专升本语法第五讲-形容词副词课件

1、形容词和副词 一、形容词在句中的作用1作定语： China is a great socialist country中国是伟大的社会主义国家。 President Abraham Lincoln was a self-made man。林肯总统是一个自学成才的人。2. 作表语： Most leaders were well-educated大多数领导人受过良好的教育。 Dont get over-tired不要过度劳累。3作宾语补足语： Who left the door open？谁没关门？ Do sit down and make yourself comfortable请坐，不要拘束。4

2、作状语： 单独起一个无动词分句作用，修饰全句。She arrived home，hungry and tired她回到家，又饿又累。二、形容词的排列顺序（2）若有多个形容修饰名词，它们的位置要由它们与被修饰词的密切程度来决定。其排列顺序通常是：（县官行令杀国材）限定词描绘性形容词颜色国籍、地区用途、类别名：县，即“限”，指限定词，如：the; a/an; this; that; your; my; 官，即“观”，指观点或评价性词，如：lovely; interesting; cute行，即“形”，指形状大小，如：large; big; small; little; round; 令，即“龄”，

3、指年龄及新旧，如：new; old; ancient; old杀，即“色”，指颜色，如：red; green; orange; brown国，指国家或出处，如：Chinese; Japanese; home-made材，指材料，也就是用什么做的。如：glass; stone; wood二、形容词的排列顺序1.Chinese, glass, a, beautiful, table a beautiful Chinese glass table2.wonderful, my, garden, new, large my wonderful large new garden3. a, round,

4、table, small a small round table4. a, old, dirty, brown shirt a dirty old brown shirt三、形容词作后置定语的几种情况：单个形容词作定语，一般放在名词前。但在下列情况下，它要后置：l）用在由some，any，no等构成的合成不定代词之后,如something, anything, nothing I have something important to tell you. There is nothing dangerous here. 2）带有不定式、介词短语等修饰语的短语： It is a problem

5、difficult to solve这是一个难解决的问题。 This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。 3）同表示数量的短语连用时： It is a stream about two hundred miles long这条河长约二百英里。 4）由and，or连接的并列形容词，有时后置： Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. 每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议。 三、形容词作后置定语的几种情况：5）一些表语形容词作定语时必须置与名词之后：alive, afr

6、aid, awake, alone, asleep, worthHe is the most famous scientist alive in the world today. 他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。The baby still asleep might be awake very soon. 正熟睡的婴儿可能马上就会醒来。6) 有些形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义不同。Our present problem is how to help reduce noise around the school.我们目前的问题就是如何帮助较少学校周围的噪音。（前置：目前的，现在的）The p

7、eople present at the meeting are mostly from the west of China. 出席会议的大多数人来自中国的西部。（后置：出席的，在场的）四、有些形容词限定用法：1. 很多以a开头的形容词只能作表语的形容词：afraid害怕；alone独自的；asleep睡着的；awake醒着的；alive活着的；aware明白的，alike（相同），等。这类形容词一般不与very连用。例如，我们不说very awake，而要说wide awake（完全醒着）；同样我们用fast asleep（沉睡，酣睡）代替very asleep；我们说very much a

8、lone，all alone（非常孤独），而不说very alone。是表语形容词。 2 .貌似副词的形容词：lonely独自的；friendly友好的；lively生动的；lovely可爱的3. 一些表示身体健康状况的形容词，如ill，well， unwell，fit，poorly等，都是表语形容词。例如： She is feeling faint（poorly）她感到头晕（身体不舒服）。 He is ill（unwell well）他病了（不舒服身体好）。 比较： 他是一个重病人。 He is a very ill man(错) He is a very sick man（正） ill也可

9、以用作定语，这时它们的意义就变了。例如：ill health（不健康），ill news（坏消息），ill luck（不幸） 五、形容词常用句型形容词常用句型1. “Its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。 注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如good(好的)，kind(友善的)，nice(友好的)，polite(有礼貌的)，clever(聪明的)，foolish(愚蠢的)，lazy(懒惰的)，careful(细心的)，careless(粗心的)，right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)等。例如，Its very kind of you to

10、 help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能帮助我，真好。Its very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)她说这样的话，真粗鲁。Its foolish of him to go alone.(=He is foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。五、形容词常用句型2.“Its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有important(重要的)，necessary(必要的)

11、，difficult(困难的)，easy(容易的)，hard(艰难的)，dangerous(危险的)，safe(安全的)，useful(有益的)，pleasant(舒适的)，interesting(有趣的)，impossible(不可能的)等。 例如，Its not easy for them to learn a foreign language.(=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。 Its very important for students to listen to teachers c

