![简明英语的语言学教程Chapter4Syntax_第1页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c444/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c4441.gif)
![简明英语的语言学教程Chapter4Syntax_第2页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c444/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c4442.gif)
![简明英语的语言学教程Chapter4Syntax_第3页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c444/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c4443.gif)
![简明英语的语言学教程Chapter4Syntax_第4页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c444/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c4444.gif)
![简明英语的语言学教程Chapter4Syntax_第5页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c444/c629655095cfa4587cbb98b8cd00c4445.gif)
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
1、简明英语的语言学教程Chapter 4SyntaxA branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.4.1 What is syntax?the composition of sentences: word-level categories & phrase categories;rules governing the organization of different categories into larger structural units: phrase stru
2、cture rule & sentence rule Syntax: (Greek) arrangementDiscussion:What can you fill in the context “The _ is smiling.”? 4.2 CategoriesDiscussion:Is he really that kind?They can fish here. 4.2 CategoriesDiscuss the possible meanings of the following sentences. What causes the different interpretations
3、 of each of these sentences?1. Word-level categoriesCategory: a group of linguistic items (a sentence, a noun phrase, a verb) which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language.4.2 CategoriesSyntactic category: a word (called a word/lexical category) or a phrase (called a phrase ca
4、tegory) that performs a particular function in a sentence.1) Definition1. Word-level categoriesMajor lexical category: (heads) Noun, Verb, Adjective, Preposition4.2 Categories2) Types Minor lexical category: Determiner, Degree words, Qualifier, Auxiliary, Conjunction1. Word-level categoriesMeaning:
5、word categories bear relationship with meaning n.: entities (human beings, objects) v.: action, sensations, states adj.: attribute of entities adv.: the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states4.2 Categories3) Three criteria are used to determine a words category. 1. Word-leve
6、l categoriesInflection: words of different categories take different inflections. n.: -s v.: -ed, -ing adj.: -er, -est 4.2 Categories3) Three criteria are used to determine a words category. 1. Word-level categoriesdistribution: what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. n.: determiner
7、v.: auxiliary adj.: degree word 4.2 Categories3) Three criteria are used to determine a words category. 1. Word-level categoriesThe old lady suddenly left. 4.2 CategoriesExercise: Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. Det A N Qual V The car stopped at the end of the road. De
8、t N V P Det N P Det N 1. Word-level categoriesThe snow might have blocked the road. 4.2 CategoriesExercise: Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. Det A Aux Aux V Det N He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. Phrase categories and their structures4.2 CategoriesDiscus
9、sion: Which sentence is not considered grammatical?a. The student liked the linguistics lecture.b. The linguistics lecture liked the student.c. Liked the student the linguistics lecture.a. John hit upon an idea.b. An idea hit upon John.c. An hit John upon idea.2. Phrase categories and their structur
10、es4.2 Categoriesphrases: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category. Phrase category is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built. noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), adjective phrase (AP), prepositional phrase (PP)2. Phrase categories and their structures4.
11、2 CategoriesDiscuss with your deskmate whether the following phrases have the same structural mechanism.NP: the student who likes linguisticsAP: very curious of the answerVP: quite like Peking OperaPP: right in the parkDiscussion:2. Phrase categories and their structures4.2 Categorieshead: the word
12、around which a phrase is formedspecifiers: the words on the left side of the headscomplements: the words on the right side of the headsPhrases: one word / more than one wordgrammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase 4.3 Phrase structure ruleNP (Det) N (PP)
13、 VP (Qual) V (NP) AP (Deg) A (PP) PP (Deg) P (NP) 1. XP rule:4.3 Phrase structure ruleNP (Det) N (PP) VP (Qual) V (NP) AP (Deg) A (PP) PP (Deg) P (NP) XP (specifier) X (complement) Are there any structural similarities among these rules?headThe following phrases include a head, a complement, and a s
14、pecifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.4.3 Phrase structure rule1) full of people AP AP N fullofpeople2) a story about a sentimental girl NP a Det NPPP storyaNP NP P DetA N aboutsentimentalgirl3) often read detective stories VP QualNP oftenN A detectiveV readstories4) the argument ag
15、ainst the proposals5) move towards the windowMore Exercises:2. Coordination rule:4.3 Phrase structure ruleCoordinate structures: the phrases formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction like and, or, and but.2. Coordination rule:4.3 Phrase structure ruleDisc
16、ussion:Can you lengthen the following sentences by using coordinate structures ?John, _ liked the book.He washed his face, _.2. Coordination rule:properties of coordinationNo limit on the number of coordinated categories;A category at any level (a head/an XP);The same type of coordinated categories;
