NRC2011版9-维生素

1、9维生素维生素有别于氨基酸、碳水化合物和脂肪，是一种由外源性来源获得(通常通过饮食)的，正常的生长、繁殖和健康所必需的微量有机化合物。维生素分为水溶性和脂溶性。八种水溶性维生素的需要量相对较少，主要起辅酶功能，被称为复合维生素B。三种水溶性维生素，即胆碱、肌醇和维生素C,需要量较大，并具有辅酶功能以外的其他功能。维生素A、D、E和K是相较于酶而独立起作用的脂溶性维生素，或者在某些情况下，如维生素K,可能起辅酶作用。在哺乳动物中，维生素的缺乏会导致典型性缺乏疾病，但在水生物种中此类疾病并不明显。鱼和虾体内维生素缺乏的迹象在表9-1中列出。一些维生素可能是由饮食需求中其他必需的营养素合成的。例如，

2、如果食物中有足够的甲基供体如蛋氨酸存在，斑点叉尾鮰(Ictaluruspunctatus)自身似乎会合成胆碱；然而，如果食物中蛋氨酸的含量不足，对胆碱的需求就会表现出来(WilsonandPoe,1988)。已证明，某些温水鱼体内水溶性维生素的外源性来源是其胃肠道中的微生物(LimsuwanandLovell,1981;LovellandLimsuwan,1982;BurtlcandLovell,1989;ShiauandLung,1993a在冷水食肉鱼类中，微生物并不是维生素的重要来源(Hepher,1988)。鱼和虾对维生素定性和定量的需求已经由饲喂由化学定义但缺乏某种特定维生素的饲料来确

3、定。对大多数维生素有定量需求的包括大鳞大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)、虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchusmykiss)、鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)、斑点叉尾鮰、奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus,xO.aureus和黄尾鱼(Seriolalatandi)。对维生素的定性需求已确定存在于其他一些物种中人们对于一些虾对维生素的需求问题在一定程度上已经进行了研究，这些虾包括虎虾、日本对虾、中国明对虾、南美白对虾、加州对虾和印度白虾，而其中，虎虾需要的维生素包括所有的15种维生素。对维生素的需求受到生物体型大小、年龄、生长速度以及各种环境因素和营养

4、物质之间的相互关系的影响。因此，不同的研究人员对于同一物种生长中维生素要求值而给出的数据差距很大。生长性能可能不是确定鱼和虾对维生素的需要量的唯一参数。其他参数也被用于量化水产动物对维生素的需要量，如脂质积累、骨骼畸形、特定酶的活性、组织维生素的存储、有无缺乏症、肝脏脂质含量、肝体指数、脂质氧化程度、热休克蛋白和免疫反应(见表9-2,9-3和9-4)。ABLE9-1HistoricalVitaminDiagnosticSignsReportedinFishandShrimp(inalphabeticalorder)DeficiencySignsVitaminsSpecies:-:.:.：:Ab

5、normalswimming(ataxia)AscitesASalmonidsESalmonidsCSalmonidsRiboflavinSalmonids,channelcatfishPantothenateJapaneseeelNiacinJapaneseeelBiotinJapaneseeelCChannelcatfish,Koreanrockfish,ClariashybridcatfishCongestedfin,skin,orbronchialmantlesEThiaminPantothenateYellowtailYellowtail,Japaneseeehredseabream

6、Japaneseeel12YellowtailFolateYellowtailDarkskincolorationA.：/t：w.mx；：yysi：ji-.；：；nx.D；：、：九：；：;：、r;.-,：.；.：_-卜：-：.-：Yellowtail；i：；.-r小；石心阳宀；住十.:-:.=.m-1:丁m.；,：茁e：沅EYellowtail,hybridstripedbass-一二八匚二匸再ThiaminChannelcatfish,yellowtail；)!L；./:-；/：/75-vrVe：Z.J7-X1jf2l：门探；”-g门：，rII5RiboflavinSalmonids,yel

7、lowtail,hybridstripedbassBiotinJapaneseeel,Indiancatfish,Africancatfish/:.:;:.:InositolSalmonids,yellowtail當吒；d住、;:苕可:心映百汽卩:卑眾工材进豔螟帶鹽玄FolateSalmonids,Japaneseeel；(7i：i?!：f-O:i.I:S?j:W-*：-1：f：rrZ-:-；3-；?CholineYellowtail:cYellowtail,Koreanrockfish,MexicancichlidDecreasedliverlipidCholineHybridtilapia

8、,reddrumDeformitiesAJiancarp(spinal,jaws,orsnout)RiboflavinSalmonidsNiacinChannelcatfish,hybridtilapiacChannelcatfish,yellowtail,oliveflounder.Koreanrockfish,Indiancatfish,parrotfish.Asianseabass、Clariashybridcatfish,MexicancichlidDermatitisRiboflavinJapaneseeelPantothenateJapaneseeelEdemaA:：.:.:-:.

