全球碳循环_Carbon Policy Development and Kyoto Protocol_2（英文）

1、 State and Trends of Carbon Market 2006 我国首个“碳汇”国际合作造林项目将实施 (2006) “中国东北部敖汉旗防治荒漠化青年造林项目”是我国与国际社会合作的第一个“碳汇”造林项目。双方确定，在第一个有效期的5年时间内投资153万美元，在我国内蒙古自治区敖汉旗荒沙地造林3000公顷。其中，意大利环境和国土资源部投资135万美元，其余18万美元为当地配套。双方确定，通过第一个5年项目的全过程和长期管理，使约2500名当地农民和林场工人，特别是当地妇女，获得生态教育、植树造林、管理以及碳管理的培训，从项目中直接受益。双方还确定，第一个有效期完成后，自动延续新

2、的5年有效期。到2012年，该项目产生的可认证的二氧化碳减排指标归意大利所有。通过实施该项目，以促进我国可持续发展和满足意大利对减排二氧化碳的承诺。 China Pearl River Watershed ManagementThe World Bank has mobilized a new fund to demonstrate projects that sequester or conserve carbon in forest and agro-ecosystems. The Fund, a public/private initiative administered by the

3、World Bank, aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The Fund started operations in May 2004 and has a capital of $33.3 million (about 2,000ha afforestation) as of January 2005.9. Carbon FinanceThe World Banks carbon finan

4、ce products help grow the market by linking the private sector buyers of carbon credits with climate-friendly projects in developing countries and economics in transition that are seeking financing. The Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF):(/splash_noflash.html)A public/private partnership, operational in 20

5、00, currently has26 projects with emission reduction purchases totaling aboutUS$106 MillionThe PCF focuses on three main areas:High-quality emission reductionsKnowledgePublic-private partnership(2) The Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF)(/) Launched on September 2, 2002 at the World Summit on S

6、ustainable Development, will provide carbon finance to small-scale projects in least developed countries and poor rural areas of the developing world. The World Bank, in collaboration with the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA). The target size for the Fund is US$100 million. (3) The

7、 BioCarbon Fund (BCF)(/)US $100 Million launched in Tokyo on November 5, 2002, will be a prototype fund to demonstrate projects that sequester or retain GHG in forest and agro-ecosystems, in developing countries and transition economics.The BCF has three main goals relating to: cost effective emissi

8、ons reduction environmental benefits, and poverty reduction(4) Netherlands Clean Development Facility(NCDF)(/) The World Bank announced an agreement with The Netherlands in May 2002, establishing a facility to purchase greenhouse gas emission reduction credits. The Facility will support projects in

9、developing countries in exchange for such credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) The World Bank Facilitys target is to place US$33 million in a wide range of projects (except sequestration) for each of 4 years, with a reduction of about 32 million tons of CO2 equivalent. Challenges for

10、ScienceWeaknesses in Scientific Understanding: Allocation of C in plant tissuesNutrient feedbackCO2 fertilization at ecosystem scale - is it real? important?Projecting changes in disturbance regimes (fire, insect, harvesting, ice damage)Peatland carbon dynamicsetc.Carbon ManagementCarbon ScienceCarbon PolicySupportAffectUnderstandingFeedback/ImproveBetter SolutionDetermine(Fou