sat语法标准讲义

1、综述 题型分类SAT考试中的语法局部分为IE (Identifying Sentence Errors)IS (Improving Sentences)IP (Improving Paragraphs)题型考察介绍IE题型主要对词类的语法点进行考察，其难度与老托福的语法题差不多 IS题型那么在句子结构的根底上对句法进行考察，比方：主谓一致、平行结构等等，其题型特征与GMAT有些相似 IP是在文章的整体框架下对考生在词、句、及段落三个语法层次上进行考察 难度分析IS题型 IP题型 IE题型 SAT语法SECTION及时间分配判分标准语法局部可根据以下公式计算实际正确题数正确题数错误题数/4 实际

2、正确题数然后将实际正确题数结合写作分数在OG中查出自己的对应得分范围 参考用书黄皮书BARRONOG IEISIPSAT语法题型范围关系Identifying Sentence Errors (IE) 1.动词 2.代词 3.形容词 词法 4.副词 考点 5.名词 6.介词 7.连词句法IE考点归纳动词考点主谓一致平行结构时态虚拟语气过去式、过去分词拼写误用IE考点归纳动词：主谓一致 主语单复数概念 audience, population, team, family, group, country, state, county, city 在表示整体实均表示单数的概念，谓语动词应使 用单数形

3、式 倒转语序的主谓一致 完全倒装 局部倒装 就近一致的主谓关系 or, either or, not only.but also., neithernor, not.but. with, plus, along with, as well as等紧随主语的情况下，谓语单复数由 最前面的主语决定 IE考点归纳动词：主谓一致 对于正常语序的主谓一致，需要注意一下敏感的动词，比方：当题中出现 动词/助动词 has/have 及系动词 am/is/are/was/were 时，要优先注意其 主语助动词has/have及系动词属于敏感考点 The field of consumer electronic

4、s have been never been fixed; DVDs replace VHS tapes today, just as CDs replaced cassette tapes in the past. No error 助动词 has/have考点 The existence of consistent rules are important if a teacher wants to run a classroom efficiently. No error 系动词考点动词：主谓一致 倒装句式的主谓一致：对于此种结构，要培养识别倒装的能力1. Air pollution ca

5、used by industrial fumes has been studied for years, but only recently has the harmful effects of noise pollution become known. No error 局部倒装：only + 副词 + 引导局部倒装2. Between the small shops and boutiques of Greenwich Village and the giant department stores of midtown Manhattan lie the ethnically varied

6、 residential neighborhood of Chelsea. No error 完全倒装：介宾完全倒装3. Also supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics and the proposed center to distribute information on job-training opportunities. No error 完全倒装：主系表完全倒装 IE考点归纳动词：主谓一致 就近一致中的主谓一致： 在以下短语出现时，应使用就近一致原那么来选择适当的动词形式： eitheror, neit

7、hernor, not onlybut also, notbut等等 例： When he confronted the teacher, as he did after almost every test, the student was adamant that neither the question nor the answer choices was fair. No error 就近一致中的主谓一致IE考点归纳动词：平行结构主要考察: 动词的主谓一致的平行结构 例： Recently completed, the new maglev train links shanghai to

8、 the Pudong Airport and eliminating a major source of congestion between the two destinations. No error 动词时态形式的平行结构 例： Despite having no formal training, Jackie was nonetheless able to master the piano by listening to recordings, reading instructional books, and she practiced on her own. No errorIE考

9、点归纳动词：时态一般进行完成过去现在将来代表高频错误时态IE考点归纳动词：时态高频错误时态过去完成时、进行时Many biographers had stated that Samuel Lang Clemenschanged his name to Mark Twain to echo the riverboat captainscall ascertaining the sate navigation depth of the Mississippi river. No error考察动词过去完成时Despite recent controversy over ballot-punchin

10、g, which hasdiscouraged some people from voting, in 2004 many U.S.citizens will attempt to elect a President who will be representingtheir views on the issues. No error考察动词进行时IE考点归纳动词：虚拟语气 出现特征：if 引导虚拟语气 从句（if 条件句）主句过去had donewould have done现在didwould do将来would dowere to dowould (could, might, shoul

