细胞代谢与肿瘤课件

1、分子细胞生物学进展Metabolic Strategies in Cancer癌症的代谢策略Lecture Objectives To provide a brief summary of the history of research in cancer metabolism To summarize the metabolic strategies in cancer cells To reveal genetic mechanisms behind the metabolic phenotypes in tumors To give an example of transcription

2、al regulation in cancer metabolism (our work on ChREBP)TermsGlycolysis 糖酵解TCA cycle/Oxidative phosphorylation 三羧酸循环/氧化磷酸化Macromolecules（生物）大分子Anabolism 合成代谢Catabolism 分解代谢Isoenzyme 同工酶Warburg effect/aerobic glycolysis 有氧糖酵解FDG-PET 18F脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）-正电子发射体层显像（PET）Hallmarks of cancer 癌症的特征IDH (isocitrate

3、dehydrogenase) 异柠檬酸脱氢酶Oncometabolite 致癌代谢物Metabolic syndrome 代谢综合症Truncated TCA cycle 截短的/不完整的三羧酸循环ReferencesThe Molecular Basis of Cancer (Third Edition) Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Edited by: John Mendelsohn, MD, Peter M. Howley, MD, Mark A. Israel, MD, Joe W. Gray, PhD, and C

4、raig B. Thompson, MD ISBN: 978-1-4160-3703-3Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1029-33. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5)

5、:646-74.Metabolic reprogramming: a cancer hallmark even warburg did not anticipate. Ward PS, Thompson CB. Cancer Cell. 2012 Mar 20;21(3):297-308.Part I To provide a brief summary of the history of research in cancer metabolism To summarize the metabolic strategies in cancer cells To reveal genetic m

6、echanisms behind the metabolic phenotypes in tumors To give an example of transcriptional regulation in cancer metabolism (our work on ChREBP)Otto Warburg and Warburg EffectOtto Heinrich Warburg(1883-1970)Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1931)discovery of the nature and mode of action of the r

7、espiratory enzyme.Vander Heiden et al, Science 2009葡萄糖丙酮酸乳酸氧化磷酸化无氧糖酵解有氧糖酵解FDG-PET (fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography)Vander Heiden et al, Science 2009静脉注射18F-FDG后，18F-FDG 随血液循环到达肿瘤所在，由于肿瘤细胞表面存在高表达的葡萄糖转运蛋白（Glut1和Glut3）,使18F-FDG大量进入肿瘤细胞内，并在细胞内的已糖激酶（大多数恶性肿瘤内已糖激酶含量明显高于良性病变和正常组织）作用下，转变为6-磷酸

8、-18F-FDG,由于FDG与正常葡萄糖存在分子结构的差异，它不参与葡萄糖的进一步代谢而滞留在细胞。通过PET动、静态扫描，能准确地测量肿瘤的葡萄糖代谢异常程度并对其进行显像。在某些肿瘤，如高分化原发性肝癌，细胞内存在较高水平的葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶，能将存在于细胞内的6-磷酸-18F-FDG水解成18F-FDG ，后者通过自由扩散游离出细胞，18F-FDG便不在肿瘤细胞内聚集而出现假阴性。FDG-PET肿瘤显像的原理Sidney Weinhouse(1909-2001)isozyme in hepatomas Peter PedersenJohns Hopkins Univ. School of

9、 MedicineChi DangUniv. of PennsylvaniaSchool of MedicineGregg SemenzaJohns Hopkins Univ. School of MedicineScientists in the Field of Cancer MetabolismLewis CantleyHarvard Medical SchoolTak MakCanadaUniv. of Toronto管坤良复旦大学UCSD熊跃复旦大学Univ. of North CarolinaAnd many moreCraig ThompsonMemorial Sloan-Ket

10、tering Cancer Center 赵世民复旦大学雷群英复旦大学医学院SU2C Dream Team ScientistsTargeting PI3K in Womens CancersLewis C. Cantley, PhD, Charles Sawyers, MD, and Gordon B. Mills, MD, PhDCutting Off the Fuel Supply: A New Approach to the Treatment of Pancreatic CancerCraig Thompson, MD, and Daniel D. von Hoff, MD, FAC

