《外国文学》课件05 The Enlightenment

1、Chapter FiveEnlightenment Literature Introduction疲于为政，倦于效命，试问，我等为官之人，怎能辜负大好春光，滞留在这北国帝京？怎能不去绿野之中，怎能不临清流之滨，把酒开怀，提笔赋诗，一首一首，一樽一樽。歌德中德四季晨昏杂咏十四首之一 The Enlightenment Time Span: Originating about 1650 to 1700, flourished until about 17901800.Key Word: ReasonIdeas: to reform society using reason to advance k

2、nowledge through the scientific method to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith to oppose superstition and intolerance, with the Catholic Church a favorite target culminated in France in the great Encyclopdie Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu a long-term major impact “德先生” & “赛先生” I

3、 Features of Enlightenment Literature a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility AttentionLeading Class: the bourgeoisieKey Word: ReasonContext: compared with the

4、 Classicism the Enlightenment Literaturenot as a literary school, but rather the extension or the illustration of the Enlightenment Movement in literature. the unclear demarcationthe lack of a unified literary programme. consist of the Augustan literature in Britain the French literature before the

5、French Revolution the “Storm and Stress” Movement in Germany backDare to be wise! (Kant)Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.1) without the guidance of another2) to use ones reason, intellect, and wisdom 1. the Church and the Monarchy as the target the praise of liberal

6、monarchs VS the overthrow of the feudalismmore political and revolutionary (Vs Renaissance) a more political perspective to propagandize political or philosophical ideas 2. the extreme rationalism and skepticism Moral Codes VS Natural Reason Enlighten: to make understand, to make free from confusion

7、 or ambiguity 1) the emphasis of knowledge especially the scientific knowledge 2) the emphasis on “Freedom” nature = freedom 3. Protagonists: anti-hero Aristocracy VS anti-hero (the bourgeoisie or the civilian) e.g.1) Julie, or the New Heloise 2) The Sorrows of Young Werther 4. the break of Classici

8、sms artistic forms1) Lessing Hamburgische Dramaturgie aiming at the Three Unities2) New Genres: different kinds of novel: Epistolary Novel, Philosophical Novelthe breakthrough of boundary between comedy and tragedythe achievements of the long verse drama 3) New Concepts of Genres: 【美】伊恩P瓦特：小说的兴起，高原、

9、董红钧译，生活读书新知三联书店，1992年。 When did the Chinese novel rise? II Enlightenment Literature in Britain enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage an expanding economy, lowering barriers to education, and the stirrings of the Industrial Revolution 1. Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe 1) Biography (1661-173

10、1) an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer, and spyin 1703: imprisonednearly sixty: turned to writing novelsIn 1719: Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel helped to popularise the form in Britain a prolific

11、and versatile writer: 5002) Robinson Crusoe A. Plot Summary B. Reading:鲁滨逊漂流记三次出海及荒岛余生初刻拍案惊奇“转运汉”倒霉的经历思考：两人出海的目的是什么？ 两人各自的背景是什么？ Robinson Crusoe the first real Bourgeois in the historythe propaganda of Bourgeois value the facticity of details 2. Jonathan Swift and Gullivers Travels the foremost pros

12、e satirist in the English language Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships, better known simply as Gullivers Travels Summary Part I: A Voyage to LilliputPart II: A Voyage to BrobdingnagPart III: A Voyag

13、e to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib, and JapanPart IV: A Voyage to the Country of the HouyhnhnmsReading a systematic rebuttal of Defoes optimistic account of human capability a satirical view of the state of European government 3. Samuel RichardsonPamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded, Clarissa: O

14、r the History of a Young Lady,The History of Sir Charles Grandison 4. Tobias SmollettThe Adventures of Roderick Random, The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker 5. Henry Fielding and Tom Jones 6. British dramas the Licensing Act of 1737 III Enlightenment Literature in FranceBackgroundFrench gradual weaken

15、ing of the absolute monarchythe influence of the Industrial Revolution the new class “The Third Estate” Between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1789, the year of the French Revolution, this century of enormous economic, social, intellectual and political transformation p

16、roduced the important literary and philosophical movement. the Enlightenment literature in France:more radical and revolutionary critical, skeptical and innovative questioning all existing institutions applying rationalism and scientific analysis to society contributions: the ideas of liberty, toler

