限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

1、WORD完美格式编辑限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息，起限定作用，与被修 饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：This is the very person that is wanted by the police .He is the man who /that lives next door .It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time .非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，与先行词关系比较松散，先行词与从句间可以用逗

2、号隔开，从句可略去：He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family,whichis a big annoyance to him.The minister , who is to visit our university , is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore , is very useful in improving your spoken English.T

3、he businessman, whose suitcase has been found by a stranger , has left for Beijing.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从句通常为非限制性的。例如：The Thames which is now clean enough to swim in , was polluted for over a hundred years.My mother, who has been on a visit

4、 to Australia , will fly back tomorrow.All of these books, which have been donated by visiting professors , are to be used by the children in Hope School.限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词，代词或名词性词组，而非限制性 定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外，还可能是句子的一部分或是 整个句子。例如：They say he plays truant, which he doesn t. which 指代 plays truantThe mee

5、ting was put off till next month,as we hoped. as 指前面的句子下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑表一：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信 息。1 .提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附加彳百思O2.由深层嵌入句派生而来。2.由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生们来。3.无分隔定语从句和主句和停顿或特殊标点符号(逗号/插入语/破折号)。3.书面语中用逗号，口语中用特殊的停顿 和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。4.不口以修饰整个命题，只修2个名 词。

6、4.可以修晰-个中心名词，或以评价的形 式修饰整个命题。5.可使用that和who(m),which 等关系代词。5. That不能当作关系代词，只可用 wh-代 词。6.不常用来修?布专有名词。6.既可修饰普通名词，也可修饰专有名词。7 .可修饰带有any或every等类属限定 词的中心名词。7.不可修饰带有 any或every等类属限定 词的中心名词。定语从句中的关系代词关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中做主语在限制性定语从句中，who或that用于指人，that或which用于指物， 它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。例如：He is the man

7、who/that lives here.不能说：x He is the man who he lives here.The bag which /that has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong.who(m), which, that在定语从句中作宾语表示人的时候用who(m)或that,它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格 代词，作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略，在口语中常用who代替 whom例如：He s the man whom that I met .There are some people here

8、 who I want you to meet.表示动物和东西的时候应用 which/that:专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑The pieces of music (that ) he has composedare sung by manypop singers.Taxes consist of money ( that ) people pay to support their government.They re the postcards which I sent from America .who(m), which 或that作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。定语从句的介词的位置非

9、常重要，我们可以说：He is the person to whom I wrote .非常正式用法(但不可以 说：x to who).或：He is the person who(n) I wrote to . /He is the person (whom I wrote to .This is the pan in which I boiled the milk .非常正式用法 或：This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. / This is the pan(that/which ) I boiled the milk in .whose +

10、 名词关系代词whose是既可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于非限制性定语从 句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词( my, his, your, her, its 等)，在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有 时也可指物，指物时可以用 of which 代替。例如：The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. W川iams.The bicycle whose brake was damagedhas now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which

11、was damaged has now been repaired.Edison is a great inventor whose fame is world-wide .that 的用法1、that只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或宾语。(见 3.2.1、3.2.2 )2、当先行词是 all , much little, the one, anything, something, nothing,everything, none 等不定代词时，关系代词只用 that。例如：There is little that can be done about it .专业资料

12、整理WORD完美格式编辑Thats all that I knew about itIs there anything that I can do for you ?Have you done everything that is assigned to you ?3、先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时，关系代词只用that。例如：It is the most interesting film that I ve ever read .The best thing that he could d

13、o at present is to leave.This is the first time that he has been there .She is the only one that has finished her task on time .At the very beginning, we have just too muchwork that needs to be done.4、在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which。例如：There are some people that I d like to introduce to you .There is

14、a very interesting story that every child would like to listen to .5、先行词既有人，又有物时，用 that。例如：A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc .The man and his dog that were napping outside the room were photographed by the journalist.6、在“It is + 名词+定语从句1 +定语从句2”的强调结构中，从句2要 用th

15、at 。例如：It is always the mouth which talks too muchthat incurs troubles .（言多必失。）It is only a man whois quite experienced that can fulf川thistask .which 的用法1、which 一般只用于指物（a）,有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿（b）。例如：The tiles which fell off the roof caused serious damage.The baby which the nurse has just brought in is John

16、 s child.2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，只能用 which ,不能用that。例 如：This is the house in which she spent her childhood.The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑3、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。例如：This book, which has only been reviewed , was published a year ago.4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：The meeting has

