翻译方法-词性转换讲解课件

1、转性词性转换第1页，共50页。由于英语和汉语这两种语言表达习惯的不同，思维着眼点的不同，由此也就产生了对于词类的不同的使用方式和使用习惯，比如说，英语中有大量使用名词作为中心词的句子，在汉语中往往用以动词作为中心词的句子来进行表达，也就是说，英语中有大量的静态的句子，而这些句子到了汉语中就必须加以动态化英汉遣词造句的习惯不同，为了使译文流畅易懂，也为了符合目的语的表达方式，在英汉互译时译者经常有必要改变原词的词性。词类转换是英汉互译时最常用的一种变通手法，通过词类的转换可以突破原文的句式，引起句法的转换，词类转换也是避免“中式英语”(Chinese English)或“英式汉语”(Anglic

2、ized Chinese)的重要手段。译者应根据上下文灵活处理，以求译文符合目的语的表达习惯。第2页，共50页。For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increases of the prices of manufactured goods.如果不进行词类的转换，这名话可能被译为“在二十年中，我们是原料价格下跌、工业品价格暴涨的消极目击者。”但是，这种说法并不符合汉语的表达习惯，我们对witness的词类进行转化，则表

3、达起来就显得顺畅多了 我们在二十年内坐视原料价格下跌和工业品价格暴涨。第3页，共50页。名词的转换 （1）英语中许多由动词派生的名词（多见于政论文体中）和具有动作意义的名词（多见于记叙、描写文体中），往往可根据需要转译成汉语中的动词1. 名词转动词第4页，共50页。The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.The extension of Chinas Most Favored Nation status by the U.S. is conductive to the advancement of susta

4、ined and stable trade relations between the two countries.白人向非洲移民始于500年前。名词“settlement” 译为动词。美国延长中国的最惠国待遇，有助于促进两国持续、稳定的贸易关系。第5页，共50页。The matter is receiving the serious consideration of the school.He reported the theft of his passport to the police.My recognition of him was immediate.学校正认真考虑这件事。汉语没有

5、“受到考虑”的说法，因而原文的名词“consideration”译为动词。他向警察报告他的护照失窃了。我一下子就认出他了。第6页，共50页。There were also those who agreed with everything about the book except its publication.还有一些人同意这本书的每一句话，就是不同意出版这本书。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已用来探索宇宙。第7页，共50页。The two leaders stated that b

6、oth countries would develop good-neighborly and friendly relations on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty（主权） and territorial integrity, non-aggression, no-interference in each others internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence.两位领导人声明，两国将在互相尊重主权和领土完整，互不侵犯，互不干涉内政，

7、平等互利与和平共处的基础上发展睦邻友好关系。原文中一系列并列的名词译为汉语的动词，使译文较为连贯通顺。第8页，共50页。The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other desert countries. The pianist gave a fine performance.由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其它沙漠国家。 （原文里impact 是名词，译成汉语转换为动词“影响”。）钢琴家演奏得很出色。（名词转换为动词）第9页，共50页。He feared the withdrawal o

8、f his parents permission. Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.他害怕他父母撤消已做出的许可孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)第10页，共50页。（2）英语中有些带后缀-er表示某种职业和身份的名词，在句子中不一定真的指职业或者身份，而是含有很强的动作意味，在这种情况下就可以把这些词转换成动词加以翻译。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is

9、 a better teacher than I. O. Henry is the creator of a new short story genre in literature.我未必会教你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。欧享利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新体裁。第11页，共50页。 He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。We would like to welcome you as a guest speaker on Sunday evening in our school.我们欢

10、迎您周日晚到我校作报告。这里的“speaker” 是由“speak+er”构成的名词，与 “guest” 组成“特邀演讲者”，“特邀报告者”，但如果将上句直译成“欢迎您周日到我校当特邀演讲者”不很规范，显得说话者汉语表达不地道。既然这样，不妨将“a guest speaker”转换成动词，更通顺。第12页，共50页。（3）在一些短语当中，作为中心词的名词往往也可以翻译成为动词 The next news bulletin, short than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常的要短，没有提到游行。另外，在to hav

11、e a good rest, to have a look at等短语，rest和look也都可以译为动词。第13页，共50页。Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food. 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食，否则将不得不接受更多