17、ation, humanitarianism, equality, and progress Representative philosophes MontesquieuVoltaireDiderotRousseau a variety of different genres the tale illustrating a particular philosophical point satire on French life disguised as letters from an exotic country essays The Spirit of the LawsThe Social

18、ContractComediesBeaumarchais Figaro plays The Barber of Seville, The Marriage of Figaro and The Guilty Mother 1. Montesquieu a French social commentator a political thinker 1) The Spirit of the Laws the theory of separation of powers the first consistent attempt to survey the varieties of human soci

19、ety, to classify and compare them and, within society, to study the inter-functioning of institutions 2) Persian Lettersthe first philosophical novel famous enough to inaugurate the French Enlightenment literature A. Summary Usbek and Rica five wives a number of black eunuchs B. as an epistolary nov

20、el My Lettres persanes taught people to write letter-novels. (Montesquieu) 2. Voltaire Franois-Marie Arouet, known by his pen name Voltaire a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of reli

21、gion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state the leader of the French Enlightenment and the most influential philosophe He taught us to live as free men. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. (Voltaire)1) his works: a versatile writer A

22、. Poetry: the Henriade, The Maid of Orleansthe first epic ever written in French: Henriade B. Play: Oedipus, The Orphan of ChinaBetween 50 to 60 playsOedipus: his first play and the first literary work using the pen-name Voltaire the artistic form standards of Classicism C. Philosophical Novel: Zadi

23、g, Candide, LIngnuthe sarcastic tone Philosophical novel It refers to works of fiction in which a significant proportion of the work is devoted to a discussion of the sort of questions normally addressed in discursive philosophy. These might include the function and role of society, the purpose of l

24、ife, ethics or morals, the role of art in human lives, and the role of experience or reason in the development of knowledge. 2) The Orphan of China A. his favor of Chinese ethical morality 他是纯理性底健康的阐释者， 不眩世骇俗，而启迪人类的智慧， 他说话，只显得是智者，而不是先知， 然而人们相信他，在本国也还如此。 （伏尔泰）B. the comparison between The Orphan of Z

25、hao and The Orphan of Chinaa. Aim of writingRousseau: Discourse on the Sciences and Arts ( nature VS society ) “great principle that nature made man happy and good, but that society depraves him and makes him miserablevice and error, foreign to his constitution, enter it from outside and insensibly

26、change him.”b. Change of the themethe influence of Chinese morality towards the barbarian conquerors Reading:Act I, scene iAct II, scene iiAct IV, scene iiAct IV, scene vAct V, scene viThink about the change of plots and read：Act II, scene iiiAct III, scene iiiintroduction of the theme of love betwe

27、en Genghis Khan and IdamReading:Act III, scene ivAct IV, scene ivc. adaption to the Three Unities “中国剧本的情节延长到二十五年，正如人们称为悲剧的莎士比亚和洛卜德维加的那些畸形的杂剧一样；那是许多令人难以置信的事变的堆砌。”（作者献词）“诚然，这篇中国戏剧并没有其他的美：时间和剧情的统一”（作者献词）“如果你们还想活，天黑前做个交代。”（第一幕第四场窝阔塔）“你那副铁石心肠，一天连作两个恶：逆天性杀子全忠，反爱情休妻救国！”（第四幕第六场伊达美）“怎么！您一天之内竟做了两次战俘！”（第五幕第一场

28、阿色丽） 3. Diderot a French philosopher, art critic, and writer a prominent person during the Enlightenment1) the Encyclopaedia co-founder, chief editor, and contributor along with Jean le Rond dAlembert Encyclopaedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts the monumental work of t

29、he philosophes35 volumes, with texts and illustration, from 1750 until 1772 2) his contributions to literatureA. the announcement of a new drama “serious genre”B. the dialogue novel Rameaus NephewC. Jacques the Fatalist and his Master 4. Rousseau a French philosopher, writer, and composer influenced

30、 the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought the most popular of the philosophes 1) Biography 1712 born in Geneva Father: the trade of watchmaking Mother: from an upper-class familyAge 10 left with his aunt Age 13 apprenticed Ag