9、:.-Salmonids,channelcatfish-ESalmonids；.：.：.NiacinSalmonids,hybridtilapiaEmaciationRiboflavinCommoncarpPantothenateChannelcatfishErosionAGrouper-if*匕：-：.丁後;逬田崔沱融声y.T-I,.1!.?.；.RiboflavinYellowtail,bluetilapia,rainbowtrout?.,.丿；_._-.-.:rr/j,：PantothanateChannelcatfish讨InositolSalmonidsCChannelcatfish

10、,Japaneseeel,hybridtilapia,Indiancatfish,Asianseabass,Clariashybrid:r；q；迟,r卩；.acatfishJapaneseseabass,MexicancichlidexudativediathesisEChannelcatfishiyepathologicalchangesASalmonids(iritis,cataract)RiboflavinYellowtail,salmonids,channelcatfish,hybridstripedbasscOliveflounder,Mexicanchichlid五1】pathol

11、ogicalchangesPantothenateSalmonids,channelcatfish,yellowtail,bluetilapia(clubbedgill;hyperplasiaoftheepithelialBiotinSalmonidscellsofgilllamellae;degenerativegillcSalmonidslamellae;distortedgillfilaments)TABLE9-1ContinuedVitaminsDeficiencySignsHematologicalindexchanges(anemia;abnormalerythrocyte;red

12、ucederythrocytefragilityvalue;reducedhematocritvalue:megaloblastosis;misshapennucleiinasmallproportionoferythrocyte;lowthrombocytecounts;higherhemocytoblastandneutrophilcount;fragmentederythrocytes;prolongedbloodclotting)HemorrhageSpeciesYellowtail,rainbowtroutSalmonids,Indianmajorcarp,hybridstriped

13、bassSalmonids,fleshyprawnAEK一PyridoxineSalmonids,commoncarp,IndiancatfishPantothenateSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,yellowtail,bluetilapiaNiacinFolateBnnositolASalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,Japaneseeel.IndiancatfishSalmonids,channelcatfish,rainbowtroutSalmonids,yellowtail,IndianmajorcarpS

14、almonidsEKThiaminRiboflavinPantothenateNiacinBiotinCholineCChannelcatfish,commoncarp,yellowtail,hybridstripedbass,Atlantichalibut,grouper,Jiancarp,rainbowtroutChannelcatfishSalmonids,channelcatfishCommoncarp,Japaneseeel,redseabreamSalmonids,commoncarp.JapaneseeelCommoncarp,Japaneseeel,JiancarpCommon

15、carp,yellowiaiLJapaneseeel,hybridtilapia,IndiancatfishYellowtailSalmonids,channelcatfishSalmonids,yellowtail,Japaneseeel,hybridtilapia,olivedounder,Koreanrockfish,Clariahybridcatfish,MexicancichlidThiaminRiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenateBiotin:X出協光W金対二r.-V-.,殆晟三丫DEBiotinCholinenositolNiacinLethargy(s

16、luggishness;listlessness;sluggishmovement;motionless)HyperirritabOity(irritability)Increasedliverlipid(fattyliver;lipidinfiltrationofliver)：:.：.：:L,:，二：*SalmonidsTigershrimpSalmonids,rainbowtroutChannelcatfishSalmonidsSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,hybridstripedbassGrouper,hybridtilapia,tigersh

17、rimpSalmonidsPyridoxineRhvhriaNiacinBiotinLordosisLossofequilibriumLossofscaleBiotinARiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenateNiacinBiotinFolateInositolCia,commoncarp,rainbowtroutJiancarpSalmonids,Japaneseeel,bluetilapia,parrotfishYellowtail,redhybridtilapia,IndiancatfishCommoncarp,bluetilapiaChannelcatfish,