11、d) do IE考点归纳动词：虚拟语气 出现特征：if引导虚拟语气 例： Jasons older sister, known for her diligence, smugly reminded him that if he would have planned ahead instead of procrastinating, he would not have had to write his entire research paper in just one weekend. No errorIE考点归纳动词：虚拟语气 出现特征：动词引导的虚拟语气 表示建议：recommend, su

12、ggest, advice 表示要求：insist, demand, request 表示命令：command, order 例： In trying to capture the essence of a portrait, the artist frequently keeps his modes late, insisting that they completed the job in order to be paid. No errorIE考点归纳动词：过去式、过去分词拼写形式主要考察考生对动词时态形式的记忆： 例：lie-lay-lain 躺下 lie-lied-lied 撒谎 l

13、ay-laid-laid 放 lay-laid-laid 下蛋IE考点归纳动词：误用考察考生区分形近动词的意思例：The typical individual who immigrates from his native country inpursuit of employment is more likely to have a bachelors orpostgraduate degree than is the typical U.S. citizen. No error (Immigrate-emigrate)类似还有：infer-imply, capture-captivate,

14、IE考点归纳代词考点主格宾格错误单复数指代不清代词错误使用平行结构IE考点归纳代词：主格宾格错误确定主宾格的核心原那么：代词充当主语还是宾语小练习He is taller than me. (I am) Who is it? It is me. (I)I know him who studies diligently each night. (him, who)IE考点归纳代词：代词错误使用 使用错误: 即：不应该使用代词 Upon reviewing a map of his property, John realized that he could not build the barn w

15、here he had intended because it belonged to a neighboring farmer. No error 指代错误： 代词的所指内容与指代对象不符 Many of the students which were chosen for the National Student Leadership Conference opted for the U.S. Politics and Policies program; they spent several days attending Congressional events and touring t

16、he capitols sights. No error IE考点归纳代词：代词错误使用 歧义: Eugene Neill, who is typically regarded as Americas greatest playwright, received critical acclaim for The Iceman Cometh, a play where a group of outcasts seeks salvation. No error (where: in which or from which) IE考点归纳代词：平行结构人称上的一致 单复数一致例：If one does

17、 not enjoy fearless pigeons landing you for food, oneshould avoid St. Marks Squat in Venice. No errorWhen one is sitting in a crowded theatre, surrounded by an audiencethat has paid good money to see a play of such historical significance,the least you can do is to refrain from unnecessary conversat

18、ion. NoerrorIE考点归纳形容词、副词考点形容词/副词修饰错误比较级、最高级平行结构语意重复误用IE考点归纳形容词、副词 形容词、副词修饰错误 修饰对象：形容词名词， 副词形容词、动词 Completed exhausted from a hard day at work, Evelyn fell asleep on the bus and, when she finally awoke, found that she had missed her stop. No error 比较级、最高级 Cellular phones are one of the less technolog

19、ies that became more popular in Europe than in America when first introduced. No error IE考点归纳形容词、副词 平行结构 None of the tasks was harder than that which occupied his attention during the first three weeks of his administration; it proved neither an easy task nor simple to understand. No error (neither.

20、nor.引导平行结构) 形容词、副词重复使用 The prosecutor argued that anger and a desire for vindication were not sufficient enough reasons to justify the crime. No error IE考点归纳形容词、副词 误用 Perspective travelers to the islands are advised to start getting used to higher temperature before beginning their trips. No error D

21、avid has a veracious appetite and often eats five meals a day, but somehow he remains exceptionally thin. No errorIE考点归纳名词考点单复数比较平行结构误用IE考点归纳名词 单复数 名词分类：可数名词、不可数名词、集合名词 比较题中遇到比较词，可优先找比较双方 (1) 比较双方成分不一致 Compared with freshly squeezed juice, which some claim tastes like sunshine in a cup, the flavor o

22、f reconstituted juice can seem disappointingly artificial. No error (2) 比较歧义 In the endless twilight of summer evenings, we enjoyed our croquet set more than our neighbors. No error IE考点归纳名词 平行结构 In a beginning ballet class, a dancer learns the five positions, about ballets history, and arm exercise

