《中西文化对比》第一章-第二讲--翻译的标准课件

1、 第二讲 翻译的标准中西文化对比与汉英翻译课程 中国学者及翻译家的学说 严复的“信、达、雅”三字标准鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面”论钱钟书先生的“化境”说矛盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则林语堂的“忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准”刘重德先生的“信、达、切”三字标准History of Argument“案本-求真-神似-化境”严复“信、达、雅”林语堂“忠、顺、美”梁实秋、赵景琛“宁错务顺”鲁迅“宁信不顺”瞿秋白“信顺统一”傅雷“形似神似”钱钟书“入化境界”YanfusFaithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance“Faithfulness” means the full

2、 and complete conveying of the original content of thought; “Expressiveness” demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense; “Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty. 余光中“变通的艺术”“翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬如英文译成

3、中文，既不能西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势必相互妥协，以求两全之计。至于妥协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己的修养了。”辜正坤：翻译标准多元互补理论最佳近似值理论追求唯一的万能的翻译标准是不现实的，根据文章的具体风格，题材，翻译目的及功能不同而采用相应的翻译标准Lu Xuns: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to Liang Shi-qius translation principl

4、e in 1930s. Fu Leis : TL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit. Liu Chongdes : faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness. faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original; closeness: to be as close to the origin

5、al style as possible.Liang Shiqiu s and Zhao Jingshens : “Its better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”外国学者及翻译家的学说“等值论”：以前苏联的费道罗夫为代表的：“等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。”“等效论”：奈达先生的“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence) 及“功能对等”(functional equivalence)学说，强调读者反应，即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。英国教

6、授泰特勒（A. F. Tytler）18世纪提出翻译三原则：That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.译文应完整地再现原文地思想内容That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文地风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同That the translation should have all the ease of the

7、original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然1. 以作者或读者两方中某一方为主要着眼点的原则中国汉唐时期的“文”与“质”之争（实际上是意译与直译之争） 主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺强调译文的可读性（意译）；主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性（直译，甚至是硬译）。 两者都有片面性。 2. 同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则玄奘的“既须求真，又须喻俗”泰特勒翻译三原则严复的译事三难“信、达、雅”鲁迅的“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”符号学的翻译原则：“意义相符，功能相似”（correspondence in m

8、eaning and similarity in function）（意义的分类，文本功能的分类）3.从美学角度提出的翻译原则傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit) 说：高老头重译序中提出来的：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不再形似而在神似”。“神似”即要传达原文的意蕴和韵味，“把原文的意义、神韵把握住”。钱钟书的“化境”(perfection; sublimation) 说：林纾的翻译一文中提出。“把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入乎化境。” 译作被比作原作的“投胎转世”（the tr

9、ansmigration of souls）许渊冲的“三美说”：音美、形美、意美- - -诗歌翻译汉译英教学标准清楚 Clear （不能含混、费解、 不知所云）正确 Correct （内容、语言都正确）通顺 Smooth （读起来流畅、自然） 培养“语感”；汉译英相当于英作文，翻译时要“进得去，出得来”。汉译英特别强调“通顺”和“地道”对以汉语为母语者来说，要把英语这样一种外国语写的“通顺”、“地道”显然很不容易。（相对而言，写的“正确”，不大出错还是不难做到的）汉译英切忌拐弯抹角、华而不实、生硬难懂；有一个“梳理”、“调整”甚至“消肿”的过程。（约二分之一） 基本标准：忠实而通顺在翻译中，忠

10、实与通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面。二者相辅相成，不可割裂。忠实是翻译的首要问题，因而是矛盾的主要方面，在翻译中要首先解决好。通顺是矛盾的次要方面，是第二位的，但在实践中决不可只顾忠实而忽视了通顺，二者必须“统筹兼顾”。达到这个基本标准并不容易。在翻译过程中要考虑众多因素，处理众多矛盾。如：你想力求“忠实”，又怕引起“不顺”，你想力求“通顺”， 又怕引起“不忠”；你想传达“异国情调”，又怕造成“翻译腔”，你想避免“翻译腔”，又怕丧失“异国情调”；你想紧跟作者，又怕失去读者，你想照顾读者，又怕背叛作者总而言之，矛盾重重，左右为难。所以有人说，一篇文章由一百个人来译，定会译出一百个样子来。首先、正

11、确处理忠实于通顺的关系。第二、正确处理内容与形式的关系。第三、正确处理克己意识和创造意识的关系。汉译英的较高标准傅雷的“神似”标准比“信达雅”更高比“传神”更高的翻译标准：“文学翻译的最高标准似化” （钱钟书） 2. The principle the author put forward: Translation is a bridge in communicating in different languages. Its task is to put the content and the style in the source language into the target lang

12、uage and keep the original meanings so that the readers can get the same feelings of the content as the natives. If their understanding and feeling are the same (the original readers and the target language readers), the translation is good.(从翻译效果, 也就是以译文读者得到的感受如何, 来衡量一篇译文的好坏, 这就是翻译标准。) 3. The teach

13、ers opinion: In my opinion, two criteria are very important: the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style.