18、IndiancatfishCommoncarp,yellowtail,IndiancatfishSalmonids,channelcarpYellowtailSalmonids,PacificwhiteshrimpECocarp,grasscan)CChannelcatfish,yellowtail,Indiancatfish,reddrum,JapaneseseabassThiaminSalmonids,channelcatfishCReddrumCMexicancichlidCommoncarpBiotinMucosa(increasenumberofdermalmucouscells;l

19、ossofskinmucosa)MuscledystrophyVitaminE(muscularweakness)Niacinf認亠rm跻.1InositolCommoncarpTABLE9- ContinuedVitaminsSpeciesDeficiencySignshOanpathologicalchanges(pancreaticatrophy;kidneyand|pancreaticdegeneration;anteriorkidney|necrosis;histopathologicalchangesin|liver,kidney,andintestine;atrophied:pa

20、ncreaticacinarcell;vacuolizationofIhepaticcell;white-greyintestine;severeMrophyofHver)Poorappetite(anorexia)Pyridoxine1Pantothenate*Biotin:Choline(InositolC1Hybridstripedbass,Jiancarp,commoncarpChannelcatfish,hybridstripedbass,bluetilapiaHybridtilapia,redhybridtilapia,IndiancatfishJiancarp,parrotfis

21、hChannelcatfish,IndiancatfishAfricancatfishJapaneseeelOliveflounder,Koreanrockfish,parrotfish,yellowtail皆卄CgsARiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenateNiacinBiotinBfCShort-bodydwarfism(higherconditionfactor)SkindepigmentationScoliosisCSalmonids,channelcatfish,yellowtail,oliveflounder,Koreanrockfish,reddrum,J

22、apaneseseabass,MexicancichlidThiaminRiboflavinBiotinCSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,JiancarpSalmonids,channelcatfishCommoncarpBluetilapia,rainbowtrout,tigershrimpChannelcatfishPacificwhiteshrimpTetanyD(nervousdisorders;nervousness;spasticThiaminatrophy;spasms;convulsion)PyridoxinePantothenateBi

23、otinESalmonids,rainbowtroutSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarpSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,yellowtail,Japaneseeel,redhybridtilapiaGiltheadseabream,IndiancatfishParrotfishSalmonids,Indiancatfish,Africancatfish,yellowtailfABLE9-2ContinuedTABLE9-2HistoricalVitaminRequirements0EstimatesforGrowing

24、FishDeterminedwithChemicallyDefinedDietsfeiaControlledEnvironmentVitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceVitaminA*Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)RHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)0.75mgWG,ADSKitamuraetal.(1967a)Channelcatfish(Ictaluruspunctatus)0.3-0.6mgWGDupree(19

25、70)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)1.2-6mgWG,MLSAoeetal.(1968)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)5.68mgWG,MLSShimeno(1991)Grouper(Epinephelusspp.)0.93mgWGShaikMohamedetal.(2003)Atlantichalibut(Hippoglossushippoglossus)2.5mgMLS,ADSMorenetal.(2004)Hybridstripedbass(MoronechrysopsfemalexMoronesaxatilis)0.51*0.52mgWGH

26、ernreetal.(2004)Japaneseflounder(Paralichthysolivaceus)2.7mgWGHernandezetal.(2005)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)1.76-2.09mgWG,MLSHuetal.(2006)Europeanseabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax)31mgWGVilleneuveetal.(2005a,b)VitaminDPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)NRHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Onc

27、orhynchusmykiss)40-60pgWG,FEBarnettetal.(1982a)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)12.5pgWGLovellandLi(1978)25pgWGAndrewsetal,(1980)6.25pgWGBrown(1988)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)NRShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)935pgWGShiauandHwang(1993)VitaminEAtlanticsalmon(Salmosalar)35mg

28、WG,ADSLailetal.(1988)60mgWGHamreandLie(1995)Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)30mgWG,ADSWoodalletal.(1964)40-50mgWG,MLSHalvcr(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)30mgWG,ADSWoodalletaL(1964)25mgWG,ADSHungetal.(1980)100mgMLSWatanabeetal.(1981a)50mgAASLPCoweyetal.(1983)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)25mgWG,A