23、s. No error 误用 affect - effect principle - principal allusion illusion IE考点归纳介词固定搭配数量介词错误使用、模糊使用IE考点归纳介词：固定搭配 be different from A be consistent with B separate A from B A be synonymous with B distinguish A from B preoccupation with (distinguish between A and B) comply with be desirous of be jealous

24、of satisfaction with (be satisfied with) opposition to (be opposed to) be responsible to sb be responsible for sth outlook on consider A (to be) B IE考点归纳介词：数量介词Among, between, ofBetween A and B, A is better. ()Of A and B, A is better.()Among A, B, and C, A is the best.()There is a difference among A

25、, B, and C. ()IE考点归纳介词：错误使用、模糊使用错误使用：No matter how many times Julie hears her favorite song, whenever it isplayed on the radio, she will dance around the room as if she hasnever heard the song before. No error模糊使用：Eugene Neill, who is typically regarded as Americas greatestplaywright, received criti

26、cal acclaim for The Iceman Cometh, a playwhere a group of outcasts seeks salvation. No errorIE考点归纳连词逻辑关系错误连词、副词混淆IE考点归纳连词：逻辑关系错误Natural fibers such as cotton must be straightened before theycan be used to make cloth, and synthetic fibers such aspolyester need no such treatment. No errorWhile we no l

27、onger live so far from school, we no longer worryabout missing the bus. No errorIE考点归纳连词：连词、副词混淆高频副词: however, nonetheless, nevertheless, therefore 高频连词： because, but, while, whereas连词 & 副词：so (and so), yet (and yet) As well as 与 andImproving Sentences (IS)句法体系核心原那么：语法修改原意简洁 1. 主谓一致 2. 句子结构 3.平行结构 4

28、.比较 5.时态 6.代词指代 7.语意重复 8.Awkward Expression 9.IE考点 10. 冗长、细微修改原意Improving Sentences (IS)1. 主谓一致1.1 正常语序详见IE局部主谓一致1.2 倒装语序 完全倒装： There be (go/come/stand/sit/lie) 句型 介宾完全倒装 表语完全倒装 局部倒装： 让步倒装 否认倒装 not onlybut also not until 虚拟语气倒装 so (adj.) that倒装 only (adv.) 局部倒装 nor. , so. 局部倒装 比较结构局部倒装IS句法体系主谓一致：倒装A

29、lso supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics andthe proposed center to distribute information on job-trainingopportunities. No error【表语倒装】Available through the schools guidance office is a job directory and a listof job referral centers that provide information for students in nee

30、d ofemployment. No error【介宾倒装 /表语倒装】Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years, butonly recently has the harmful effects of noise pollution become known. No error【only adv.局部倒装】Improving Sentences (IS)2. 句子结构空主语、双主语双谓语状 主同位 主句子空并列句式混乱：修饰语位置不清语气、语态比较IS句法体系：句子结构空主语、双主语The horr

31、ors of war and the experience of a woman serving in the WomansRoyal Navy Service during the second World War, which are stirringlychronicled in Edith Pargeters novel She goes to War.(A) the second World War, which are stirringly chronicled (B) the second World War are stirring chronicled (C) a stirr

32、ing chronicle of the second World War (D) the second World War, that appear in a stirring chronicle(E) a chronicle of the second World War that stirs the emotions考点：空主语IS句法体系：句子结构空主语、双主语H. Fend Douglas, one of the few Black soldiers in White regiments duringthe early part of the Civil War, and event

33、ually to recruit and command hisown unit.(A) and eventually to recruit and command his own unit 空主语(B) eventually recruited and commanded his own unit (C) he eventually recruited and commanded his own unit 双主语(D) he eventually had his own unit that he recruited and commanded 双主语(E) having eventually

34、 recruited and commanded his own unit 空主语考点：空主语、双主语IS句法体系：句子结构双谓语The ancient belief of all matter being in continuous motion seems borne out by modern discoveries about atomic structure.(A) of all matter being in continuous motion(B) Is that all matter is in continuous motion 双谓语(C) which is that ma

35、tter is in continuous motion(D) that all matter is in continuous motion(E) of all matter that is in continuous motionIS句法体系：句子结构双谓语At an early stage in his travels, Henry James, writing from abroad,described the subtle differences distinguishing Americans fromEuropeans.(A) At an early stage in his t