11、P Bioengineering and Clinical Applications of Circulating Tumor Cell ChipDaniel Haber, MD, PhD, and Mehmet Toner, PhDBringing Epigenetic Therapy to the Forefront of Cancer ManagementStephen Baylin, MD, and Peter A. Jones, PhDAn Integrated Approach to Targeting Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes and Th

12、eir Resistance Phenotypes Joe Gray, PhD, and Dennis Slamon, MD, PhDThe Original Six Hallmarks of CancerHanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell. 2000生长信号的自给自足性对于抑制生长信号的不敏感性逃避细胞凋亡无限的复制潜力持续的血管生成组织浸润和转移基因组不稳定和突变细胞能量异常促进肿瘤的炎症避免免疫摧毁The New Ten Hallmarks of CancerHanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell. 2011 在分子水平上抑制代谢中的关

13、键酶而降低糖酵解和其它合成代谢通路活性可以减缓肿瘤细胞生长。 对癌症病人全基因组测序找到了某些高频率突变的代谢基因，这些基因的突变导致代谢中间物失调从而对于细胞表观遗传性状和信号转导通路产生重要影响。 大规模流行病学研究表明肥胖病，糖尿病等代谢性综合症患者的各类癌症发病率明显上升。Why is Cancer Metabolism Important? 在分子水平上抑制代谢中的关键酶而降低糖酵解和其它合成代谢通路活性可以减缓肿瘤细胞生长。 对癌症病人全基因组测序找到了某些高频率突变的代谢基因，这些基因的突变导致代谢中间物失调从而对于细胞表观遗传性状和信号转导通路产生重要影响。 大规模流行病学研究

14、表明肥胖病，糖尿病等代谢综合征患者的各类癌症发病率明显上升。Why is Cancer Metabolism Important? GARBER K, Science 2006HK = Hexokinase, 己糖激酶PDK = pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, 丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase, 丙酮酸脱氢酶ACL = ATP citrate lyase, ATP-柠檬酸裂解酶Strategies for Targeting Tumor Energy Pathways (I)Strategies for Targeting

15、Tumor Energy Pathways (II) Evidence for an alternative glycolytic pathway in rapidly proliferating cells. Vander Heiden MG et al, Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1492-9. The M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase is important for cancer metabolism and tumour growth. Christofk HR and Vander Heiden MG et

16、 al, Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):230-3. Pyruvate kinase M2 is a phosphotyrosine-binding protein. Christofk HR andVander Heiden MG et al, Nature. 2008 Mar 13;452(7184):181-6.PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2, 丙酮酸激酶-M2PGAM, phosphoglyceromutase, 磷酸甘油酸变位酶Cancer cell proliferation can be inhibited by decreasin

17、g glycolysis and anabolic metabolismGlucoseGlucoseLactateFatty acidAmino acidNucleotideTCAcycleCancer cell proliferationGlucoseGlucoseLactateFatty acidAmino acidNucleotideTCAcycleCancer cell proliferation 在分子水平上抑制代谢中的关键酶而降低糖酵解和其它合成代谢通路活性可以减缓肿瘤细胞生长。 对癌症病人全基因组测序找到了某些高频率突变的代谢基因，这些基因的突变导致代谢中间物失调从而对于细胞表观

18、遗传性状和信号转导通路产生重要影响。 大规模流行病学研究表明肥胖病，糖尿病等代谢综合征患者的各类癌症发病率明显上升。Why is Cancer Metabolism Important? Roles of IDH1, IDH2, SDH, and Fumarase in Cellular MetabolismIDH,异柠檬酸脱氢酶SDH, 琥珀酸脱氢酶Fumarase,富马酸酶Thompson CB, N Engl J Med. 2009 An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme.神经胶质瘤Parsons D

19、W et al, Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1807-12.IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. Yan H et al, N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 19;360(8):765-73.Glioma-derived mutations in IDH1 dominantly inhibit IDH1 catalytic activity and induce HIF-1alpha. Zhao S et al, Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):261-5.Cancer-associ