12、arefully.(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。Its necessary for us to get to school on time.(=To get to school on time is necessary for us.)对于我们来说按时到校是非常必要的。五、形容词常用句型3）主语+be+形容词+about+宾语Mary is very anxious about Toms health.玛丽非常挂念汤姆的身体状况。4）主语+be+形容

13、词+at+宾语Mary was amazed at what Tom had done. 玛丽对汤姆的所作所为大为惊讶。5）主语+be+形容词+from+宾语Two students are absent from class today. 今天又两名学生缺课。6） 主语+be +形容词+in+宾语He was soon absorbed in his book. 他很快就专心看书了。7）主语+be+形容词+to+宾语He is accustomed to walking with his wife after dinner.他已经习惯于晚餐后和妻子一起散步。8）主语+被+形容词+with+宾

14、语She was annoyed with the boy for being so careless.她因为这个男孩如此粗心儿对他很生气。大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。形容词的比较级和最高级规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-estb

15、igbiggerbiggest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclevercleverercleverest其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级importantmore importantmost important不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwell（健康的）badworseworstill（有病的）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleas

16、tfar farther/furtherfarthest/furthest原级、比较级和最高级的用法 形容词的比较等级有原级、比较级和最高级。1同级比较：as + adj./adv. +as（否定为not so/as + adj./adv. +as） She has a voice as beautiful as a singers. 她的声音像歌唱家一样优美动听。 He does not smoke so heavily as his brother. 他抽烟没有他兄弟抽得凶。 注意：在as . as结构中，若形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词，不定冠词a (an)应置于形容词和名词之间，不可放在

17、形容词之前。例如：as + adj. + a + n.+ as 或 as + many / much + n.+ as 她和你的父亲一样是个好老师。误 She is as a good teacher as your father.正 She is as good a teacher as your father. This is as good an example as the other is . I can carry as much paper as you can.比较等级之比较级1.主语1+谓动+(much/less ) +形/副比较级+than+主语2 A modern tra

18、in is much faster than a car. I think English is less difficult than math.2“the +比较级+of the two”来表示“两个中最”表示两者中较突出者，且比较级后又有名词， 这时的比较级前一定要加定冠词the: Joan is the taller of the two girls.3.比较级+and+比较级常用“比较级+and+比较级”来表达“越来越 His voice got weaker and weaker. Take some medicine and youll get better and better

19、.4.“the+比较级, the+比较级”来表达“越，（就）越” The more clothes you wear, the warmer you will feel.5“more A than B”表示“与其说是B，不如说是A” He is more diligent than clever.“not+比较级+than”结构，意为“前者不如后者”，表示两者都具有该形容词的属性，但前者不如后者而“no+比较级+than”结构意为“ 和一样不 ”表示两个人都含有与该形容词相反的属性His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好。His Engl

20、ish is no better than mine. 他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心)比较等级之比较级(1) 比较的对象必须是属于同一性质(范畴)内的人或物: 误The weather of Shanghai is finer than Beijing. 这句表达的是上海的天气与北京相比，比较对象不一致。应改为： The weather of Shanghai is finer than tha

21、t of Beijing.使用比较级要注意的几点 (2) 要避免比较级中自身与自身比较。如: 误Joan studies harder than any student in her class. Joan属于any student中的一位，没有排除自身比较。应改为: Joan studies harder than any other student in her class. Joan studies harder than any of the other students in her class. Joan studies harder than anyone else in her

22、 class.上述三个正确的句子可分别用下列结构表示: any other+单数可数名词 比较级 + than + any of the other+复数可数名词 anyone else使用比较级要注意的几点 但是，不同范围的同类人或物进行比较时，则than引导的从句中不用other。 如: China is larger than any country in Europe.(3) 要避免重复比较。如: 误 Mary runs more faster than Lucy.more是many/ much的比较级，它只能构成比较级而不能修饰比较级, 应改为: Mary runs faster t

23、han Lucy.使用比较级要注意的几点 表示倍数(1) 倍数+形容词 (或副词)的比较级+than This rope is twice longer than that one. (2) 倍数+as+形容词(或much)或副词原级+as This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.(3) 倍数+the size(length, width, height)of This street is four times the length of that one. 注意：如果形容词是修饰名词的，要把名词放在形容词后面。即：倍数+more+