36、ravels, Henry James, writing(B) At an early stage in his travels, Henry James wrote双谓语(C) At an early stage in his travels, Henry James was written 修改原义(D) At an early stage in his travels, Henry James was writing 双谓语、时态(E) Henry James, whose writing at an early stage in his travels 空主语IS句法体系：句子结构状

37、主 状语与主语不一致9 6 让步状语 伴随状语 动名词 条件状语 过去分词 比较状语 介宾短语 目的状语 形容词 因果状语 动词不定式 时间状语 独立主格结构 地点状语 方式状语状语IS句法体系：句子结构状 主To get through an emergency, it demands remaining calm and wittiness. (A) it demands remaining calm 状 主(B) it demands calmness 状 主(C) one is demanded to remain calm 被动语态(D) one should remain calm

38、 主动语态(E) demands one to remain calm 不成句考点：动词不定式作状语IS句法体系：句子结构状 主While studying dolphins in Florida, that was when Caryn discovered herlove of the manatee.(A) that was when Caryn discovered herlove of the manatee 状 主(B) Caryn discovered her love of the manatee(C) then the discovery of Caryns love for

39、 the manatee took place 状 主(D) Caryns live of the manatee was discovered 状 主(E) a love of the manatee was discovered by Caryn 状 主考点：动名词作状语IS句法体系：句子结构状 主Better known for The Foreigner, other works of Larry Shue, such as TheNerd, were of equal quality though they were less famous.(A) other works of La

40、rry Shue, such as The Nerd 状 主(B) other works buy Larry Shue, such as The Nerd 状 主(C) Larry Shue also created other works, such as The Nerd, that(D) Larry Shues other works, like The Nerd 状 主(E) Larry Shue wrote other stories, like The Nerd that 限制性定语使用错误考点：过去分词作状语IS句法体系：句子结构状 主Upon learning that Al

41、ison couldnt afford to return to college this semester,an effort was made by her friends to help her pay for tuition. (A) an effort was made by her friends to help her pay 状 主(B) an effort to help her pay was made by her friends 状 主(C) her payment was helped by her friends 状 主(D) her friends made an

42、 effort to help her pay(E) her friends make an effort to help her pay考点：介宾短语作状语IS句法体系：句子结构状 主 独立主格不作为选项考虑The delegates coming this far, they did not want to return withoutaccomplishing something.(A) The delegates coming this far, they 独立主格(B) Coming this far, the delegates felt they(C) Having come t

43、his far, the delegates(D) To come this far, the delegates(E) The delegates came this far, so that theyIS句法体系：句子结构状 主 独立主格不作为选项考虑High school graduates usually do not end up earning as much income ascollege graduates do, this being why so many high school students go onto pursue college degrees.(A) do

44、, this being why so many high school students独立主格(B) do, this is why so many high school students空并列(C) do; this fact explains why so many high school students(D) do; this explaining the reason for why so many high school students 不成句(E) do, explaining why so many high school students状主IS句法体系：句子结构同位

45、 主 同位语与所修饰成分不一致A native Californian, Jeff McDonalds first play received a Tony award in1975.(A) A native Californian, Jeff McDonalds first play received 同位 主(B) A native Californian, the first play by Jeff McDonald received 同位 主(C) The first play by Jeff McDonald, a native Californian, received(D) J

46、eff McDonald, a native Californian, wrote his first play and he received 修改原意(E) A native Californian, Jeff McDonald as well as his first play received 修改原意同位 主 同位语与所修饰成分不一致Using modern forensic techniques, the true identity, it is hypothesized bynoted mystery author Patricia Cornwell, of Jack the R

47、ipper, a serial killerwho terrorized London in the last nineteenth century, is Walter Sickert, anartist. the true identity, it is hypothesized by noted mystery author Patricia Cornwell, of Jack the Ripper 状主(B) Patricia Cornwell, a noted mystery author, has hypothesized that Jack the Rippers true id

48、entity 同位主(C) Patricia Cornwell, a noted mystery author, has come to the hypothesis that truly the identity of Jack the Ripper 冗长(D) Jack the Rippers true identity as hypothesized by noted mystery author Patricia Cornwell 状主(E) noted mystery author Patricia Cornwell has hypothesized that the true id