17、 been put off till next Friday, which is good news to them .（指代整个主句）She said that her son would becomea scientist , which we thought possible.（ 指代 that 分句）She is very attentive in class , which he rarely is.（指代整个短语）as 的用法1、as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such或the same连用，构成the same- as; such-as结构，as用于代替指人或物的先行词。例如：I

18、have never eaten such tasty foods as she cooked me .Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.试比较 the same as 和 the same - that :This is the same book as I read last week .（这和我上周读的那 本书是一样的。）This is the same book that I read last year .（这就是我上周读的那

19、本书。）如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：She told me the same story as/that she had told you .I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year .在as/soas结构中，后面的as也是关系代词，例如：We took as many menas could be permitted to attend the meeting .You can stay here as long as you like .Things do not go on as smoothly as we

20、 hoped.2、引导非限制性定语从句关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是“正 如， 相当于and this 或and that 。 as从句位置较之 which引导的非 限制性定语从句更加灵活，因而 as从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以 指后面将要提到的内容，which 一般在主句后。例如：专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way.The test is cancelled, as

21、you have hoped .The test, as you have hoped , is cancelled.A semiconductor material, as the name indicates , has poorer conductivity than a conductor.注：as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一 致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词 只能用which.例如：He failed to pass the exam again, as is predicted.He failed to pass the

22、 exam again, which annoyed his mother greatly.记住以下的as结构：as is known to all （ 众所周知），as is often the case （ 情况常常 如止匕），as the nameIndicates /suggests （顾名思义），as maybe imagined （可以想象得出），as often happens （ 这种情况常常发生），as has been said before （ 如前所述），as has been pointed out （ 正如已经指出的）， as will be shown in （

23、将在一中指出），as is hoped （ 正如所希望的）but 的用法but 用作关系代词相当于 who- not, which not, that not 0 but 既 可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。 but本身含“否定” 的意思，它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词，如：（no, not, little , few, hardly等）.but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的 修饰效果。例如：There is no mother but loves her own children. （二There is no mother that /who does n

24、ot love her own children.）主语There is scarcely a good movie but he has seen. （=that he has not seen）.宾语There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of. 介 词宾语Who is there but commits errors ? but 间或也可用在疑问句后There is no manbut errs . =There is no man who does not err. 主专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑What he s

25、aw in those places but was not miserable （but=which wasnot）（他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。）主语There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=who don t)主语but结构有时可省略。例如：(There is) No rule but has exceptions .(There are ) Fewbooks but have a misprint or two .than 的用法关系代词than 一般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。例

26、如:You spent more money than was intended to be spent .She has done much more work than was required of her .The question is more complicated than appears on the surface介词+关系代词“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可 以是非限制性定语从句，“介词+关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、 定语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意

27、思。“介词 + which /whom/whose这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如:The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.is used forOil , of which there are several different typesmany purposes by countries all over the world.The man, because of whose help the murderer was caught by the police , is coming to our schoo

28、l tomorrow.介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将 介词后置，或在介词后置后用that (人、物)/who(人)代替which /whom 并且that可省略。例如；专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑Can you lend me a pen or pencil with which I can write ?Can you lend me a pen or pencilthat / which I can writewith ?Can you lend me a pen or pencil ( t

29、hat ) I can write with ?Who is the manto whom you were talking ?Who is the man whomthat / who you were talking to ?Who is the man( that ) you were talking to ?如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：Soundis a tool , by meansof which people communicate with each other .Wemay be caught by a fire , in case of which we must f

30、ind ways to escape .“名词+介词+ which /whom引导的定语从句He referred to a person the name of whom slipped by memory at that moment .Wehad a discussion the purpose of which was to find a solutionto this problem .在非限定性定语从句中，of which /whom可用来修饰不定代词 all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a littl

31、e, none, both, several, the latter, the former等。练习时，应该判断填空的部分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。例如：We have interviewed more than 50 studentsgave satisfactory answers to our questions. Wehave interviewed more than 50 students, gave satisfactory answers to our questions. Manypeople came to her graduation party, forme

32、r classmates. 定语从句Many people cameto her graduation party, her former classmates.并歹J There are 32 students in our class, up to the south.定语从句,only a few of whom定语从句but only a few of them并列most of whomwere herand most of them were20 of whom are from“介词+ which + 名词”引导的定语从句which是一个代表所有关系的关系代词，可用来代表一个名词

