土木工程专业英语Unit-7(1)-Underground-Works课件

1、Unit 7 Underground Works 地下工程learning guidance ：1. Master：学习隧道的基本知识，了解隧道的基本组成部分、类型、及其施工与规划 2. Teaching important point ： 隧道的结构、类型与施工。 3.Teaching difficult point ： 科技英语翻译技巧：句子成分的转换7.1 INTRODUCTION一、地下空间开发 当今世界，人类正在向地下、海洋和宇宙开发。向地下开发可归结为：地下资源开发、地下能源开发和地下空间开发三个方面。二、地下空间开发发展特点： 地下空间的开发利用正由“点、线、面”的利用向“大断面

2、、大距离的空间”利用发展。二、地下空间利用的时代划分第一时代:从出现人类至公元前3,000年的远古时期。人类原始穴居，天然洞窟成为人类防寒暑、避风雨、躲野兽的处所。第二时代:从公元前3,000年至5世纪的古代时期。埃及金字塔、古代巴比伦引水隧道，均为此时代的建筑典范。我国秦汉时期的陵墓和地下粮仓，已具有相当技术水准和规模。第三时代:从5世纪至14世纪的中世纪时代。世界范围矿石开采技术出现，推进了地下工程的发展。 第四时代:从15世纪开始至现代。欧美产业革命，诺贝尔发明黄色炸药，成为开发地下空间的有力武器。三、地下工程 （1）交通运输方面：地下铁道、铁路、公路隧道 （2）民用建筑工程：地下停车场

3、、过街或穿越障碍的各种地下通道、各种储存库房、商店、人防与市政地下工程，以及文化、体育、娱乐与生活等方面的联合建筑体等等。 （3）军事方面：野战工事、地下指挥所、通讯枢纽、掩蔽所、军火库等； （4）工业建筑方面：各种地下工厂车间、电站 （5）矿山工程：煤矿、各种金属矿山 （6）水利工程：地下输水管道。Cases of underground worksunderground car parkingsubmarine tunnelrailway tunnel road tunnel 世界最长的双洞单向公路隧道终南山公路隧道underground street underground storeu

4、nderground hotelunderground hotelunderground hydropower station 7.2 Part I How Tunnels Work 一、New Words and Phrases： 1. shaft /：ft / n. 竖井；通风井2. portal /PO:tl/ n. 入口，洞口3. crown /kraun/ n. 顶点 (arch crown 拱圈)4. invert /invE:t/ v. 颠倒，翻转；(arch invert 底板)5. ultrasonic /;VltrEsOnIk/ adj. 超音速的6. statics /s

5、tQtIks/ n. 静力学7. equilibrium /;i:kwilibrIEm/ n. 平衡，均衡8. tension /tenSEn/ n. 拉力，张力9. compression /kEMPReSEn/ v. 浓缩，压缩，压榨10. shearing /SIRIN/ n. 切断，修剪 ( shear 剪刀，剪裂面)11. torsion /tO:SEn/ n. 扭转，扭力12. masonry/meisEnri/ n. 砖石13. muck /mVk/ n. 黑泥14. canal /kEnQl/ n. 河渠；管道；运河15. shield /Si:Ld/ n. 防护罩；遮护16.

6、 stave /steiv/ n. 狭板17. scaffold /skQfEld / n. 脚手架18. ore extraction 矿石开采19. shore up 承托20. run through 通过21. stand-up time 直立时间22. breasting board 罩板23. push forward 推进24. TMBs 隧道钻挖机，隧洞掘进机 25. disk cutter 圆盘剪切机26. cut-and-cover method 锄坑回填法；明挖回填法27. continuous arch 连续拱，连续的弓形结构28. fire-setting n. 火力

7、破石29. dead load/live load 恒负载/活负载30. Boring equipment 钻机设备31. Tunnel construction 隧道施工32. Full-face method 全面开挖法33. Breasting board 罩板34. Sprayed concrete 喷射混凝土35. Shale, chalk, sandstone 页岩，白垩，砂岩36. Hydraulic cylinder haidr:lik slnd液压缸37. High-pressure water jet 高压水柱n. 盾；防护物；保护者 vt. 遮蔽；包庇；避开；保卫 vi.

