2008年考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析_secret

1、2008年考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析Section Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests， from spending a few hours a week with some charitabl

2、e organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service 1 （VSO） for young people before they take up full-time employment， 2 there are opportunities for overseas service for 3 technicians in developing countries. Some people， 4 those wh

3、o retire early， 5 their technical and business skills in countries 6 there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or 7 community service， there are more opportunities than there 8 were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time 9 ， and depend very much

4、 on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations， and values may be different. 10 some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient， but one should not 11 them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so f

5、or different reasons and with different 12 ， both personal and 13 . One should not join them 14 to arm them with professional experience； they must be joined with commitment to the 15 ， not business efficiency. Because salaries are 16 or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expense. But m

6、any retired people take part in community service for 17 ， simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible 18 retirement were also possible during ones working life but they are to be undertaken 19 seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different

7、or unusual to do should not consider 20 community service.1. A oversea B over seaC over seas D overseas2. A as B so C then D that3. A quantity B qualifying C quality D qualified4. A partially B partly C particularly D passionately5. A order B operate C offer D occupy6. A which B where C as D that7.

8、A paying B paid C to be paid D pay8. A before B lately C never D ever9. A team B number C staff D crowd10. A In B By C With D Through11. A look at B comment C enjoy D judge12. A subjective B subject C objectives D objects13. A organization B organizational C organized D organizing14. A expecting B t

9、o expect C being expected D expected15. A course B cause C case D caution16. A little B small C large D big17. A free B freedom C money D something18. A before B on C in D at19. A much B very much C no more D no less20. A to be taken B to take C taking D being takenSection Reading ComprehensionPart

10、ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1A class action lawsuit has been filed against a prominent Toronto doctor， by patients who allege he injected a banned substance into their f

11、aces for cosmetic purposes. The doctor had already been investigated more than three years ago for using the liquid silicone， a product not authorized for use in Canada.Some patients say they are now suffering health problems and think the liquid silicone may be to blame. One of those patients is An

12、na Barbiero. She says her Toronto dermatologist told her he was using liquid silicone to smooth out wrinkles. What she says he didnt tell her is that it isnt approved for use in Canada. “I didnt know what liquid silicone was and he just called it liquid gold.” Barbiero remembers. After her last trea

13、tment， Anna discovered Dr. Sheldon Pollack had been ordered to stop using the silicone two years earlier by Health Canada. Experts say silicone can migrate through the body， and cause inflammation and deformities.“My upper lip is always numb and it burns，” Barbiero says. Barbiero is spearheading a l

14、awsuit against the doctor， who her lawyer thinks might involve up to 100 patients injected with the same material. “The fact， a physician of his stature would use an unauthorized product on a patient because he thought it was okay， is really very disturbing， ”says lawyer Douglas Elliott. Ontarios Co

15、llege of Physicians and Surgeons （OCPS） is also investigating Dr. Pollack to see if， in fact， he continued to use the silicone after agreeing to stop and whether he wrote in patient records that he used another legal product when he had used silicone. However， in a letter to the College， Dr. Pollack

16、 wrote that he had always told patients that the silicone was not approved for sale in Canada， and had warned them of the risks. And in Barbieros case， “ at the time of her first visit， prior to her ever receiving IGLS treatment， I specifically informed her that the material was not approved for sal

17、e in Canada by the Health Protection Branch and that I did receive the material from outside the country I would like to emphasize that， as is evident on Ms. Barbieros chart， I drew a specific diagram on the chart which I carefully discussed with and explained to Ms. Barbiero as I do with every othe

18、r patient to explain the nature and likelihood of possible complications and the reasons and consequences of those possible complications.”Dr. Pollack declined to speak to CTV News， or to have his lawyer discuss the case. None of the allegations have been proven in court. But the case raises questio

