虚拟语气、英语句型、作文

1、宾语从句用虚拟语气的10种类型一、I wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示 与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分 词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could) +动词原形。 如：I wish I could be of some use,我希望我能有什么用处。We wish he didif t smoke.我们希望他不吸烟。I wish prices would come down,我希望物价能降下来I wish

2、 the train would come.我希望火车会来。二、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should 在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I insisted that he (should) stay.我坚持要他留下。He insisted that I (should) go with them.他坚持要我同他们一起 去。Rose insisted that he be present.罗斯坚持要他出席。The detective insisted that he should have a look.警探坚持要查看

3、。注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者 的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：He insisted that I had read his letter.他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter,他坚持要我看他的信。三、表示“命令”后的宾语从句主要是指。rder, command的宾语从句从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成， 其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He o

4、rdered that it (should) be sent back.他命令把它送回去。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.法官命 令被告还押。The King ordered that the man be released.国王命 令释放那人。He commanded that we (should) attack at once.他命令我们立即 发起进攻。四、表示“建议”后的宾语从句主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句从句谓语由 “should+动词原形”构

5、成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He suggested that we should leave early.他建议我们早点动身。The doctor advised that he change his job.医生劝他换工作。They recommend that this tax be abolished.他们建议取消这种 税。(should) have lunch right now.我建议我们现I suggest that we在就吃午饭。The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected.委员会建议推 选戴先生 T

6、he doctor advised suggested that he (should) notsmoke.医生建议他不要抽烟。I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。He proposed that Mr. O9 Leary be the chairman.他提议奥列利先生 担任主席。She suggested that I (should) be responsible for th arrangements.她建议我来负责进行安排。注意：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，

7、除可用虚拟语气外，也 可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用 虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事 实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体 会:He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.他建议我们留 下吃饭。What he said suggested that he was a cheat.他说的话 表明他是个骑子。I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.我觉得

8、你与他心照不宣。五、表示“要求”后的宾语从句主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句从句谓语由 “should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I ask that he leave,我要求他走开。He requires that I (should) appear.他要求我出场。They require that I go at once,他们要求我立刻走。I demand that John (should) go there at once.我要求约翰立即到 那里去。I requested that he shoul

9、d use his in fluence on my behalf.我请求他为我施用他的影响。The asked that the message be given to Madame immediately.他要求把信息立即带给夫人。They demanded that the right to vote be given to eveiy adult man.他们要求给予每个成年男子以选举权。六、表示“提议” “投票”后的宾语从句主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成， 其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I move that w

10、e accept the proposal.我提议通过这项提案Nir. Chairman, I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned.主席先生，我提议休会。Congress has voted that the present law be maintained.国会投 票决定维持现在这条法律。Claudel moved that Nonvood should be made a member of the committee.克洛戴尔提出动议，让诺伍德当一名委员。七、表示“敦促”后的宾语从句主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句，从句谓语由飞hould

11、+动词原形”构成 其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：Heurgesthattherestnctions be lifted,他敦促取消这些限制。He urged that they go to Europe,他敦促他们到欧洲去。Heurgedthattherates should be reduced,他敦请减轻捐税。Heurgedthatthematter should go to arbitration.他极力主张这件事要提交仲裁。They urged that relief work should be given priority.他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置八、表示“

12、安排”后的宾语从句主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其 中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：He arranged that I should go abroad.他安排我去国外。I arranged that Tom should meet them. 我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport.他们安君近机场迎接这位部长。It was arranged that they should leave the following spr

13、ing.已安排好他们第二年春天离开。They ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of themeeting,他们安排好让我一部分时间不在开会现场。九、表示“希望” “打算”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构 成，其中的should*美国英语中通常可以省略。如：She desires that he do it.她希望他做此事。They intended that the news (should) be suppressed.他们打算封锁 这条消息 I des

14、ire the patient should have a bath eveiy day. 我 希望病人每天洗澡。十、表示“指示”后的宾语从句主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。 如：The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.将军指示释放那些俘虏。一、虚拟语气(9), 1、It is high/about time that+过去式. 2、 I would rather you 过去 me now. 3、I would rather

15、 I 过去的过去 yesterday. 4、 I would rather you 过去 tomorrow .53Ei+propose/urge/suggest/require/demand/insist /that“+(should)+动词原形 6、 The suggestion is that(should)+动词原形.7、It is necessaiy/important/essential that+ (should) + 动词原.8、 I wish I 过去 ten years younger now.9、I wish I 过去的过去 him yesterday.虚拟语气在条件状语从

16、句中的用法（必背）注意下延伸考点：l.as if/as though的相关考点现在用过去，过去用过去的过去条件从句If从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在H 去式(were)vould/could/should/might+动词原形过去had donexvould/could/should/might+have done将来Should+V原 3. Were to dovould/could/should/might+g(jin2.如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were, had,should时，可省略if，把were,had,should放到从句主语前面去，形成倒装，但是否定词not不前移。多 见于