8、 防御；起保护作用Static load,dynamic loadAt its most basic, atunnelis a tube hollowed through soil or stone. Constructing a tunnel, however, is one of the most complex challenges in the field of civil engineering. （characteristic ）Many tunnels are considered technological masterpieces and governments have h

9、onored tunnel engineers as heroes. Thats not to say, of course, that some tunnel projects havent encountered major setbacks. 二、 How Tunnels WorkDefinition: Simply, atunnelis a tube hollowed(挖空) through soil or stone.1. Introduction to How Tunnels Work The Central Artery/Tunnel Project (the “Big Dig”

10、) in Boston, Massachusetts,mstu:sits was plagued by massive cost overruns, allegations lge()n of corruption, and a partial ceiling collapse that resulted in a fatality. But these challenges havent stopped engineers from dreaming up（创造、设计） even bigger and bolder ideas, such as building a Transatlanti

11、c Tunnel to connect New York with London.二、 How Tunnels Work2.The form of tunnels:Natural tunnel: erosion and other forces of natureMan made tunnel: tunnels created by the process of excavation(挖掘)（manual labor, explosives, rapid heating and cooling, tunneling machinery ）. A tunnel is a horizontal p

12、assageway located underground. While erosionr()n and other forces of nature can form tunnels, in this article well talk about man made tunnels - tunnels created by the process of excavation. There are many different ways to excavate a tunnel, including manual labor, explosives, rapid heating and coo

13、ling, tunneling machinery or a combination of these methods.3 Tunnel BasicsSome structures may require excavation similar to tunnel excavation, but are not actually tunnels.Shafts, for example, are often hand-dug or dug with boring equipment. But unlike tunnels, shafts are vertical and shorter. Ofte

14、n, shafts are built either as part of a tunnel project to analyze the rock or soil, or in tunnel construction to provide headings, or locations, from which a tunnel can be excavated.headings n. 标题；上端；平巷；页眉 The diagram below shows the relationship between these underground structures in a typical mou

15、ntain tunnel. The opening of the tunnel is aportal. The “roof” of the tunnel, or the top half of the tube, is thecrown. The bottom half is theinvert. The basic geometry of the tunnel is continuous arch. Because tunnels must withstand tremendous pressure from all sides, the arch is an ideal shape. In

16、 the case of a tunnel, the arch simply goes all the way around.go all the way 完全一致go all the way with 完全同意go all the way through完全一致go all of the way 不遗余力 Well go all the way 我们要一路向前Tunnel engineers, likebridgeengineers, must be concerned with an area of physics known asstatics.Statics describes how

17、 the following forces interact to produce equilibrium on structures such as tunnels and bridges: (1). Tension: which expands, or pulls on, material (2). Compression: which shortens, or squeezes material (3). Shearing: which causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions

18、(4) Torsion: which twists a materialThe tunnel must oppose these forces with strong materials, such as masonry, steel, iron and concrete.In order to remain static, tunnels must be able to withstand the loads placed on them.Dead loadrefers to the weight of the structure itself, whilelive loadrefers t

19、o the weight of the vehicles and people that move through the tunnel.4 Types of TunnelsThere are three broad categorieskt,gori（category ） of tunnels: mining, public works and transportation. Lets look briefly at each type. (1)Mine tunnels: used during ore extraction (矿石开采), enabling laborers or equi

20、pment to access mineral and metal deposits(煤炭和金属矿床） deep inside theearth. Fig.7.4 A coal miner standing on the back of a car in a mine tunnel in the early 1900s. Notice that the sides of the tunnel are shored up with timber. (2)Public works tunnels: carry water, sewage or gas lines across great dist

21、ances .Fig.7.4 A Roman aqueduct that runs from the Pools of Solomon to Jerusalem 香港吐露水港污水处理隧道 The drainage line built by Germany in Qingdao(3) Transportation tunnels:used for travel, shipping or irrigationFig.7.6 Traveling through the Holland Tunnel from Manhattan to New Jersey 红旗渠隧道20世纪60年代，英雄的林县人民