33、/代词或专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑句子的一部分，但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名 词，如 case, fact, state, time, point 等。例如：Water boils at 100 C, at which temperature it changes into gas.He was about to leave, at which moment I came back home .Wei Hua spent four years in the United States, during which period she studied law .Re

34、aders Digest , to which we have just subscribed , has an enormous circulation.定语从句中的关系副词关系副词引导的定语从句(限制性/非限制性)在从句中作状语，意思 相当于“介词+which”，常见的引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when和why等，不常见的如表示时间的关系副词：since, after 和before。关系副词 where (二at, in which )引导表示地点的定语从句This is the place where he d most like to live the rest of

35、his life .London is the city where she was born .That is the place where they met for the first time .在表示“情况、方面、状况”等有地点含义的抽象名词如case, game,spot, point, conditions, situation, circumstances等作为先行词的定语从句时，也用 where引导，其意义相当于under which 。例如：It s a kind ofgame where you can train your eyesightEveryone mayfac

36、e the situation where you have to makea decision yourself .I ll show him the point where he failed .Under the circumstances where food shortage is the most serious problem, we must try our best to seek international aid.关系副词 when (二at, on, during, in which )引导表示时间的定语从 句I ll never forget the day when

37、 (=on which) I first came to thisuniversity专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑This is the season when(=in which) most fishers will be very busy.That is the time when many Americans were out of work .Most people like to go there in May whenthe flowers are in full bloom.关系副词why ( = for which )引导表示原因的定语从句Do you know the

38、reason why he left the party early that night?The reason why she missed the train is that she was held up by an accident.其他关系副词引导的定语从句I miss you every day since I came here .Onthe day before she got married , her mother handed her the family heirloom.The month after she took the entrance examination

39、 was spent in relaxing herself关系代词和关系副词的省略关系代词的省略1、关系代词 which, whom, who, that在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以省略Here is the man ( who/that/whom ) you ve been looking for .The womar( whom/who/that) I was talking to is our English teacher.Is there any question ( that ) you want to ask me ?2、当that在从句中作补语时可以省略George is n

40、ot the man ( that ) he used to be .He is all ( that ) a teacher should be .3、在there be结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be 结构时，用做主语的关系代词that可省略There is a man downstairs ( wh。wants to see you .This is the best dictionary ( that ) there is in the library .That s all ( that ) there is to it .(如此而已。)Have you not

41、iced anything (that ) there is happening in the专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑company?关系副词的省略1、当先行词是reason ,而且在定语从句中做原因状语时，关系代词可用why或that ,可以省略The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.That is the reason ( why) I did it .2、当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which或that ,可以省略The way( in which/that ) these comrad

42、es look at problems is wrong. That was the way ( in which/that ) she worked the problem ou t. 注意：当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，不省略。例如：I don t know the waythat/which leads to the top of the mountains .3、当先行词表示时间时，关系代词可用 when或有时用that ,有时也可以省 略The second time ( that ) I saw him was in 1980.I don t know the exact tim

43、e ( when/that ) the sports meet will take place .His grandpa still remembers the day ( that/when ) the city was liberated .4、当先行词表示地点时，关系代词可用 where或有时用that ,有时也可以 省略This is the village (where/that ) the great man spent his childhood .Do you know the site (where/that ) this ancient tomb was discovere

44、d .I know the place ( that/where ) she lives .what关系代词what is (was) +形容词比较级”结构what泛指上文或下文，意思是“更，尤其”。该结构常为插入 语：She is very intelligent, and what s more, very hard-working.专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑Great men are often unknown, or what is worse , misknown. She decided, what was the only choice , that she would k

45、eep it a secret.what = 先行词+关系词what 相当于 the thing (s) which 或 the person (s) that, 既可以指 人，也可指物，意思相当于“的(人或物)”，此种情况的what本身已包含先行词，因而其前不能再有先行词。what在其从句中可以做主语、宾语和表语。例如：This is what you call fashion ?That is exactly what you are told to do ?Never pretend to be what you are not .She is what we call an optim

46、ist.what + 名词” =all the + 名词 + that ”what在从句中作定语。例如：On her death, the old woman gave what property she had to the young man who stayed with her during the last years of her life. (= all the property that)We will give you what help we can. (= all the help that)He shared what little water he had with