49、entity of Jack the RipperIS句法体系：句子结构句子空并列句句之间无连接成分四种正确形式 分号连接句子 冒号连接句子 连词连接句子 连词副词连接句子句子空并列结构解题注意长句子的符号、结构Newspaper accounts say the first powered airplane was flown in 1865 byJacob Brodbeck and powered by coil springs, the airplane reportedlyreached treetop heights before crashing into a henhouse.B

50、rodbeck and powered by coil springs, the airplane reportedly reached空并列(B) Brodbeck, and the airplane, powered by coil springs, reportedly reached(C) Brodbeck, the airplane was powered by coil springs, reportedly reaching 空并列(D) Brodbeck, although powered by coil springs, the airplane reportedly rea

51、ched 空并列(E) Brodbeck in an airplane powered by coil springs and reportedly reaching句子空并列：跳读跳读成分 同位语 状语 6种出现方式 非限制性定语从句 which, who, whose,.跳读：例题1Sir Alexander Fleming, an immunologist, whose reputation as thediscoverer of penicillin almost rivals that of Jonas Salk, who invented thepoliovaccine. Sir

52、Alexander Fleming, an immunologist, whose reputation as the discoverer of penicillin 跳读：空主语(B) Sir Alexander Fleming, who was an immunologist, whose reputation as the discoverer of penicillin 跳读：空主语(C) An immunologist with a reputation as the discoverer of penicillin, Sir Alexander Fleming 比较双方不一致(D

53、) Sir Alexander Fleming was an immunologist whose reputation as the discoverer of penicillin(E) An immunologist, Sir Alexander Fleming who was the discoverer of penicillin and whose reputation 不可跳读！ 空主语跳读：例题2The Mexican festival of Cinco de Mavo celebrates the defeat of the Frenchat the Battle of Pu

54、ebla in 1862, and it is a holiday in many American states,too. Cinco de Mavo celebrates the defeat of the French at the Battle of Puebla in 1862, and it is a holiday in many American states, too. 代词使主语重复，冗长 Cinco de Mavo, which celebrates the defeat , is also a holiday in many American States(C) Cin

55、co de Mayo, which celebrates the defeat , being also a holiday in many American states跳读：空主语(D) Cinco de Mayo, which celebrates the defeat ., but which is also a holiday in many American states 跳读：空主语(E) Cinco de Mayo, being a celebration of the defeat ., and being a holiday in many American states,

56、 too. 跳读：空主语IS句法体系：句子结构句式混乱修饰语位置不清The movie Amadeus was based on Mozarts life, adapted from a play of thesame title. The movie Amadeus was based on Mozarts life, adapted from a play of the same title 修饰语位置不清(B) The movie Amadeus has its basis in Mozarts life and adapts from a play of the same title(

57、C) The movie Amadeus, based on Mozarts life, is adapted from a play of the same title(D) The movie Amadeus which is based on Mozarts life and adapted from a play of the same title 空主语(E) The movie Amadeus, being inspired by Mozarts life, adapted from a play of the same name 跳读：空主语修饰语adapted from a p

58、lay of the same title应紧随修饰对象movie AmadeusIS句法体系：句子结构语气、语态比较主谓宾 主系表 There be句型实义动词 抽象名词主动语态 被动语态IS句法体系：句子结构语气比较主谓宾 主系表 There be 句型There is simply no way one can avoid conflict; hence, if you must fight,fight to win.(A) There is simply no way one can avoid conflict; hence one/you 结构(B) In no way can o

59、ne simply avoid conflict; hence one/you 结构(C) You cannot avoid conflict; hence 主谓宾、简洁(D) There is simply no way one can avoid conflict; however one/you 结构(E) There is simply no way in which you may avoid conflict; consequently, There be 句型、冗长选项C语气强于选项E，同时C比E简洁语气比较主谓宾 主系表 There be 句型Because the sport

60、s industry has become so popular is the reason that someuniversities have created new courses in sports marketing and eventplanning.popular is the reason that some universities have created new courses in sports marketing and event planning 因果重复(B) popular, some universities have created new courses