19、ns about the ability of governing bodies to monitor doctors. “Theres a larger message and that is： buyer beware，” says Nancy Neilsen of Cosmetic Surgery Canada. “Its incumbent on consumers to do their research.”21. Doctor Sheldon Pollack was charged thatA he had prescribed wrong medicine for patient

20、s by mistakeB he had treated his patients with something illegal， causing bad resultC he had pretended to be a prominent surgeonD he had sold an unauthorized product in large amount22. It can be learned from the second paragraph that “dermatologist” must be a doctor dealing with.A heart diseaseB eye

21、 diseaseC breathing disorder D disorder and disease of the skin23. The investigation of OCPS is to find A whether he still has illegal treatment on his patientsB how many patients have been abusedC if he told his patients about the riskD how much money he got from his illegal treatment24. Which of t

22、he following is true according to the passage？A Barbiero took the treatment after being told the risk.B Dr. Sheldon Pollack started his work with the patients agreement to accept the potential risk.C A famous doctor should be authorized to use something he thinks okay on patients.D Barbiero is suffe

23、ring a lot.25. From the ending part of the passage， we can conclude that A Barbiero will win the lawsuitB Dr. Sheldon Pollack will win the lawsuitC the cases have been dismissedD governing bodies to monitor doctor will be chargedText2What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consens

24、us about what it and life in it ought to be； such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage， or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified， and the future too uncertain， to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present h

25、ence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past， as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek， and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history， a la

26、nguage all their own， a common religion， common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants， coming from a great variety of nations. Lately， it has been emphasized that an asocial， narcissistic personality has become characterist

27、ic of Americans， and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being， because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism， Christopher Lash says that modern man， “tortured by self-cons

28、ciousness， turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life， to find something to live for”。 There is widespread distress because national morale has declined， and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigi

29、d religions or political beliefs， as are found in totalitarian societies， our culture is one of the great individual differences， at least in principle and in theory； but this leads to disunity， even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity， but just because our is a society based on indiv

30、idual diversity， it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence， if we are to have consensus， it must be based on a mytha vision about a common experience， a conquest that made us Americans， as the myth about the conquest of Troy f

31、ormed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such

32、myths help to ward off feelings of isolations， guilt， anxiety， and purposelessnessin short， they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.26.In the eyes of the author， the greatest trouble with the US society may lie inA the non-existence of consensus on the forms of the soc

33、iety should takeB the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social lifeC the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversityD the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem fromA the absence of a common religion and an

34、cestryB the multiracial constituents of the US societyC the want of a shared myths they possess in lifeD the counterbalance to narcissistic personality28.Homers epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order toA exemplify the contributions made by ancient poetsB illustrate the role of shared fantasies a

35、bout societyC show an ideal stage of eternal social progressD make known myths of what a society ought to be29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help AmericansA to bring about the uniformity of their cultureB to regain their consensus about a common experienceC to stay away from negati

36、ve feelings in their lifeD to counteract the effects of consensus about society30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probablyA a reform advocateB a senior psychologistC a reputed poetD a social historianText 3Earthquake survivors trapped in rubble could one day be save

37、d by an unlikely rescuer：a robotic caterpillar that burrows its way through debris. Just a few centimeters wide， the robot relies on magnetic fields to propel it through the kind of tiny crevices that would foil the wheeled or tracked search robots currently used to locate people trapped in collapse

38、d buildings.The caterpillars inventor， Norihiko Saga of Akita Prefectural University in Japan， will demonstrate his new method of locomotion at a conference on magnetic materials in Seattle. In addition to lights and cameras， a search caterpillar could be equipped with an array of sensors to measure

39、 other factorssuch as radioactivity or oxygen levelsthat could tell human rescuers if an area is safe to enter. The magnetic caterpillar is amazingly simple. It moves by a process similar to peristalsis， the rhythmic contraction that moves food down your intestine. Saga made the caterpillar from a s

