限制家畜生产营养物质

1、限制家畜生产营养物质奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy FeedingFeed makes up 5 class of nutrients1) Water2) Energy3) Protein4) Minerals5) VitaminsThese nutrients essential for Maintenance Growth Production Reproduction Immunity disease resistance饲料是由5种营养物组成 1) 水2) 能量 3) 蛋白质4) 矿物质5) 维生素这些营养物对家畜的作用:维持正常功能生长发育生产繁殖增强奶牛免

2、疫和抗病能力& FIBER& 纤维限制家畜生产的营养物质 First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶Nutrient Milk Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶Nutrient Milk Barrel饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TAB

3、LEOn an as fed basis 干物质Dry Matter 可消化营养总量TDN粗蛋白CP粗纤维CF钙Ca磷P%粗料Roughages 干草Hay 苜蓿开花前期 Alfalfa, pre-bloom 90 5617.9242.2.3 苜蓿开花中期 Alfalfa, mid-bloom 895014.2291.2.2禾本科干草 Grass hays 8855 9.2 29 .3 .2 青绿饲料 Green feed 88 54 8.1 27 .3 .2 混合干草(苜蓿,乔麦) Mixed Hay (Alfalfa brome) * 8852 12.5 27 1.0 .1 秸秆 Stra

4、w 90 43 4.0 37 .2 .1 青储饲料Silage 青储玉米, (抽穗的)Corn Silage, well eared 3525 2.88.4 .1 .1 饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLEOn an as fed basis 干物质Dry Matter 可消化营养总量TDN粗蛋白CP粗纤维CF钙Ca磷P%精料Concentrates 谷物Grain 玉米Corn 89808.91.8.03.3 燕麦Oats 896810.010.5.03.3 小麦Wheat 8978 12.7 2.7 .04.4 蛋白质添加剂Protein Supplements菜籽

5、饼Canola Meal 896437.011.1.71.2豆饼44%Soybean Meal, 44%897244.16.2.3.7 葵花饼 Sunflower Meal 937941.013.3.41.0限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water Barrel TDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水2Cu铜 K钾Na牛奶营养成分桶Nutrient Water Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN

6、锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶Nutrient Water Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶Nutrient Water Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶Nutr

7、ient Water Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水分2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶Nutrient Water Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水分2Cu铜K钾Na钠营养成分桶Nutrient Barrel限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting Nutrien

8、tNutrient Water BarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌Vit A维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒H O水分2Cu铜K钾Na钠营养成分桶Nutrient Barrel奶牛群体免疫力Cow Herd Immunity 动物Animal环境Environment 生产力Productivity健康状况Health&传染源Infectious Agent奶牛群体健康状况Cow Herd HealthAnimal nutrition immunity and resistance vaccinationEnvironment shelter, crowding sanitation and

9、beddingInfectious Agents virus, bacteria, fungus parasites家畜营养免疫力和疾病抵抗力接种疫苗环境棚圈,拥挤现象卫生及躺卧条件疾病感染源病毒,细菌,真菌寄生虫 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientFunction of nutrientsbody Maintenance and repair (immunity)growthreproductionproduction (milk)营养物质的作用影响家畜维持生命及自我修复功能（免疫力）影响家畜的生长发育影响家畜的繁殖能力影响家畜生产力（产奶量） 限制家畜生产

10、的营养物质First Limiting NutrientNutritional ComponentsWaterProteinEnergyMineralsVitamins营养成分水分蛋白质能量矿物质维生素 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientMost IMPORTANT nutrient?The one that is deficient!Production is limited by the nutrient that is the first deficient! 最重要的营养物质是什么?家畜缺乏的营养成分是该家畜需求的最重要的营养物质!家畜生产力受最缺乏的

11、营养物质限制! 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientFunctions of nutrientsProtein:replace body tissuebuild new body tissuereproduction productionstrong immune systemunderfeeding/low productionEnergy:makes up 70-80 % of nutrient requirementmay be thought as fuel for productionmajor sources are grains and forag