31、e 15 ran away from Geneva and introduced to Franoise-Louise de Warens 1742 moved to Paris became the lover of Thrse Levasseur became a close friend of French philosopher Diderot and contributed numerous articles to Encyclopdie 1749 read about an essay competition sponsored by the Acadmie de Dijon 17

32、50 Discourse on the Sciences and Arts 1754 returned to Geneva 1755 Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men pursued an unconsummated romantic attachment with Sophie dHoudetot broke with the Encyclopedistes 1765 took refuge in Britain with Hume 1767 returned to France1768 went throug

33、h a marriage of sorts to Thrse 1770 return to Paris 1778 suffered a hemorrhage and died 1794 moved to the Panthon 他好像这样一个人：这人不仅剥掉了衣服，而且剥掉了皮肤，在这样一种情况下被赶出去和猛烈的狂风暴雨进行搏斗。 （传记作家莫罗亚，转引自罗素西方哲学史） 2) His WorksDiscourse on the Sciences and Arts论科学与艺术 (1750)The Village Soothsayer乡村卜师(1752)Discourse on the Orig

34、in and Basis of Inequality Among Men论不平等的根源(1754)Julie, or the New Heloise新爱洛依丝(1761)mile, or On Education爱弥儿(1762)the Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right社会契约论(1762)Letters Written from the Mountain山中来信(1764)Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau忏悔录(1770, published 1782)Reveries of a Sol

35、itary Walker孤独漫步者的遐想(published 1782)3) Confessions Covering the first fifty-three years of Rousseaus life, up to 1765 completed in 1769, but not published until 1782 two distinct works, each part consisting of six books factual inaccuracies account of the experiences that shaped his personality and

36、ideas ReadingA. Focus on personal experiences and feelingsB. Detailed account of humiliating and shameful moments4) Julie, or the New Heloise an epistolary novel Letters from two lovers living in a small town at the foot of the Alps subtitle points to the history of Hlose dArgenteuil and Peter Abela

37、rdImportant to the development of romanticism in fictionA. Praise for love and passion beyond social statusBRhapsodic descriptions of the natural beautyReadingIV Enlightenment Literature in GermanyBackgrounda) the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648b) still divided into numerous independent states c)

38、 upper classes looked to France for intellectual, cultural leadership d) called for a unification of a kingdom and creating a modern national literature Johann Christoph Gottsched a German philosopher, author, and critic an almost undisputed literary dictatorship Famous Work:Versuch einer kritischen

39、 Dichtkunst fr die Deutschen为德国人写的批判诗学试论（1730） Contributions:1. German literature being subordinated to the laws of French classicism 2. a healthy corrective to the extravagance and want of taste Gotthold Ephraim Lessing the most important German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art cri

40、tic the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment era Substantially influenced the development of German literature His interest in the theatre against the then predominant literary theory of Gottsched Criticism of the simple imitation of the French example and a serious reception of Sha

41、kespeares works His WorksMiss Sara Sampson萨拉萨姆逊小姐 Emilia Galotti爱米丽亚迦洛蒂 the first bourgeois tragedies Bourgeois Tragedy Bourgeois tragedy is a form of tragedy that developed in 18th-century Europe. It is a fruit of the enlightenment and the emergence of the bourgeois class and its ideals. It is char

42、acterized by the fact that its protagonists are ordinary citizens and it tend to propagate the values of the bourgeois class to which their heroes belong. Their ideal is the virtuous citizen, who is excluded from state affairs and whose intentions are focused on his private life and the life of his

43、family. Values like virtue, humanity, individuality and true feelings are cherished in bourgeois tragedies. His theoretical writings Laocoon拉奥孔 Full Title: Laocoon: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry Poetry: extended in time Vs Painting: extended in space objected to trying to write poetr

44、y using the same devices as one would in painting Hamburg Dramaturgy汉堡剧评witty and ironic style and their unerring polemics1. “Storm and Stress” movement (literary) Sturm und Drang: literally Storm and Drive, Storm and Urge, though conventionally translated as Storm and Stress a proto-Romantic moveme

45、nt to simultaneous developments in prose, poetry, and drama distinctly self-conscious of a new aesthetic 1) Origin of the termthe title of a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger （克林格:狂飙与突进）published in 1776 and performed in 1777 extols individuality and subjectivity over the prevailing order of rati