17、书面语.二、时态(4)LYoud better + do sth. / Youd better not do sth2,by the time / end of主句+将来完成时by the end of next year主句+过去将来完成时by the end of 1999(关键句:By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the worlds people 将来完成时 in cities rather than in rural areas.3 * It is/has been +段时间+since 自从已有.4、fo

18、r, since, so far, till, until一般与完成时连用(完成时提示词)三、固定句式(12)1、I have no doubt + that 2、I have trouble/difficulty + （in） doing sth3、It is/was. + that （强调句） 4、The more., the more The more., the less5. make it（ clear, ones duty, possiblebit不可以省略。6、It is difficult （ adj. ） + to do sth /It is + adj. + for sb

19、to do sth7.1t is likely + to do sth / It is unlikely + to do sth/ It is likely + thatIt is unlikely + that8、It/there is no use/no good/no point + doing 9、Only to + 动词（，结果却）10、动名词在“There is （ was ） no + doing ”结构中作主语例如:There is no denying that she is very efficientll.lt is/was not until.“that（直到才）t w

20、as not+时间段+before（没过多长时间就.）It was+一段时间+before从句（过了多长时间之后才到）四、倍数/从句Mee as much/many as（区分可数与不可数） 1、主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj+ asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。.2.（表语从句）应使用The reasonis that或This / it / that / is because句型。（只记这一个考点）不要使用The reasonis because that句型.3、（同位语从句）fact （ idea, news, b

21、elief, thought, doubt, order, suggestion, proof, message, conclusion, desire9 theory, truth, information .void） that最常考得五个同位语单词。. 4、（定语从句）that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以呼唤，但在下列情况 下 一般用that而不用which。1 先行词为 all,every thing,nothing,soniething,anything Jittle,much 等不定代词时;2、先行词被 all,everjsno,some,any,little,much 等

22、修饰时；3、先行词序数词或最高级修饰时。（the first ,the beat）理解；4、先行词被 the only the very，the same 修饰时。Which使用的两种情况;非限定性定语从句（2）介宾搭配，如with which, of which 等5 （主语从句）that和what缺少主语或宾语用what，不缺少用that /All that= all=what=all what6、（状语从句）the moment /the niinute/the instant -k就（只记这一个考点）让步n/adj+as/though+主+谓（固定公式）六,主谓一致（4）1、 就近原则

23、 either.or; neithernor; not onlybut also, there be2、就远原则:besides, but, except, with, as well as, like, together with3、The number of+单数/A number of+复数4、The singer and write+单数（表示一个人）七、反意疑问句（2）1、There be句型 , 疑问部分也要用there 2 think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句，主语是第一人称(I/We)的时候 疑问部分与 宾语从句相对应

24、构成翻译疑问句。 前否后肯 前肯后否。八、倒装(4). L倒装中的否定词或者半否定词-这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom,rarely, hardly scarcely,no sooner not only, in no way at no time, few, not, no等. 2、NB代表not only. but also弓导的并列句。not only位于句首时所引导 的前面的分句倒装，后面的分句不倒装。故此称为“前倒后不倒”。. 3、。代表only+状语从句;NU代表not until+状语从句。此两种结构位于句首时 倒装主句而不

25、倒装从句。即:主倒从不倒。拓展考点:完全倒装的四个考点：There+be结构 用来替代be动词的有exist,seem,happen,appear,live,rise,stand等 在以here, there, now, then等副词开头的句子里，如果主语是人称代词，就不用 倒装。表示方向的副词。ut,in,up,down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。如果主语是 人称代词 就不用倒装.当表示地点的介词词组(如on the wall,under the tree,in front of the house等)在句首时.4.So +助动词+主语:也一样So+主语+助动词:的确如此九、形容词与副词(3

26、)形容词与副词的排序问题：those three beautiful large old red Chinese wood.某些以-i。】，结尾的形容词进行比较时，用t。代替than。这些词有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于）junior（资历较浅 的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior（在之前）等。.在形容词 副词的比较级钱可用much a little, still, even, far, a bit, a lot等 来修饰。十、非谓语动词有辅助课件，一起看！ let, have, make, get等表使役的动词 Let/ have/ make sb

27、 do ; get sb to do have（1）、have sb do sth让某人做某事（2）、have sth/sb doing让某事处于持续不停的状态之中。（3）、have sth done让别人做此事. see watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel等表感官动词的不定式均 不带to。不定式做结果状语的固定搭配too+ adj/adv to do so+ adj/adv as to do/that从句 such+ n as to do/从句 adj/adv +enough to do.“使 怎么样”之类的动词 amusement astoni