12、es with forage key to how much grain needed营养物的作用蛋白质：促进体内组织的更新形成体内新组织影响家畜的繁殖影响家畜生产力加强家畜免疫系统缺乏蛋白质导致减产能量：占家畜营养需求量的70-80%为家畜补充体能，在家畜生产中起燃料的作用谷类，谷类和草料的混合饲料是家畜能量主要来源 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientWatercows need about 4 L : 1 L milk or up to 170 L/daypoor quality water can result in low intake and int

13、erference with mineral absorption水分奶牛对水的需求量与产奶量的比例为4：1(升)或一天的需求量为170升劣质水减少家畜采食量并影响对矿物质的吸收 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientMineralsbody contains large amounts of mineral elementsat least 14 are considered essentialdivided into minerals needed in large amounts and those needed in very small amountsC

14、alciumneeded for tissue growth, bone development and reproductionshortage causes poor production and growth, stiffness, lameness, rickets and weak and stillborn calves矿物质家畜体内含有大量的矿质元素至少有14种矿质元素是必要元素矿质元素可分为大量元素和微量元素钙钙是组织生长，骨骼发育和繁殖所需的元素缺乏钙元素导致家畜减产，发育缓慢，引起僵腿病, 跛腿病，软骨病，所产小畜弱小，甚至产死胎 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limi

15、ting NutrientPhosphorusfor normal growth, reproduction, lactation and development of bones and teeth.important for rumen bacterial development and maintenanceshortages cause reproductive failure, poor appetite and growth, stiffness and ricketsroughage is low and grain medium levelsratio with calcium

16、/phosphorous is critical, about 1.5:1 磷是奶牛正常生长、繁殖、产奶 、和骨骼牙齿发育所需的元素对家畜瘤胃细菌的发育起重要作用家畜缺乏磷元素导致繁育能力的丧失，食欲不振，生长缓慢，并引起僵腿病和软骨病粗饲料含磷量较低，谷物含磷量中等钙和磷的临界比例应为1.5：1 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientIMAR Feed Test Resultsfound 4 minerals to be deficient1) phosphorous2) copper3) zinc4) selenium内蒙古饲料化验分析结果缺乏4种矿物质元素

17、1) 磷2) 铜3) 锌4) 硒 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting nutrientTrace MineralsCuoperate systems through enzyme function shortage signs include: diarrhea, depressed estrous, puffy joints, reddish pigmentation in blacksantagonistic action by molybdenum and sulfur in soil and water 痕量元素铜铜对家畜的作用通过酶来实现家畜缺磷的特征为：腹泻，发情推

18、迟，关节肿大，色素沉着与水，土壤中的钼和硫形成拮抗作用 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting nutrientTrace MineralsZninvolved in energy use, immune response system and normal development shortage signs include: listlessness, salivation, rough skin and hoof, poor healing, reduced production/ growth. Reduced feed intake and efficiency 痕量元素

19、锌与家畜能量的利用，免疫反应系统和生长发育有关家畜缺锌的症状为：精神不振，分沁唾液，皮肤和蹄子变粗糟，减产，生长缓慢，采食量减少，采食效率降低。 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting nutrientTrace MineralsSeInvolved in strong immune response, and muscle metabolism shortage signs include: white muscle disease, stiffness, sore muscles, poor doing, weight loss, diarrhea and reduced im

20、mune response 痕量元素硒与增强免疫反应和提高肌肉新陈代谢有关家畜缺硒的症状为：引起白肌病、僵腿病、腹泻等疾病，减少体重，减弱免疫反应 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientVitamins A & E Vitamins A and E are often shortVitamin A, in green forage/yellow graindeteriorates over time(2-4 months) feeds exposed to air and sunneeded for healthy body liningsdeficiency l