40、eries of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid consisting of iron particles， water， and a detergent-like surfactant， which reduces the surface tension of the fluid. Each capsule is linked to the next by a pair of rubber rods. The caterpillars guts are wrapped in a clear， flexible polymer tube

41、 that protects it from the environment.To make the caterpillar move forwards， Saga moves a magnetic field backwards along the caterpillar. Inside the caterpillars “head” capsule， magnetic fluid surges towards the attractive magnetic field， causing the capsule to bulge out to the sides and draw its f

42、ront and rear portions up. As the magnetic field passes to the next capsule， the first breaks free and springs forward and the next capsule bunches up. In this way， the caterpillar can reach speeds of 4 centimeters per second as it crawls along.Moving the magnetic field faster can make it traverse t

43、he caterpillar before all the capsules have sprung back to their original shapes. The segments then all spring back， almost but not quite simultaneously.Saga plans to automate the movement of the caterpillar by placing electromagnets at regular intervals along the inside of its polymer tube. By phas

44、ing the current flow to the electromagnets， hell be able to control it wirelessly via remote control. He also needs to find a new type of rubber for the magnetic capsules， because the one hes using at the minute eventually begins to leak.But crawling is not the most efficient form of locomotion for

45、robots， says Robert Full of the University of California at Berkeley， an expert in animal motion who occasionally advises robotics designers. “If you look at the energetic cost of crawling， compared to walking， swimming or flying， crawling is very expensive，” he says. Walking， on the other every ste

46、p， energy is conserved in the foot and then released to help the foot spring up.Saga acknowledges this inefficiency but says his caterpillar is far more stable than one that walks， rolls on wheels or flies. It has no moving parts save for a few fluid-filled rubber capsules. Biped robots and wheeled

47、robots require a smooth surface and are difficult to miniaturize， and flying robots have too many moving parts. “My peristaltic crawling robot is simpleand it works，” he says.31. From this passage， we can learn thatA A robotic caterpillar can crawl by a pair of rubber rodsB When a caterpillar moves，

48、 the magnetic field moves backwards along itC The environment couldnt influence a robotic caterpillars guts， which are wrapped in a capsuleD Crawling is very stable and efficient， and when it moves， only a few elements are needed32. According to this passage， which is not TRUE about the construction

49、 of the robotic caterpillar？A A robotic caterpillar is made from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.B Iron particles， water， and a detergent-like surfactant form a magnetic fluid.C Each capsule filled with a magnetic fluid is linked to a pair of rubber rods.D In order to keep s

50、table condition， the caterpillars guts are wrapped in a clear， flexible polymer tube.33. The meaning of the word “peristalsis” in paragraph three is similar to.A swimming B flying C crawling D walking34. Comparing the robotic caterpillar and the other robots， which of the following is not true？ A A

51、smooth surface is indispensable to biped robots and wheeled robots.B Flying robots are very inconvenient when moving， because they have too many moving parts.C The robotic caterpillar only has rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.D Its incapable for wheeled robots to locate trapped people be

52、cause they are impossible to miniaturize.35. The passage is mainly aboutA why a robotic caterpillar can find trapped peopleB how a robotic caterpillar workC the instruction of the magnetic caterpillarD how a robotic caterpillar peristalsisText 4When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the po

53、pulace， scientists immediately get to work， trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes， success is achieved， as medical science is able to isolate the parasite， germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the mos

54、t serious of cases， in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk， it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination， so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to dev

55、elop immunity to the virus or disease so that， if it is encountered， one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this， a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment， so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properl

56、y. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally， in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that， should the patient later come into contact with the real problem，

57、his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it， having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process， however. On occasion， even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle， resulting in the immune system succumbing， a

58、nd， therefore， the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine， designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox

59、 disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus， if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today， 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately， the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s， ending the mandatory vaccination of all b

60、abies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease， however， mandatory vaccinations may resume， resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process， which is truly a mixed blessing， may indeed hide some hidden curses.36.The best title for the text may beA “Vaccinations：