must reach me by June

21、 30”. On June 15, Buyer posted the reply of his acceptance in a letter. Buyers letter would normally have reached the Seller on June 20, but was delayed and did not reached to the Seller until a month later ,on July 20.编辑课件In mid-July the price of goods in question had arisen sharply Seller was glad

22、 to terminate the deal and would sell the goods at a higher price than that in his June offer. Consequently on July 22, Seller called the Buyer “In despite of abnormally late arrival of your June 15 letter, which is deemed as an effective offer in CISG, however, I am treating it as an refusal to my

23、offer”Buyer objected on the ground that conditions had changed during the month while his letter was in the mail route.According to CISG is the contract concluded?编辑课件Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7According to CISG Art 21 , when the late acceptance becomes advantageous because of changes in the marke

24、t , the offerors decision may have the effect of speculating at the expense of another. Courts have strongly resisted the attempt by one party to speculate at the expense of another. In the case of the speculation ,the principle of good faith in CISG Art 7 may be applied 编辑课件规则研究之五：CISG下承诺对要约的修改和添加p

25、63 CISG Art 19 我合同法Reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains Additions， limitations or other modifications is an rejection of offerand constitutes counter-offer 实务问题：1 反要约:新要约-实质性变更Art 30-修改和添加 ？-承诺有保留或有条件？2 反要约的作用？Rejection of the offer +-new offer3 反要约生效时间？- 立刻生效编辑课件 - END

26、OF LEC 5 -编辑课件 lec-6Lec-6 教学内容：2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力2-4.1 承诺的生效 & 要约的生效2-4.2 承诺的生效 & 合同的成立2-4.3 合同的成立 & 合同的效力2-4.4 订约意图（legal intention）& 达成合意（consent） & 合法目的（legality）辨析 2-4.5 合同的形式 （form）编辑课件2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力编辑课件上周主要内容回顾：国际货物买卖合同的成立 要约 & 承诺（概念、构成条件）理清各个国际货物买卖合同几个的基本关系：-要约的构成， 到-承诺的构成， 到-合同的成立， 到-合同的生效， 到-

27、合同的履行，到-合同消灭或争议 编辑课件2-4.1要约的生效&承诺的生效 1.要约的生效时间、地点和意义-到达受要约人 （世界法则）-约束要约人和受约人2.承诺的生效时间、地点和意义-到达要约人（CISG和我法，postal rule除外）-合同成立，（非合同生效）3.要约的生效和承诺的生效的关系 ？编辑课件2-4.2 承诺的生效 & 合同的成立有关承诺生效与合同成立关系的若干问题1. 承诺如果有效，合同必然成立吗？2.如果合同成立，承诺必然有效吗？3. 承诺一旦生效，合同立刻成立吗？ 如何理解待生效的合同？编辑课件2-4.3 合同的成立 & 合同的效力合同成立的概念和法律意义- 在词汇上：f

28、ormation & validity- 双方合意 ：通过要约和承诺- 合意法律效果：合意不一定合法编辑课件合同生效的概念及其法律意义- 合法， 产生对当事人的法律拘束力- 合同成立 + 合同生效的其他条件即： 2. 订约意图 legal intention； 3. 订约的行为能力 capacity； 4. 意思表示真实 genuine consent； 5. 对价 consideration； 6. 合同形式 form 7. 合同合法 legality编辑课件合同生效的其他条件-订约意图 legal intention Presumption 1 (type 1 of objective t

29、est):it is presumed that parties to an agreement of domestic or social or volunteering nature do not intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted. Presumption 2 (type 2of objective test): it is presumed that parties to an agreement concerning commerce or business intend to be legally bound unles

30、s it is rebutted. 编辑课件 (Rose & Frank Co. v Crompton & Bros Ltd) a business agreement drawn up between a British company and an American firm . It had all the signs of being legally binding agreement but contained the following clause “this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum writte

31、n as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” legal intention involved by the parties ? 编辑课件 “thi

32、s agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge th

33、emselves ” (参考译文：所订立的本协议或备忘录并不是正式文件或法律协议,也不受法院管辖，它只是记载了合同当事人订约的愿望和目的，为此当事人为了荣誉承诺如下) 编辑课件the legal effect of honor clause: Contract containing an “honor clause” is not legally effective . The contract is actually regarded as honorable agreement , which has no any legal binding force upon the parties,

34、 although the contract functions to promote both parties to carry it out morally. Therefore, “honor clause ” in contract rebuts the presumption that agreements of a business nature are intended to be binding.编辑课件Rebuttal of presumption 2 TEEN RANCH PTY LTD V. BROWY (1955) FactsBrown was a volunteer

35、worker at a non profit Christian youth centre. He received accommodation, food and the use of the camp facilities and was expected to obey camp rules but he received no wages. While working at the camp he was injured and claimed workers compensation. Question: was there a contract of employment that

36、 would in return entitle Brown to workers compensation ?编辑课件Decision: No， contract existed because both parties had no legal intention as Brown s work was voluntary.In China voluntary contract is not regarded as legal contract as is of moral nature , and thus should not be governed by our contract l

37、aw. 编辑课件 合同生效的其他条件-合同的合法性（legality） 货物买卖合同合法性可有如下含义：出卖人转移标的物（货物）的所有权与买受人和买受人支付价款的-（1）.法律目的合法，如不允许把公共所有物窃为己有；-（2）.商业目的合法，如赚钱资助恐怖活动；-（3）.转移标的物和支价行为本身合法，法律允许货物正常买卖行为；则会不允许货物大幅度贱卖；编辑课件-（4）.买卖标的物合法，即法律允许标的物（如钢材）交易，则不允许毒品交易；- （5）.买卖行为效果合法，即买卖行为所导致的直接后果法，如果所买卖卖的钢材直接用于制造恐怖工具则非法；-（6）.还有交易主体资格、代理资格、等其他合法性问题。合

38、同能够的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性 编辑课件2-4.4 解析与合同效力有关的几个概念之间的相互关系合同生效的七大条件中，如下三个条件似乎相互有关联，容易搞混，应当区别：达成合意（meeting of minds ：offer & acceptance）订约意图（legal intention） 合法目的（legality：contractual end）编辑课件达成合意 & 订约意图、合法目的达成合意未必具有订约意图，没有订约意图也可以达成合意（如：honor clause）达成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：达成抢劫合同）编辑课件订约意图 & 合法目的订约意图: 强调当事人主观上是否愿意踏入法律平台，它解决合意的“入法或不入法”，即法律性和非法律性问题，它解决当事人是否要承担法律责任问题；合法目的：强调当事人的合意“此法或彼法”，即合法与非法问