17、The category type of the coordinate phrase = the category type of the conjoined elements2. Coordination rule:4.3 Phrase structure rule X X * Con X a category at any structural level (X or XP)1. Specifiers4.4 Phrase elements1) Definition: the words on the left side of the headsSemantically, make more
18、 precise the meaning of the headSyntactically, mark a phrase boundary1. Specifiers4.4 Phrase elements2) Syntactic category: depend on the category of the headHeads: N Specifiers: Det the boy, his houseHeads: V Specifiers: Qual never give up, often watchHeads: A/P Specifiers: Deg very good, more beau
19、tiful, right in 2. Complements4.4 Phrase elements phrases that provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head e.g. a story about a sentimental girl; angry about the news; in the room; close the window. 2. Complements4.4 Phrase elementsSubcatego
20、rization: the information about a words complement, which is included in the head (what kind of complement is needed, we should see its head)Stars disappeared. (no complement)She cut herself. (one complement)He gave me the letter. (two complements)2. Complements4.4 Phrase elementsThe XP Rule ( revis
21、ed)XP (Specifier) X (Complement*)2. Complements4.4 Phrase elementsComplementizers (Cs): words which introduce the sentence complementComplement clause (CC): the sentence introduced by the complementizerMiss Herbert believes that she will win. matrix clause Cs + CC = CP2. Complements4.4 Phrase elemen
22、tsI am sure that she will come.He held the belief that he would find a job.We talked about how we spend the holiday.3. Modifiers4.4 Phrase elementsthe elements that specifies optionally expressible properties of the headsModifiers of Ns: AP a tall slender girlModifiers of Vs: AdvP & PP read carefull
23、y, carefully read, land with caution3. Modifiers4.4 Phrase elementsThe Expanded XP rule:XP (Spec) (Mod) X (Complement*)(Mod)4.5 Sentences (The S Rule)S NP VP Inflp (=S) NPInfl VPSpecifierHeadComplementInfl realized by a tense label Inflp (=S) NPInfl VP Det N Pst NPV Det N A boy found thebook4.5 Sent
24、ences (The S Rule)Infl position realized by an auxiliary Inflp (=S) NPInfl VP Det N will NPV Det N Theteacher explain theterm4.5 Sentences (The S Rule)e.g. An unusual event occurred before the meeting. Inflp (=S) NPInfl VP Det N Pst PPV P NP Anevent occurred beforethe A Det NmeetingunusualExercise:
25、A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. Inflp (=S) NPInfl VP Det NP Pst PPV P NP A Det N A N A4.6.1 Auxiliary movement4.6 TransformationsHow are the yes-no question structures built?The auxiliary occupies the normal position in Infl (head).Inversion moves the auxiliary from the Infl position
26、 to the left of the subject.Two steps:Move Infl to the left of the subject NP.Inversion: Move Infl to C.S NPInfl VP Det N willV thetrainarrive CPC4.6.1 Auxiliary movement4.6.1 Auxiliary movementS NPInfl VP Det N eV thetrainarrive CPInfl WillCtrace, head movement4.6.2 Do insertionS NPInfl VP N Nonpst
27、Vbirdsfly CPCHow do we form a yes-no question that does not contain an overt Infl?Birds fly.4.6.2 Do insertionS NPInfl VP N doVbirdsfly CPCInsert interrogative do into an empty Infl position.4.6.2 Do insertionS NPInfl VP N eVbirdsfly CPInfl Do CInsert interrogative do into an empty Infl position.4.6
28、.3 Deep structure and surface structure1. Deep structure: (D-structure)a level of syntactic structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties.2. Surface structure: (S-structure)a level of syntactic structure, the final syntactic form of the sentence which resu
29、lts from appropriate transformations.Deep structureS NPInfl VP Det NV thetrainarrive willWill the train arrive?Surface structureS NPInfl VP Det N eV thetrainarrive CPInfl WillCWill the train arrive?Surface structureWill the train arrive? _ thetrainarrive? WillSyntactic Mechanisms Involved in Transfo
30、rmational-Generative GrammarDEEP STRUCTURETransformationsSURFACE STRUCTURESubcategorizationrestricts choice of complementsthe phrasal structuresthe movement of categoriesThe XP RuleWhen transformations are not necessary, the representations of the two levels of structure are the same. Inflp (=S) NPI
31、nfl VP Det N will NPV Det N Theteacher explain theterm4.6.4 Wh MovementWhat will you talk about?What languages can you speak?Deep Structuresyou will talk about what you can speak what languagesWhat will you talk about?S NPInfl VP N talkVYouwhat CP willVPNPPaboutCDeep StructureSurface StructureS NPIn
32、fl VP N talkVYoue CP eVPNPPabout NP NWhat willCWh MovementMove a wh phrase to the specifier position under CP.Who won the game?S NPInfl VP N wonWhogame CPVNPthePstDet NCDeep StructureWho won the game?S NPInfl VP N wongame CPVNPthePst NPWhoNCeSurface StructureDetWhat did you eat for lunch?S NPInfl VP eatfor CPVNPwhatdidNNPPPlunchCyouDeep StructureNWhat did you eat for lunch?S N
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2024年秋新冀教版物理八年级上册课件 第五章 一元一次方程 5.2 一元一次方程
- 个人买卖器材协议书模板
- 终止授权代理协议书模板
- 2024年保密教育培训知识考试题库(含答案)
- 物流的概念丶分类与构成要素
- 世界观与方法论
- 岩石变化学习课件
- 幼儿英语启蒙教案
- 2023-2024学年陕西省韩城市高二上学期期末统考物理试题(解析版)
- 2023年物业服务项目需求分析报告
- 铜的火法冶炼工艺原理
- 电子百拼练习题小学组带彩图1
- 安塞腰鼓教程
- 各家生化分析仪主要技术参数
- 木材材积表打印版
- 钢材允许使用温度范围对照表
- 资产损失鉴证资料清单-专项申报
- 装载机合格证模板,可修改,操作简单
- 江门市现存外资企业明细
- 精品资料(2021-2022年收藏)年产3000万块页岩砖可行性研究报告
- (完整版)含油污泥处理解决方案
评论
0/150
提交评论