20、ated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate. 2-羟基戊二酸Dang L et al, Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):739-44. Leukemic IDH1 and IDH2 mutations result in a hypermethylation phenotype, disrupt TET2 function, and impair hematopoietic differentiation. Figueroa ME et al, Cancer Cell. 2010 Dec 14;18(6):553-6

21、7. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of -ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Xu W et al, Cancer Cell. 2011 Jan 18;19(1):17-30.IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a block to cell differentiation. Lu C et al, Nature. 2012 Feb 15;483(7390):474-8.IDH, 异

22、柠檬酸脱氢酶Metabolic pathways provide substrates for post-translational modifications (PTMs) that influence cell signalingMetallo CM et al, Genes Dev. 2010 在分子水平上抑制代谢中的关键酶而降低糖酵解和其它合成代谢通路活性可以减缓肿瘤细胞生长。 对癌症病人全基因组测序找到了某些高频率突变的代谢基因，这些基因的突变导致代谢中间物失调从而对于细胞表观遗传性状和信号转导通路产生重要影响。 大规模流行病学研究表明肥胖病，糖尿病等代谢综合征患者的各类癌症发病率明

23、显上升。Why is Cancer Metabolism Important? 中华医学会糖尿病学分会（CDS）建议代谢综合征的诊断标准具备以下4项组成成分中的3项或全部者： 超重和（或）肥胖 高血糖 高血压 血脂紊乱Metabolic SyndromeOverweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms.Calle EE, Kaaks R. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Aug;4(8):579-91. Part II To provide a brief summary

24、of the history of research in cancer metabolism To summarize the metabolic strategies in cancer cells To reveal genetic mechanisms behind the metabolic phenotypes in tumors To give an example of transcriptional regulation in cancer metabolism (our work on ChREBP)What do Cells Need to Grow and Prolif

25、erate? Substrates for Growth (such as Glucose and Glutamine) ATP and NADH and NADPH Appropriate Regulation of Metabolic Pathways to Maximize BiosynthesisMetabolic Strategies in Cancer CellsCancer cells High nutrient uptakeHigh glycolytic rateIncreased anabolism Low activity of TCA cycleor “Truncated

26、” TCA Cycle.Normal cells Basal nutrient uptakeBasal glycolytic rateBasal anabolism High activity of TCA cycleOtto Warburg and Warburg EffectOtto Heinrich Warburg(1883-1970)Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1931)discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.Vander Heiden e

27、t al, Science 2009葡萄糖丙酮酸乳酸氧化磷酸化无氧糖酵解有氧糖酵解Why is the Rate of Glycolysis So High in Tumor Cells?Reason 1:To Produce Sufficient Energy and Metabolic Intermediates for BiosynthesisGlycolysis Produces Energy and Metabolic Intermediates for Tumor Cell ProliferationMacromolecules:ProteinLipidNucleic acidPr

28、oteinLipidNucleic acidWhy is the Rate of Glycolysis So High in Tumor Cells?Reason 2:To Survive Periods of Hypoxia 缺氧Reason 3:To Secret Lactate and Create a Microenvironment Favorable for Tumor GrowthTumors Use a “Truncated” Form of the TCA CycleGlutamine Oxidation Makes the Truncated TCA Cycle Possi

29、ble.Part III To provide a brief summary of the history of research in cancer metabolism To summarize the metabolic strategies in cancer cells To reveal genetic mechanisms behind the metabolic phenotypes in tumors To give an example of transcriptional regulation in cancer metabolism (our work on ChRE

30、BP)TermsPI3K = Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases Akt / PKB, a serine/threonine protein kinase P53, a transcription factorAMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase HIF = Hypoxia-inducible factor, a transcription factorMyc, a transcription factorChREBP = carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein, a trans

31、cription factor ROS = Reactive oxygen species 活性氧The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are members of a conserved family of intracellular lipid kinases.The PI3K PathwayEngelman JA et al, Nat Rev Genet. 2006Mutations in the PI3K Pathway in CancersEngelman JA et al, Nat Rev Genet. 2006 The PI3K/A