46、onalism 2）Characteristics influenced by the thought of Rousseau, who held that the basic veritie of existence were to be apprehended through faith and the experience of the sensesA. Ideal of personality & Abolishment of rules B. the theme of youthful genius C. the enthusiasm for nature D. the intens

47、ity of sentiment E. the rise of national consciousness A. Ideal of personality & Abolishment of rules appeal to no outside authority to save the self nor be tempered by rationalism freedom to become anything and to live out his genius to the utmost Rules are abolished and any superiority is defied P

48、olitics: the antifeudal attitudes & the spirit of rebellious sedition Literature: the idea of a “characteristic art” B. the theme of youthful genius Genius: an independent individual that only obeys its own rules (independency of any superior power) C. the enthusiasm for nature Nature: the origin of

49、 all creation and is something godlike; the embodiment of all life and invention. D. the intensity of sentiment chief characteristics: great emotional tension and lyricisma lyrically colorful language very strong expressions;the vocabulary of the sentiment (heart, love, feeling etc.);fragments of se

50、ntences and sudden interruptions drama in prose E. the rise of national consciousness cultural leaders of Europe Promotion of the rise of national consciousness a prominent role in the formation of a national German literature 3）important members （There is much debate regarding whose work should or

51、should not be included in the canon of Sturm und Drang.） AHerder a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic broke new ground in philosophy and poetry the national distinctiveness of art and its popular roots and on the role of fantasy and emotionalism Fragments on Recent German Lite

52、rature 论德国现代文学片断 every folk had its own particular identity, which was expressed in its language and culture the promotion of German language and culture to shape the development of German nationalism 1770: meet with the young Goethe in Strasbourg the beginning of the Sturm und Drang movement B. Sch

53、iller a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright Aesthetic Letters美育书简（1795） Dramas: The Robbers强盗（1781）Intrigue and Love阴谋与爱情（1784）The Wallenstein Trilogy华伦斯坦三部曲（1799）: Wallensteins Camp华伦斯坦的阵营, The Piccolomini皮柯乐米尼父子, Wallensteins Death华伦斯坦之死William Tell威廉退尔（1803）Friendship with Goethe

54、The Good is the Beautiful.many philosophical papers on ethics and aesthetics. Elaboration of the concept: the beautiful soul a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so that duty and inclination are no longer in conflict with one anotherBeauty:not merely an aesthetic experience, bu

55、t a moral one as well. Aesthetic Letters On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters the disenchantment of the French Revolution, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedi

56、es in the future: by first touching their souls with beauty Notions:the sensuous drive 感性冲动the formal drive 形式冲动 transcends the dualism between them with the play drive 游戏冲动：（synonymous with artistic beauty）to resolve the conflict between mans material, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason 2.

57、 German Classicism to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic, classical and Enlightenment ideas concentrated on Goethe and Schiller between Goethes stay in Italy and the death of Schiller a literary pursuit and praxis of the imitation of ancient Greek, classical modelsa veritable undertak

58、ing of socio-cultural reformation through aesthetic conceptions and valuesorganic wholeness and harmony as the central inspiration and importance. 3. Goethe 歌德a German writer and politician body of work: epic and lyric poetry, prose and verse dramas, memoirs, an autobiography, literary and aesthetic

59、 criticism, treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and novels an early participant in the Storm and Stress literary movement 野玫瑰欣赏：舒伯特作曲，歌德原诗 Sah ein Knab ein Rslein stehn, Rslein auf der Heiden, war so jung und morgenschn, lief er schnell, es nah zu sehn, sahs mit vielen Freuden. Rslein, Rslein,

60、 Rslein rot, Rslein auf der Heiden.少年看到红玫瑰， 田野里的玫瑰， 亭亭玉立真正美， 少年快去看个清， 看得欢喜又高兴。 玫瑰，玫瑰，红玫瑰， 田野里的小玫瑰。 Knabe sprach: Ich breche dich, Rslein auf der Heiden! Rslein sprach: Ich steche dich, dass du ewig denkst an mich, und ich wills nicht leiden. Rslein, Rslein, Rslein rot, Rslein auf der Heiden.少年要把玫瑰摘，