21、eads to abortion, poor immunity, poor reproduction, retained afterbirth, low quality colostrum, edema of joints 维生素A 和 E家畜通常缺乏维生素A 和 E在绿色草料和黄色谷物中含维生素A饲料中的维生素A随着时间的推移而逐渐降解（2-4月）暴露于空气和太阳的饲料中维生素A含量少有助于形成健康的体内膜维生素A的缺乏导致家畜流产，免疫力下降，繁殖力降低，胎衣不易脱落，初乳质量降低，关节水肿等症状 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting NutrientVitamins Ewo

22、rks closely with selenium protects other nutrient breakdownshortages can show up as white muscle disease, poor suckling ability, weak leg muscles,维生素E维生素E与硒元素共同起作用防止其它营养元素的降解缺维生素E导致家畜白肌病，腿部肌肉的萎缩等症状。 痕量元素的减少对家畜的影响Effects of Decline in Trace MineralsEstimated and Adapted from Zinpro Corp123足够的矿物质Adequ

23、ate生长发育和繁殖力受影响Growth and fertility problems家畜病症的出现Signs of disease时间Time矿物质状况MineralStatus4免疫力下降和酶作用受限制Immunity and enzyme function临床Clinical亚临床Sub clinical 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting Nutrient奶牛消耗苜蓿干草来维持生命并产14kg奶Cow consumes alfalfa hay for maintenance plus 14 kg production19kg苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay 19 kg5.

24、9kg谷类 5.9 kg grain维持生命maintenance产14kg 奶14 kg milk产14kg 奶14 kg milk= 产28kg奶28 kg milk1头奶牛1 cow2头奶牛2 cows奶牛成本=2万元 Cow cost = 20,000 RMB玉米秸秆加6kg的奶牛配合饲料Corn straw plus 6 kg of dairy ration产14 kg 奶14 kg milk产14 kg 奶14 kg milk维持生命maintenance维持生命maintenance14 kg & 14 kg = 28 kg 奶milk奶牛成本=2万元+2万元 ,或4万元Cow

25、cost = 20,000 & 20,000 or 40,000 RMBAdapted from Feeds & Nutrition, Ensminger, Oldfield and Heinemann 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting Nutrient以体重为600kg的奶牛每天产28kg牛奶为例计算Sample calculations for 600 kg dairy cow, producing 28 kg milk/day营养需求量 Nutrient Requirements能量(kg) Energy 蛋白质(kg) protein (kg) 钙(g) Ca (g)

26、 磷(g) P维持生命Maintenance 4.5 .5 21 17产14kg奶14 kg production 4.4 1.2 38 25 共计:Total 8.9 1.7 59 42 2头奶牛Times 2 cows 17.8 3.4 118 84 维持生命Maintenance 4.5 .5 21 17产28kg奶28 kg milk 8.74 2.4 75 50 共计:Total 13.24 2.9 96 67差额Difference 4.56 .5 21 17Requirements adapted from NRC, nutrient requirements of dairy

27、cattle 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting Nutrient以体重为600kg的奶牛每天产19kg牛奶为例计算Sample calculations for 600 kg dairy cow, producing 19 kg milk/day营养需求量 Nutrient Requirements能量(kg) Energy 蛋白质(kg) protein 钙(g) Ca (g) 磷(g) P维持生命Maintenance 4.5 .5 21 17产19kg奶19 kg production 4.4 1.6 50 33 共计Total 10.4 2.1 71 50 奶牛饲料包

28、括9kg玉米秸秆,9kg添加剂和玉米的比例为1:3的浓缩饲料Feed provided, about 9 kg of corn stover and 9 kg of concentrate of 1:3 supp:corn 9kg玉米秸秆Corn stover, 9 kgs 3.8 0.4 15 8 共计:Total 10.4 2.9 38 429kg谷类复合饲料Grain concentrate, 9kg 6.6 1.5 23 34Requirements adapted from NRC, nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 限制家畜生产的营养物质First Limiting Nutrient以体重为600kg的奶牛每天产19kg牛奶为例计算Sample calculations for 600 kg dairy cow, producing 19 kg milk/day营养需求量 Nutrient Requirements能量(kg) Energy 蛋白质(kg)protein 钙(g) Ca (g)磷(g) P维持生命 Maintenance 4.5 .