29、DSMuraiandAndrews(1974)50mgAASLPWilsonetaL(1984)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)100mgWG,ADSWatanabeetal.(1970a)Grasscarp(CtenophoryngodonideIla)200mgMLSTakeuchietal.(1992)62.9mgWG,FEWuetal.(1990)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)119mgMLSShimeno(1991)Bluetilapia(Oreochromisaureus)25mgWGRoemeta).(1990)Niletilapia(O

30、reochromisniloticus)50-100mgWG,ADSSatohetal.(1987)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)6067mgWG,AASLPShiauandShiau(2001)Hybridstripedbass(M.chrysopsfemalexM.saxatilis)28mgWGKocabasandGatlin(1999)Koreanrockfish(Sebastesschlegeli)45mgWGBaiandLee(1998)Mrigal(Cirrhinustnrigala)99mgWGPaul

31、etal.(2004)Rohu(Labeorohitd)131.91mgWGSauetal.(2004)Grouper(Epinephelusspp.)104-1)5mgWG,AASLPLinandShiau(2005a)Reddrum(Sciaenopsocellatus)31mgWGPengandGatlin(2(X)9)VitaminKPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)RHalver(1972)Laketrout(Salvelinusnamaycush)0.5-1mgNHVPoston(1976a)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)RNRD

32、upree(1966)MuraiandAndrews(1977)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)NRShimeno(1991)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)1.9mgBCTJiangetal.(2007)Atlanticcod(Gaclusmorhua)0.2mgWGGrahl-MadsenandLie(1997)Atlanticsalmon(Sabnosalar)10mgWGKross0yetal.(2009)VitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReference

33、ThiaminPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)10-15mgMLSHalver(1972)RainbowtroutOncorhynchusmykiss)1-10mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(i947)1mgWG,EDMoritoetal.(1986)Channelcatfish(Lpunctatus)1mgWG,ADSMuraiandAndrews(1978a)Commoncarp(Cyprirtuscarpio)0.5mgWG,ADSAoeetal.(1969)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi11.2mgMLSShimeno(199

34、1)RiboflavinPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)20-25mgMLSHalver(1972)7mgWG,ADSLeithetaL(】990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss5-15mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)6mgMLSTakeuchietaL(1980)3mgEDHughesetal.(1981a)2.7mgMLS,EDAmezagaandKnox(1990)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)9mgWG,ADSMuraiandAndrews(1978b)6mgEDSerriniet

35、aL(1996)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)4mgWG*ADSAoeetal.(1967a)6.2mgMLSAoeetal.(1967a)7mgMLSTakeuchietal.(1980)YellowtailSeriolalalandi)11mgMLSShimeno(1991)Bluetilapia(Oreochromisaureus)6mgWG,ADSSolimanandWilson(1992a)Redhybridtilapia(OreochromisrnossanibicusxOreochromis5mgWGLimetal.(1993)niloticus)Hybri

36、dstripedbass(M.chrysopsfemalexM.saxaiilis)4.1-5.0mgWG.MLSDengandWilson(2003)Jiancarp(Cyprinuscarpiovar.Jian)5.0mgWGW.Lietal.(2010)VitaminB6Atlanticsalmon(Salmosalar)5mgWG,ADSLailandWeerakoon(1990)Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)10-20mgMLSHalver(1972)6mgWG,ADSLeithetal,(1990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusm

37、ykiss)1-10mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)2mgWG*ADSWoodward(1990)3-6nigEDWoodward(1990)Channe】catfish(/.punctatus)3mgWG,ADSAndrewsandMurai(1979)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)5-6nigWG,ADSOgino(1965)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)11.7mgMLSShimeno(1991)HybridtilapiaOreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)15-16.5mgWG,E

38、DShiauandHsieh(1997)Redhybridtilapia(OreochromismossanibicusxOreochromis3mgWGLimetal.(1995)niloticus)Indiancatfish(Heteropneustesfossilis)3.21mgWGShaikMohamed(2001a)Jiancarp(Ccarpiovar.Jian)6.07mgWGHeetal.(2009)Gibelcarp(CarassiusauratusgibeHo)7.26-1L36mgEDWangetal.(2009)PantothenicacidPacificsalmon

39、(Oncorhynchusspp.)40-50mgMLSHalver(1972)17mgWG,ADSLeithetal.(1990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)10-20mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)20mgWG,ADSChoandWoodward(1990)Channelcatfish(I.punctatus)10mgWG,ADSMuraiandAndrews(1979)15mgWG,ADSWilsonetal.(1983)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)30-50mgWGADSOgino(1967)Yellowt