47、his companions. (= all the little water that)What poems we have learned at present are about love. (=all the poems that)先行词与其定语从句的分割有时先行词与其定语从句会被其他的一些语法成分割裂开来，如：状语、定语或谓语等。例如：Wehave madea numberof creative advances in theoretical research of applied science which are up to advanced world levels.Do yo

48、u remember one afternoon ten years ago when l came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace ?During the construction, problems often arise which require专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑design changes.定语从句与同位语从句的区别（详见 2.5.2 ）关系代词与关系副词的判断1谓语动词是否及物用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。从句中如果及物动词后面接宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 例

49、如：The days when we stayed together are unforgettable. （stay 不及 物）I ll never forget the days which I spent with you in Tokyo .（spend及物，有宾语）This is the reason why he did not come that morning. （come 不及 物动词）This is the reason which/ that he found to excuse for himself.（find及物动词）3.9.2先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、

50、定、状）先行词表示时间、地点或原因时，就选用关系副词，用 when, where或 why,在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用 which /that等，that有 时可以代替 when, where或 why,但 when, where或 why中不能代替that 。 例如：Is this museum you visited a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on whichD. the oneIs this the museum the exhibition was held.A. whereB. that C. on which D. the o

51、ne在旬1中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that , on which都不能起到宾 语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略 关系代词，所以应选D；而在句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的 状语表地点，既可用副词 where ,又因in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on用的不对，所以选A。当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑something, anything, everything 或 noth

52、ing 时，常用 there is 来弓I导。例如：I don t want to concentrate on anything there is worrying me. 引导条件从句的连词引导条件从句的连词比较多，我们可以把它们分为以下几个大类：1、表示“只要、只有 ： as, as (so) far as, as (so) long as, only if, only that, but that :As (So) long as we don t lose heart , we ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.There s war

53、in so far as there s the earth beneath our feet .But that he is 川 ，he would stay at home.2、表示 “如果” ： if, in case (that), provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing (that )仅用在问句中,in the event (that):If you are not too tired , let s go out for a walk.In the event that our team wins, there will be a

54、big celebration.Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.Suppose (Supposing) we can t get enough food , what shall we do?Provided/Providing (that) you give me a receipt , I will pay the rent.3、表示“考虑到：given /granted(that)正式用法,assuming (that),Given that x=y, then n (x + a) = n (y + a) must be

55、 also true.(多用于论证)4、表示“除非：unless (=if not)Let s go out for a walk unless you are too tired .5、表示“一旦” ： onceOnce (=If once) you smoke, you can t give up smoking.Once she begins to cry , there is no stopping her.6、各种复杂介词表示“条件是 ：on condition that , on the understanding that, on the assumption/ supposit

56、ion that, with the proviso/stipulation that, in case of, in the event of等。例如：I will give him anything he wants on condition that he will show good manners.专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑Dial 119 in case of fire.不用连词引导的条件从句Were I a bird , I would fly to you. （虚拟语气）Work hard, and you will succeed.（祁使语气）You do it aga

57、in, I ll kill you. （ 口语体）A few days rest and you will be all right again.（名词 +and）Nothing venture , nothing have.（没有主语和动词）Time permitting , we will go traveling.（分词独立主格结构）在口语中，真实条件句广泛使用，人们通常用于表示对话语的态度（即 起评注性状语作用）。例如：If you don t mind,I d like to think about that for a bit.If I remember rightly , I t

58、hink I have seen you somewhere.Take another cup, if you please .4.2 让步从句(Clause of Concession)让步是对比的一个特殊变体，表达的意义是“Yes, but”，使用让步连接词时，说话人/作者希望表达在承认一个命题正确和确信另一个命题 也正确的情况下，削弱第一个命题的重要性，主句中的意思往往是最重要的 中心意思，正是让步连接词能让读者或听者做出这样的推论。它有“虽然， 尽管，即使”之意，主要由以下引导词构成：1、though, althoughAlthough it s raining, they are s

59、till working in the field.He still works hard though he is very old.Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.注意：当有though, although 时，后面的从句不能有 but,但是though 和yet可连用。例如：Though he is rich , yet he is not happy.though还可以用做副词，放在旬末。例如：It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though. = It was hard work, butI

60、 enjoyed it.2、ever if, even though“即使”We ll make a trip even though the weather is bad .专业资料整理WORD完美格式编辑 TOC o 1-5 h z 3、whetheror不管都”Whether you believe it or not , it is true.“no matter + 疑问词(what, who, when, where, which, how )” 或“疑问词 + 后缀 ever ( whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, whichever,