28、sh， excite，frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry,它们的ing形式表示主动而过去分词表示被动, 一般情况下“人”用ed，“物”用ing。5介词but except除.之外的，前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to否则带to6、why not do sth（为何不做某事）固定搭配“越越好;无论也/都不过分”:Cannot/ hardly / never / scarcely

29、 tooto.You cannot be too careful to cross the street.你过街时越小心越好。CanJt （help / choose）but do 不得不做 Cant help doing 情不自禁做I can help but tell her the truth.我只能告诉她真相。.7、 +ingmind（介意） miss（逃，mentioii（提及）prevent postpone practicerisk（冒险），resist（抵制），consider（考虑）admit（承认），avoid（避免），appreciate（感 激），fancy（幻想），f

30、inish（完成），feel like （喜欢）enjoy（享受），escape（逃脱）， delay迟）deny（否认），detest（痛恨）imagine（想象），suggest（建议），keep（保持）8、+todare（敢于），demand（要求），determine（决定）decided（决定），plan（计划） pretend（假装）promise（允诺），prepare（准备），want（想要）、varn（警告）wish（希 望），wait（等待），hope（等待）help（帮忙），hesitate（犹豫），care（愿意）choose（选 择）daini（声称），agree洞意

31、）afford（担负得起），learn（学会），long（渴望）beg（乞 求），bear（忍受），refuse（拒绝）manage（设法） offer（提出） undertake（答应； 同意）expect（希望）9、to/ing:意思不一样1.remember to do sth记得要做某事remember doing sth记得曾做过某事2、forget to do sth忘记要做某事forget doing sth忘记做过某事3. mean to do sth打算做某事mean doing sth意味着就是4、go on to do继续做另一件事go on doing继续做同一件事5

32、.try to do sth试图做某事try doing sth尝试做某事6 stop to do sth停下来做某事stop doing sth停止做某事7、regret to do sth对要发生的事表示遗憾regret doing sth对发生过的事表示后悔十代词every other每隔一个，其他的都nothing but只有，仅仅none oher than不是别人，正是no other than不是别的 正是other than不同于，除了 rather than而不是 anything but决不十二、冠词与数词(6)1.用在身体某部位的名词前代替一个物主代词。及物动词+宾语+介

33、词+the+身体部位如:The ball hit the boy on the nose.2、演奏乐器时，乐器的名称通常用定冠词。如：Do you like to play the guitar or the violin?3、在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代。如：In the 1870s , Marx was already in his fifties.4、在turn, g。(作“变成”解)后作补语的名词前一样不用冠词。如:He has gone socialist5、在若干独立结构中不用冠词。如:He entered the forest, gun in hand.6、学科名称、球

34、类、棋类名称前不加冠词。Do you study physics ? He likes playing football/chess .十三、情态动词+have+过去分词(7)1、 must have done 2、 can/couldn*t + have done3、should / ought to +have done 本应该做却没做4、 may/ might + have done 5、 neednt + have done6、would过去经常重复的习惯动作used to-较远，目前不复存在的习惯Every morning she would teach us English. My

35、 brother used to be a worker, but now he is a college teacher.7、might的固定搭配（1） may/might（just）as well do （ sth.）不妨/做也可以经常会在翻译里出现。必记！I might as well stay at home tonight.十四、连词Unless（除非）While（表转折，表同时发生、表相当长的时间）Since（因为 既然）once（一旦）Now that（既然）In spite of（尽管）Provided（如果）In that（因为），Though/although不与but连用

36、Because不与so连用，Unless不与or连用，Whether常与or not或者or连用.虚拟语气英语动词有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气（用来表示说的话不是 事实，或者是不太可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望，建议，假设的语气叫虚拟 语气。）虚拟语气的考点:.条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；2.条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；3名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；4几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；5.虚拟语气时态的判定。一、膻引导的虚拟条件句区别：If it rains tomorrow, the crops will be saved.陈述语气If it rained tomorrow, the cro

37、ps would be saved.虚拟语气真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句真；If he doesn t hurry up, he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，他将错疝巴士。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气）If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气）非真：If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（非真实条件状语从句）二、虚拟语气在条件从句中：f you had come a few minutes ea

38、rlier, you would have met him.要是春早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了：（与过去事实相反）2.1f it were sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you.明天要是天气好”的话，我来看你。（与将来事实司能相反）3.1f 1 were you, 1 would go at once.假如我是底的话，我会马上走。（与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你）主从句的谓语形式时间If从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在did/wereWould/could/shoukl/might+V. （原原过去had doneWould/could/shou

39、kl/might+hav e+p.p将来Ldld/were2.should do3.were to doVVoulcl/coiild/should/mlght+V. （原）（一）与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句表示与现在事实相反的情况，例 Uf I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）2.1f I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（争实：不知道）3Jf there were no air or water, there woul

40、d be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。（事实：地球上既有空气也有水）4.1f I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我带钱五我嬴会借给你些。（事实没带钱）5.1f he studied hardei; he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）If+主+did （were）,主+would/should/could/mlght+动词原形（二）与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句例：1. If I had got there

41、 earlier, I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）2.1f he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了（事实没有听我的话）If+主+had done sth,主+would/should/coukl/might+动词完成式（have done） （三）表示对将来情况的主观推测例：l.If he should come here tomorrow; I should/would talk to him.