40、ail(Seriolalalandi)35.9mgMLSShimeno(1991)Bluetilapia(Oreochromisaureus)10mgWG,ADSSolimanandWilson(1992b)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidel/a)25mgWGA,LiuetaL(2007)Jiancarp(C.carpiovar.Jian)23mgWGWenetal.(2009)TABLE9-2ContinuedVitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceNiacinPacificsa

41、lmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)150-200mgMLSHalver(1972)RainbowtroutOncorhynchusmykiss)1-5mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)10mgWG,ADSPostonandWolfe(1985)Channelcatfish(Lpunctatus)14mgWG.ADSAndrewsandMurai(1978)7.4mgWG,EDNgetal.(1997)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)28mgWG,ADSAoeetal.(1967b)YellowtailSeriolalalatidi)12mgMLS

42、Shimeno(1991)HybridtilapiaOreochnmisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)26mgWGShiauandSuen(1992)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)25.5mgSGRWuetal.(2007a)Mrigal(Cirrhinusmrigala)20mgWGShaikMohamedandIbrahim(2001)Africancatfish(Heterobranchuslonglfilis)33mgFEMorrisetat(1998)BiotinPacificsalmon(OncorhynchussppJ

43、1-L5mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)0.05-0.25mgWG,ADSMcLarenetat(1947)0.08mgWG,ADSWoodwardandFrigg(1989)0J4mgEDWoodwardandFrigg(1989)Laketrout(Salvelinusnamaycush)0mgWG,ADSPoston(1976b)0.5-1mgOSSPoston(1976b)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)RRobinsonandLovell(1978)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpi

44、o)1mgWG,ADSOginoetaL(1970a)Yellowtail(Senoialalandi)0.67mgMLSShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)0.06mgWG,EDShiauandChin(1999)Asiancatfish(Clariashatrachus)2.49mgWGShaikMohamedetal.(2000)Indiancatfish(H.fossilis)0.25mgWGShaikMohamed(2001b)Goldspotmullet(Lizaparsia)1.6-3

45、.2mgWGChavanetal.(2003)Japaneseseabass(Lateolabraxjaponicus)0.046mgWGJ.Lietal.(2010)VitaminB2Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)0.015-0.02mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)RPhillipsetal.(1964)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)RLimsuwanandLovell(1981)CommoncarpCyprinuscarpio)NRKashiwadaetal.(1970

46、)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)0.053mgMLSShimeno(1991)Niletilapia(Oreochromisniloticus)NRLovellandLimsuwan(1982)HybridtilapiaOreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)NRShiauandLung(1993a)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidelld)0.094mgSGRWuetal.(2007b)FolatePacificsalmonOncorhynchusspp.)6-10mgMLSHalver(1972)2mgWG

47、,ADSLeithetal.(1990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)J.0mgWG,ADSCoweyandWoodward(1993)Channelcatfish(7.punctatus)1.5mgWG,NHVDuncanandLovell(1991)1mgWG,NHVDuncanetal.(1993)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)NRAoeetal.(1967c)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)1.2mgMLSShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreoc

48、hromisaureus)0.82WG,MLS,HSIShiauandHuang(2001a)Grasscarp(CtenopharyngodonideIla)左6-4.3mgWG,STG,STC,NHVZhaoetal.(2008)VitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceCholinePacificsalmonOncorhynchusspp.)600-800mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)50-100mgWG,ADSMcLareneta).

49、(1947)714-813mgWGLLCRumsey(1991)Lakeirout(Salvelinusnamaycush)1,000mgWGKetola(l976)Oiannelcatfish(/.punctatus)400mgWG,LLCWilsonandPoe(1988)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)1.500mgWG,LLCOginoetal.(1970b)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)2,920mgMLSShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticuaxOreochromisaureus)1,0

50、00mgWG,MBSShiauandLo(2000)Hybridstripedbass(MchrysopsfemalexM.saxatilis)500mgWGGriffinelal.(1994)Cobia(Rachycentroncaiiadum)696mgWGMaietal.(2009)YellowperchPereafiavescens)598-634mgWGTwibellandBrown(2000)Reddrum(Sciaenopsocellatus)588mgWGCraigandGatlin(1996)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)3.000mgWG