14、 By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries. 4.How to make your translation have the same feeling of the original content? We should pay attention to the following

15、: 1. The content of the original: (思想内容) To convey the content and ideas of the original work completely. Try to avoid wrong translation and missing translation. Besides try to be careful with the tones and the distribution of the emphasis of the original work. 2. The expression in the target langua

16、ge: (表现手法) Try to use different methods to express the original meaning according to the content, such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, etc. to keep the original style. 3. The style of the original: (文体风格) and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from

17、the earth 书面语：使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。（不易懂）口语： 要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办事的政府 永世长存。（口语化， 琅琅上口。） 4. The selection of vocabulary and expression in the target language: (语言文字) Try to avoid words or expressions difficult to understand and those which sound like the source language or not idiomatic in the target la

18、nguage. 5.What are the highest and lowest criteria for translation? The highest standard: To make the readers of the target language have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness. (最高标准: 达到基本相同的感受, 包括达意、传神、入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容、风格

19、神韵而且自然流畅，读起来不象是译本）。 The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth. (最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准。忠实原文，表达通顺，达意。) 6.What are the reasons that the translation cant keep the same feeling as that of the origial material? Because of many differences between the two languages and

20、 the culture, etc., readers of the translated works can not have the same feeling as those of the original ones. These are reflected from many aspects, such as:1) 两种语言表达方式不同 由于两中语言的表达方式不同如直译， 很难符合译语的习惯，容易造成含混费解，或意思走样。在翻译时应与原文的意思为依据，按译语的习惯重新表达，在用词、句法结构以及比喻修辞等方面作相应的调整和改变。水浒传：Heroes of the Marshes(沼泽地)

21、Water MarginA Chinese novel of the early Ming Dynasty by Shi Naian 红楼梦：A Dream of Red Mansion The Story of the Stone Red Chamber (寝室)novel published in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Cao Xueqin/Red Chamber 4) 礼俗文化的语境干涉 英、汉语有着各自不同的文化，在表达上各有不同。如汉语中的自谦语、尊称语问候语、道歉语和感谢语等体现了汉民族的谦虚仁让。然而， 在该文化信息转换成目标语

22、时， 信息编码存在很大阻力。译者虽能译出所指， 却难保语体色彩和感情色彩，“形似而神不似”， 语境得不到体现。因此给人“有骨无肉”的遗憾，造成文化失真。如下面的翻译 a. 自谦语的翻译： 汉语：不才、小人、小弟、卑职、愚师等； 英语：均译为“I, me., mine, myself”。 b. 尊称语： 汉语：尊姓、贵庚、玉体、令堂 英语：name; age; health, mother3) 原语作者与译语作者的理解和表达水平的差异。 要达到使译文读者的感受与原文读者完全相同，从理论上讲， 应要求译者（1）对原文的理解水平不低于原文读者的一般水平；（2）对译语的表达能力不低于原文作者的表达能力

23、。这一点是达不到的。因为译者对外语（译语）的理解水平不可能等同与原语的读者，他的表达能力也不可能等同与原语作者的表达水平。5) 典籍文化的语境干涉 在各自的语言中都有一些典故，由于东、西放文化的差异，这些典故如直译出来会造成译文读者的费解或误解。 在这中情况下就要采取不同的方法， 如增词译法、加注译法或引伸译法以及与译语大致接近的典故等译法进行翻译， 方可将原译比较贴切地翻译出来。如：中山狼：the zhongshan wolf a mountain wolf attacked and wanted to eat the person who has just saved him。She is

24、 as beautiful as Helen. 她是绝代佳人。（或她象杨玉环一样美丽。 她象海伦一样美。解释：海伦古西腊女神， 美女。） 5. Keep the implied meaning and make your translation readable: (传神达意) Try to fully understand the writers purpose of writing the article and get the main idea of it. While translating, do it from the view of the passage or paragra

25、ph, not only from the view of some individual words or phrases.1.月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又象笼着轻纱的梦。（选自朱自清荷塘月色）2. To love is to place our happiness in the happiness of another.3. They dream in courtship, but in wedlock wake.4.To love for the sake of being loved is human, but t

26、o love for the sake of loving is angelic.5.Happiness is a butterfly, which, when pursued, is always just beyond your grasp, but which, if you will sit down quietly, may alight upon you.6. A: Friends I got plenty of, Its love that s left me wanting. B:Well,dont be despair, It takes as long as it take

27、s.7. A two-parents home is not the only emotional structure within which a child can be happy and healthy.8. The town boasts a beautiful lake.9 .He read until his guests arrived.10.这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个西施，一个张飞。11.她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。12.It s easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich to

28、 enter the kingdom of God.13 .昨晚抓了三个小偷。14.校园东头有栋房子。15.得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。The moon sheds her liquid light silently over the leaves and flowers, in the floating transparency of a bluish haze from the pond, look as if they had just been bathed in milk, or like a dream wrapped in a gauzy hood. （见中国翻译 199

29、2年第2期）Moonlight was flowing quietly like a stream down to the leaves and flowers. A light mist over-spread the lotus pond. Leaf and flower, seemed washed in milk. (见英语世界 1985年第5期）2.爱就是只要别人幸福快乐，我们就幸福快乐！3. 求婚时想入非非，结婚后如梦方醒。4.为了被爱去爱是人类的天性，为了爱去爱却是天使般的美德5.幸福像一只蝴蝶，你去追逐它，总是捉不到。当你安静地坐下来，它又会落到你身上。6.A：我有很多朋友，但

30、是缺少爱情！ B：别灰心，这是可遇不可求的事。7.双亲家庭并非是唯一能让孩子过的健康快乐的情感组织。8.这个镇上有一个美丽的湖。9.他在看书（报），客人来了才放（停）下。10.The young couple is not well-matched, one is XiShi-a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is ZhangFei-a well known ill-tempered brute.11 .Her beauty would put the flower to shame.12.富人进天堂比骆驼穿针眼还难。13 .Three thie

31、ves were caught last night.13 .A house has been built/ (There is a house )on the east of the campus.14.Whoever comes to first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing. 修改下列误译的句子1中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏花灯的习俗。 Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15. 3你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。 You whoever wants to go spring outing please sign up your name and pay dues before Friday. 4我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打六折也还是太贵 I think the clothes prices in the shop