24、名词 (可数，不可数)+than倍数+as many(或much)+名词+其他+as比较等级之最高级1. 最高级构成：the + 最高级 + 比较范围。 It is the most beautiful city in the world. 这是世上最美丽的城市。 He sings the best in the class. 他在班里唱得最好。2. “one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词”表示“最之一”。例如：China is one of the largest countries in the world.3. “the + 序数词 + 最高级 + 单数可数名词”表示“第几”。

25、例如：The Yellow River is the second longest river of China.4. 当最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格修饰时，其前不加the；若两个最高级并列使用，后一个最高级前也可以不加the。例如：He is our best friend.Liu Fang is the youngest and shortest girl in our class.5.形容词最高级前一般加the，但当自己与自己比较时，可省略the。 I am busiest in December. 我十二月份最忙。 Vegetables are best when they

26、 are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好。 Shanghai is most beautiful in spring. 副词就是修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围的词 作状语：1程度副词：much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, enough, almost, hardly.(1)程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后 I can hardly believe what he said. I am very happy to be with you. The last time

27、 I spoke to Bob, he seemed very sad.副词及其基本用法 (2) too(that, this, as, so, how, however)+形容词+a/an+名词 Ive never seen that big an apple. This is too difficult a question. 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可： If I had a long enough holiday Id visit Europe. There is enough food for everyone to eat. = Ther

28、e is food enough for everyone to eat.副词及其基本用法 2频度副词: often, sometimes, seldom, never, constantly, frequently, occasionally, usually等。通常在不需要强调时放在行为动词前，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后。 I often saw her walk in the park. He is always talking in the class. 副词及其基本用法 3方式副词carefully, properly, suddenly, normally, fas

29、t, well, politely, warmly, 方式副词一般放在动词后 The girl danced beautifully. She speaks English very well.被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间： The runner was badly hurt. English is widely spoken in the world today. 副词及其基本用法 4时间副词，finally, yet, still, now, soon, lately, shortly, then, recently, already, before, early, la

30、te, today等。时间副词, 尤其是表示具体时间的副词，一般放在句首或句尾 He will be back tomorrow. They have already been to the UK twice. 副词及其基本用法 5地点副词， away, abroad, everywhere, outside, around, here, anywhere, somewhere, near, far, up, down等。通常置于句尾，有时置于句首，一般不置于句中 The boys are playing outside. There you can see thousands of bike

31、s flying.副词及其基本用法 (2) 作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置： Im very sorry he isnt in at the moment. I have been away for nearly 20 years.副词及其基本用法 (3)作定语：时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面： People now often have their dinners at restaurants. Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s

32、.(4)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语： Put your dirty socks away, Jim! 注意 “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后： He wrote down the word. He wrote it down.副词及其基本用法 (1) close与closely close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地”。例如： He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. (2) late 与lately late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。例如： You have come

33、too late. What have you been doing lately? 兼有两种形式的副词 (3) deep与deeply deep意思是深，表示空间深度； deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地。 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.(4) high与highly high表示空间高度； highly表示程度，相当于much： The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5） wi

34、de与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”： He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6） free与freely free的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地”。 He gives out free candies in the park. You may speak freely; say what you like.7） ago、before的用法：“时间段+later/ago” “(多久)以后/以前”, 用于过去时“after/before+某个

35、时刻” 表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。 He had an accident a week ago. Some years later, the boy became a singer.ago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时： Have you been there before? She told me that she had left for BJ 2 days ago.8） too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前, be动词之后；eit

36、her(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首： Are you American, too? I am also a student. He is not happy and I am not happy, either. He didnt watch the football game. Nor did I.9） sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)

37、表示一段时间 Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. I will meet your father sometime. I will stay here some time. I have been to HK some times.10） already、yet的用法：在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句： Have you done it already? I have not had my breakfast yet.11） hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”, har

38、dly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用： They study English very hard. You can hardly see a person in the street.12）“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法：quite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;so/too/how+形容词+a+名词;rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词 I have never seen such a strange guy It is quite a nice day for a walk.13） rather

39、与quite的用法区别：同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘： Its quite a nice film (可能意味着不是一部最好的电影) Its rather a nice film (意味着比大多数电影都好)14） farther与further的用法区别：表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远” further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther They decided to go farth

40、er/further the next day. This problem will be further discussed. Every one of them had their further studies abroad.15） maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别：maybe“可能, 也许”,比另两个较不正式、可能性不大；possibly“可能地, 或者, 也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”；perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大 Maybe you are right. I couldnt possibly have finished this work in such a short time. I thought perhaps it was the dress you want.16） most、mostly的区别：most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”；mostly仅为副词,意为“主要地、多半地、大部分”地： I was at home most of the time when I was free. Most c