12、的人造食品。（在原文中sense是名词，作has的宾语，但在have the sense (of sth./to do sth.)中sense是习语的主体，故译成汉语时常可转译为动词意识到。）第14页，共50页。（4）具有动作意义或者由动词转化过来的名词，如果后面跟有由of引导的短语，则由of连接的两个动词往往是一种动宾关系，译成汉语时，也就相应地译为动宾词组 love of life应译为“热爱生活”，reminiscences of Marx应译为“回忆马克思” No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a nu

13、mber of the old generation back 36 years ago. 难怪老一辈的人见了这个就会想到36年前的往事。第15页，共50页。One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上被压迫的人民。第16页，共50页。除此之外，英语中的任何一个名词都有可

14、能被转换为汉语的动词而进行翻译，主要是看具体的语言环境如何。 Differences between the social systems of states shall not be obstacles to their cooperation.各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此相互合作。We are enemies of all kind of wars.我们反对一切战争。There are plans for new product introductions in IBM to compete with foreign companies.IBM公司计划拿出一些新产品与外国公司竞争。第1

15、7页，共50页。7/29/20222. 名词转译成形容词（1）由形容词派生的名词（2）a an+名词作表语时 As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这个城市完全陌生，我希望您能给他必要的帮助。a. The music is a gas.这音乐妙极了。第18页，共50页。汉语中的名词英译时也有的转成动词及其他词性的现象。1. 他在剧中精彩的表演给我留下深刻的印象。 2. 这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。a. His excellent performance in t

16、he play impressed me deeply.b. His excellent performance in the play gave me a deep impression.“印象”在汉语中只有名词词性，但英译时既可用名词“impression”，也可用动词“impress”来表达。 This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.第19页，共50页。3. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。4.我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。5.学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。To them, he personified the

17、absolute power.Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)第20页，共50页。动词的转换 （1）有类动词往往是由名词派生或转化而来。 1. The new lease would expire in 8 years.1. 动词转名词这份新的租赁合同有效期为8

18、年。第21页，共50页。2. The audience laughed the speaker down.3. He roared, which threatened his enemies away. 观众的讪笑声把演讲者轰下台。 “laugh”转成名词使用，即“笑声”。他的怒吼声把敌人吓跑了。第22页，共50页。4. The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.5. His wife has done everything possible to mother him.改革开放政策受到了全中国

19、人民的拥护。(动词转名词)妻子竭尽全力，像母亲一样照顾他。第23页，共50页。（2）名词与动词同形，或既可作名词，又可作动词，在作动词时可译成名词）Because he had struck a boss, he was blacklisted and lost his job at the fertilizer works. 由于打了一个工头，他被列入黑名单，不能在肥料厂工作了。 Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin.骄傲自满最终毁了他。第24页，共50页。汉语中一些动词译成英文时也转化为名词。1. 我们会考虑你的要求的。2.

20、 多年以前她曾建议重修这栋楼，但没有人理睬。3. 他们教导我们要珍惜每一个机会。We will take your requirement into consideration.Several years ago, her suggestion of re-fixing the building was ignored.He taught us the value of an opportunity. 第25页，共50页。4. 他谋杀了他的妻子5. 近来，研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传染。6. 希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。He is the murderer of his wife.Rece

21、nt research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts.原文中的“发现”是动词，而译文根据上下文的需要，灵活地把动词转换成名词discoveries。I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration. 第26页，共50页。7. 采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。8.由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。The adoption of this new device w

22、ill greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)第27页，共50页。3. 形容词的转换 （1）英文中与系动词组成谓语部分的表示意愿、态度、情感等的形容词，有些表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词，作表语时，常可转成汉语动词。这类形容词有：able, afraid, angry,

23、 ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant (不知道)，sorry, thankful等。 如：1. 形容词转动词第28页，共50页。1. We are very thankful to your hospitability during our staying in your country.2. She was afraid of waking her baby.我们非常感谢在贵国期间你们的盛情款待。虽然 “tha

24、nkful” 在汉语中可译成“感激的”，但，“我们怀着感激的心对你们的盛情款待表示感谢”句子很累赘。用动词“感谢”来表达感激之情使语句变得言简意赅，也符合汉语中多用动词的习惯。她生怕吵醒她的孩子。 “生怕”译得很到位。若译成“她对吵醒孩子感到很害怕”有点儿词不达意。第29页，共50页。3. He wasnt aware of the mistake he had made.4. Please let us know if our terms are acceptable. 他没有意识到所犯的错误。请告知是否接受我方条款。 第30页，共50页。5. We must be sure that th