51、.FE,LLCWangetal.(1995)MyoinositolPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)3(X)-4(X)mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)250-500mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)NRBurtleandLovell(1989)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)440mgWG,ADSAoeandMasuda(1967)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)423mgMLSShimen

52、o(1991)Hybridstripedbass(M.chrysopsfemalexM.saxatilis)NRDengetal.(2002)Niletilapia(Oreochromisniloticus)NRPeresetal.(2004)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)400mgWG,MLSShiauandSu(2005)Grouper(Espp.)335-365mgWGMLSSuandShiau(2004)Oliveflounder(Paralichthysolivaceus)617mgWGLeeetal.(20

53、09)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)166-214mgWG,FEWenetal.(2007)NOTE:AAASLRascorbicacidstimulatedlipidperoxidation;ADS.absenceofdeficiencysigns;ED,enzymedata;FE,feedefficiency;HSI.hepatosomaticindex;LLC,liverlipidcontent;MBS,maximumbodystorage;MLS,maxiinuinliverstorage:MKS.maximumkidneystorage;NHV,n

54、ormalhematocritvalues;NR,norequirementdetermined;OSS,optimumswimmingstamina;R.requiredbutnovaluedetermined;VC,vertebralcollagencontent;andWG,weightgain.WithoutvitaminC.ReferstotypeandamountofeachingredientinChediet.(10000IU=3,000pgvitaminA(retinol).勺u二0.025pgcholecalciferol.TABLE9-3HistoricalVitamin

55、Requirements2EstimatesforGrowingShrimpDeterminedwithChemicallyDefinedDietsinaControlledEnvironmentVitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceVitaminAcTigershrimp(Penaeusmonodon)2.51mgWGShiauandChen(2000)Pacificwhiteshrimp(Litopenaeusvannamei)1.44mgWGHeetal.(1992)Fleshyprawn(Fenn

56、eropenaeuschinensis)36-54mgWGChenandLi(1994)VitaminTigershrimp(P.monodon)lOORgWG,EDShiauandHwang(1994)VitaminETigershrimp(P.monodon)85-89mgWG,THCLeeandShiau(2004)Pacificwhiteshrimp(L.vannamei)99mgWGHeandLawrence(】993a)VitaminKTigershrimp(P.monodon)30-40mgWGShiauandLiu(1994a)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)18

57、5mgWGShiauandLiu(1994b)ThiaminTigershrimp(Rmonodon)14mgWGChenetal.(1991)Kurumashrimp(Marsupenaeusjaponicus)60-120mgWGDeshimaruandKuroki(1979)Indianwhiteprawn(Fenneropenaeusindicus)100mgWGBoonyaratpalin(1998)RiboflavinTigershrirnp(P.monodon)22.5mgMLSChenandHwang(1992)Kurumashrimp(Mjaponicus)80mgNRC(1

58、983)VitaminB6Tigershrimp(Pmonodon)72-89mgWG,ED,MLSShiauandWu(2003)Kurumashrimp(M.japonicus)120mgWGDeshimaruandKuroki(1979)Pacificwhiteshrimp(.vannamei)80-100mgWGHeandLawrence(1991)Indianwhiteprawn(Eindicus)100-200mgWG,SURBoonyaratpalin(1998)PantothenicacidTigershrirnp(P.monodon)101-139mgWG,ED,MLSShi

59、auandC.W.Hsu(1999)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)100mgWGLiuetal.(1995)Indianwhiteprawn(indicus)750mgWG,SUR,FEBoonyaratpalin(1998)NiacinTigershrimp(P.monodon)7.2mgWGShiauandSuen(1994)Kurumashrimp(Mjaponicus)400mgNRC(1983)Indianwhiteprawn(F.indicus)250mgWG,SURBoonyaratpalin(1998)BiotinTigershrimp(Fmonodon)2.0

60、-2.4mgWGShiauandChin(1998)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)0.4mgWGLiuetal.(1995)VitaminBpTigershrimp(Emonodon)0.2mgWGShiauandLung(1993b)Heshyprawn(Echinensis)0.01mgWGLiuetal.(1995)FolateTigershrimp(P.monodon)1.9-2.1mgWG,MLS,HSIShiauandHuang(2001b)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)5mgWGLiuetal.(1995)CholineTigershrimp(P.