32、kt Pathway Drives Growth MetabolismP53, a transcription factor.Nutrient Deprivation Signals to p53Vousden KH and Ryan KM. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Regulation of Energy Production by p53Vousden KH and Ryan KM. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Kinase LKB1 and AMPK are activated by the high AMP/ATP ratio that occurs d

33、uring energy limitation.The LKB1/AMPK Pathway Allows Cells to Respond to Metabolic Stress by Engaging Catabolic MetabolismAMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase The transcription factor HIF-1 contributes to the high rate of glycolysis in tumors.Semenza GL. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2010HIF-1: Upstream and D

34、ownstream of Cancer MetabolismThe Myc proteins are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell cycle entry and metabolism.c-Myc and HIF Regulate Carbon MetabolismGordan JD et al, Cancer Cell. 2007.Myc Regulates both Glucose and Glutamine Metabolic PathwaysDang CV. Cancer Res. 2010.GLS = glu

35、taminase, 谷氨酰胺酶ASCT2 = 谷氨酰胺载体Part IV To provide a brief summary of the history of research in cancer metabolism To summarize the metabolic strategies in cancer cells To reveal genetic mechanisms behind the metabolic phenotypes in tumors To give an example of transcriptional regulation in cancer meta

36、bolism (our work on ChREBP)Cancer cell proliferation can be inhibited by decreasing glycolysis and anabolic metabolismGlucoseGlucoseLactateFatty acidAmino acidNucleotideTCAcycleCancer cell proliferationGlucoseGlucoseLactateFatty acidAmino acidNucleotideTCAcycleCancer cell proliferationMouse ChREBP P

37、rotein1864S196S568T666PKAAMPKPKAGlucose sensing module ChREBP (carbohydrate responsive element binding protein) binds the carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) which consists of two E-box like consensus sequences separated by five base pairs. In adults, expression of ChREBP is detectable in most tis

38、sues but is at its highest levels in liver and adipose tissue. ChREBP null mice show decreased glycolysis and lipogenesis as well as intolerance to dietary carbohydrate. Loss of ChREBP in leptin null ob/ob mice results in alleviation of obesity. NESNLSPro-richbHLH/ZIPZIP likeRoles of LXR, ChREBP, an

39、d SREBP-1c in the Transcriptional Control of Triglyceride Synthesis in LiverDenechaud PD et al, JCI 2008Hormone/nutrient-mediated Regulation of ChREBP Activity in HepatocytesUyeda K et al, Cell metabolism 2006The Role of ChREBP in Glycolysis and Lipogenesis in HepatocytesUyeda K et al, Cell metaboli

40、sm 2006The question:What is the Role of ChREBP in Cancer Cells?Proliferative Cells Depend on ChREBP to Maintain Proliferative Expansion(HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells)Tong et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Proliferative Cells Depend on ChREBP to Maintain Proliferative Expansion (HepG2 Cells)Supp

41、ression of ChREBP Leads to a Metabolic Switch from Aerobic Glycolysis to Mitochondrial Respiration (HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells) Warburg EffectVander Heiden et al, Science 2009Suppression of ChREBP Leads to Decreased Lipid and Nucleotide Biosynthesis (HCT116 Cells)DeBerardinis RJ et al, Proc Natl

42、 Acad Sci U S A. 2007Effect of ChREBP Knockdown on Labeling in Acid Soluble Metabolites from 1,6-13C2Glucose (HCT116 Cells)ControlChREBP knockdownpro-4lac-3ala-3glut-4glth-4glut-3glut-2Glycolytic Intermediatesasp-3HHHHHHgn-2gn-4gn-3pro-4lac-3glut-4glut-3glut-2Glycolytic Intermediatesasp-3HHHHHHglut-2/glut-4=0.230.04glut-2/glut-4=0.370.07Suppression of ChREBP Induces p53 Activation (HCT116 Cells)Suppression of ChREBP Induces Cell Cycle Arrest (