25、e scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison. 6.I am very concerned about her. 我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供有效的或公平的比较。我非常挂念她。 第31页，共50页。7. In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。第32页，共50页。（2）英语中有

26、大量由动词的分词式构成的形容词，或者与动词同根的形容词，这些词在翻译成汉语时，一般都把它们转换为动词 We believe that Europe should, and will, be outwardlooking.Saud was a frustrated man at that time.我们认为，欧洲应该而且必将向外看。那时沙特已经受到挫折。第33页，共50页。2.形容词转译成名词（1）英语中的一些形容词前加the表示一类人时The poor; the sick; the former; the old;（2）形容词作表语表示事物的特征时，其后往往加上“性”、“度”、“体”等。如：T

27、his workpiece is not more elastic than that one.Glass is much more soluble than quartz.这两个工件都没有弹性。玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。第34页，共50页。7/29/2022a. Heavy objects are more stable than light ones.重物体比轻物体稳定。重物体的稳定性比轻物体好。b. Jack was eloquent and elegant, but soft.杰克有口才，有风度，但很软弱。c. It is demonstrated that gases are per

28、fectly elastic（有弹性的）. 已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。d. This device is less practical.这种装置的实用性较差。第35页，共50页。（3）英语中一些“形容词名词”构成的词组，译成汉语时往往把原来的名词转换成形容词，而把原来的形容词转换成名词，包括一些新构成词组也是这样处理。比如说，the farm America是美国农村，而Middle America则是美国中产阶级 第36页，共50页。3.形容词转译成副词There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in

29、 every part of our country.目前我国各地对各种消费品的需要量都已大大增加。There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both towns and villages. 无论在城市还是在乡村，托儿所和幼儿园都在大量地增加。(1)修饰名词的形容词，由于名词转成动词，因而相应地转译成副词。第37页，共50页。All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of metals.Only wh

30、en we study their properties can we make better use of the materials. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?所有这一切证明我们必须深入地研究金属的特性。只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用他们。你能确切地把这句话翻译出来吗？第38页，共50页。(2)有时为了使译文符合汉语表达习惯，也要把英语形容词转译为汉语副词。A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.The same principles of low inte

31、rnal resistance also apply to milliammeters.直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。低内阻原理也同样适用于毫安表。第39页，共50页。汉语动词转换为英语形容词 同样，汉语中一些表示情感等心理状态的动词也可转为英文的形容词，并构成be+形容词的形式。如，1. 我们应该直言不讳。2. 我们不满足于现有的成绩。Let us be frank.We are not content with our present achievements.第40页，共50页。3. 简直是难以置信, 这小女孩居然能给我们带信儿。4.我为她的健康担忧。 Its unbelievab

32、le that the little girl was able to send us a message.I am anxious about her health.第41页，共50页。5. 我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。6. 他会不会来值得怀疑。7. 我们全体赞成他的建议。 We should never be content with a little book knowledge only.It is doubtful that he will come.We are all in favor of his suggestion.第42页，共50页。介词的转换 介词在英文中使用

33、很广，如果汉语中有对等关系的介词词组可以用直译的办法，如 “on the chair” 译成“在椅子上”。但很多时候可以根据汉语的习惯将英文介词转换成汉语的动词或动词词组，尤其是那些具有动词意义的介词或介词词组。 Are you for or against the plan?The European Community is the best instrument for this purpose.欧共体是服务于这一目的的最好的工具。你是支持还是反对这项计划？第43页，共50页。 He completed the project ahead of time in spite of all t

34、he difficulties. At 9 oclock, he came home for dinner.4. She pushed the door with a club.他排除一切困难提早完成了任务。9点的时候他回到家里吃晚饭。她用一根棍子推开门。第44页，共50页。 The house is out of repair.I drove straight ahead, across the stone bridge.The government is behind this project. Public opinion was against the proposal. Im all for your opinion.这座房子失修了.我驱车笔直向前，穿过石板桥。政府支持这个项目。舆论都反对这个提议。我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)第45页，共50页。Millions of the people in the mounta