42、如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）2.1f there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，委们就不能去滑冰（事实：不知能否下雪）3.1f she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一来这儿的话；我就会告诉她这件事的始末。If+主+did （were to/should do）,主+woukl/shoiikl/coiikl/niight+动词原形（在表示建议、命令、要求等含义

43、的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，”Should +动词原形”构成，should可省略。）四.有时，主句和条件状语从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形 式应作相应的调整从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不 符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now.如果施们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反

44、，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，莪们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相 反如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much bette r.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。If he had

45、 been working hard, he would be working in the office now.要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进了办公室了。四.if虚拟句的倒装当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句 要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会

46、同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。如果条件状语中有were, had, should时，可以倒装成：were/should/Iiad+ 其他If 1 were you, i would try it again.如果我是你，我会再试一次。Were i you,If he had been there yesterday, he would have seen the film.Had he been there yesterda

47、y,If it should snow tomorrow.we wouldnt go out. Should it snow tomorrow/-（六）非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、 上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件 会暗含在短语中，如without,., but for”.等But for his help, we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作 呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progres

48、s.要是没有 你的指斑，我不会取得如此大的进步。Wedldnit know his telephone number ; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。七.有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一 种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have flnished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.你应该能通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had

49、got it.要是我得到它了该多好啊。L the exam, he would have attend a college.A.If he passed B.Had he passed C.Were he passed D.If he should pass2.five minutes earlier, vou could have seen them off.A.If you should arrive B.If you arrive C.Had you arrive D.Should you arrive翻句子：l.If（如果明天不下雨的话）,we will go to the zoo.2

50、（如果你生病 了）, you must see the doctor.You 11 have to have a rest （如果你感到累）（如果我们训练海豚）,they perform tricks.Parrots repeat words（如果你教他们）（如果老虎住在野外）,they will hunt for their own food .If you do not hurry up,（你会上学迟到）.,底习以及解析enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I the book from which it was made.A. have read B.

51、had read C. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you a few minutes earlier, you him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meetD. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they friends for years.A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been5.He looked

52、as if he ill for a long time.A. was B. were C. has been D. had been7.1 wish that I with you last night.A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone9.1 cant stand him. He always talks as though he everything.A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known 10.the fog, we should have reached our scho

53、ol.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for ll.If you had told me in advance, I him at the airport.A. would meet B. would had met C. would have met D. would have meet 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish h e me how.A. teaches B. will teach C. h

54、as taught D. would teach.He suggested that they use a trick instead of fighting.A. should B. would C. do D. had.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he there.A. not went B. won t go C. not go D. not to go.Would you rather I buying a new bike?A. decided against B. will decide a

55、gainst C. have decided D. shall decide aga Inst.You look so tired tonight. It is high time you.A. go to sleep B. went to sleep C. go to bed D. went to bed.一Why dicln, t you buy a new car?I would have bought one if I enough money.A. had B. have had C. would have D. had had.1f she could sew,A. she mak

56、e a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat.H1S doctor suggested that he a short trip abroad.A. will take B. would take C. take D. took.TheBakers arrived last night. If they(1 only let us know earlier,at the station.A. we d meet them B. we 11 meet th

57、emC. we cl have met them D. we ve met them.1f I you, I more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay 27.We might have failed if you us a helping hand.A. have not given B. would not give C. had not given D. did not give28.The

58、law requires that everyone his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. had C. have D. will have29.lt is strange that he so.A. would say B. would speak C. should say D. will speak3O.Had I known her name,A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live?C. she would be beautiful. D. I would have

59、 invited her to lunch.翻译句子：L it doesnt rain tomorrow 2. If you are ill 3. if you feel tired4. If we train dolphins 5. if you teach them 6. If tigers live in the wild7. you will be late for school15 BBDD 610 DAD 1115 CD 1620 ACAD2125 DBCCC 2630 DCCCD 3135 DDCCB3640 DCACD解析：Lwlsh后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成

60、时。.条件句表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。.as if后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。.asif后面是真实情如 不虚拟。.could have done表示“本来可以”。.as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。本句as though后面是与现在相反 的虚拟语气所以用一般过去时.butfor表示“要不是的话”，通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。UJn advance表示“事先”，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。12.wtsh的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。16.suggest后面的宾语从句用sb. should do的形式。17.suggest后面的从句用sb