22、以重新安排林县河山的大无畏的英雄气概，坚持和发扬解放思想、实事求是、自力更生、艰苦奋斗、自强不息、开拓创新、团结实干、无私奉献的精神，用自己勤劳的双手，在巍巍太行山上，逢山凿洞，遇沟架桥，一锤一钎，坚持苦干十年，削平了1250座山头，凿通了211个隧洞，架设152座渡槽，建成了盘绕林滤山长达1500公里的引水灌溉工程红旗渠。红旗渠在河南省安阳以西50多公里的林州林滤山中，地势险峻，工程宏伟。它不仅是造福人民的水利工程，也为林滤山自然风光增添了一大胜景，被中外游人誉为“人工天河”、“当代万里长城”、“世界第八大奇迹”。20世纪70年代初，红旗渠工程竣工后，周恩来总理自豪地告诉国际友人：新中国有两

23、个奇迹，一个是南京长江大桥，一个是林县红旗渠。 5 Tunnel Construction: 1.隧道施工的工序包括开挖、出渣、支护和衬砌。人们在实际中已创造出多种隧道施工方法，概括起来有两大施工方式，即明挖法和暗挖法。2.明挖法主要有：敞口放坡明挖、板桩法、地下连续墙施工法三种。3.暗挖法主要有：矿山法、盾构法、沉管法、顶进法等。5 Tunnel Construction: (1)soft ground （earth）(2) hard rock (3)soft rock (4)underwater隧道的通风通风方式自然通风机械通风半横向式纵向式横向式混合式射流式风道式和喷嘴式竖井式Fig 7

24、.8 Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower 射流式纵向通风 纵向式通风是从一个洞口直接引进新鲜空气，由另一洞口排出污染空气的方式。射流式纵向通风是将射流式风机设置于车道的吊顶部，吸入隧道内的部分空气，并以30m/s左右的速度喷射吹出，用以升压，使空气加速，达到通风的目的。射流式通风经济，设备费少，但噪声较大。竖井式纵向通风 机械通风所需动力与隧道长度的立方成正比，因此在长隧道中，常常设置竖井进行分段通风。竖井用于排气，有烟囱作用，效果良好。对向交通的隧道，因新风是从两侧洞口进入，竖井宜设于中间。单向交通时，由于新风主要自入口一侧进入，竖井应靠近出口

25、侧设置。横向式通风横向式通风的特点是风在隧道的横断面方向流动，一般不发生纵向流动，因此有害气体的浓度在隧道轴线方向的分布均匀。该通风方式有利于防止火灾蔓延和处理烟雾。但需设置送风道和排风道，增加建设费用和运营费用。 半横向式通风半横向式通风的特点是新鲜空气经送风道直接吹向汽车的排气孔高度附近，直接稀释排气，污染空气在隧道上部扩散，经过两端洞门排出洞外。半横向式通风，因仅设置送风道，所以较为经济。 6 Tunnel Planning tunnel engineers need to consider following factors: (1)soil and rock types (2)wea

26、k beds and zones (3)groundwater (4)special hazards地铁车站区间隧道出入口建筑物6.3.4 地下铁道Exercise:I. Read the whole passage and answer the following questions.1. Give a general introduction to content of the whole passage.2. Define the tunnel.3. What ways can be used to excavate a tunnel? Explain it in detail.4. H

27、ow can tunnels be categorized? Summarize each type briefly.5. What are the four primary environments of tunnel excavation? State the procedure of tunnel excavation in hard rocks.6. How did Peter M. Barlow and James Henry Greathead improve Brunels design?7. Why planning is important to a successful t

28、unnel project?8. Discuss your expectations for future tunnels with your partner(s).II. Translate the following terms into Chinese or English.Registered contractor 土壤稳定工程；加固工程relieving arch 后备发电机salt water pumping station 温度传感器shock load 隧道通风风扇site investigation 承重剪力墙amount of compression 深层加固attitud

29、e of stratum 抗震建筑cased borehole 承压变形engineering geologic condition 裂隙方向compaction by driving 打桩机 III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese or English. 1. Thats not to say, of course, that some tunnel projects havent encountered major setbacks. 2. Mine tunnels are not as safe as tunnels des

30、igned for permanent occupation, however. 3. They decided that any bridge safe enough to withstand the severe conditions would be too difficult to build.4. 隧道如何建设很大程度上取决于它必须穿过的地质环境。 5. 工人们随之将场中注满水，使各部件上浮，然后将他们放置在运河的底部。6. 水下建隧道是在所有环境中最具有挑战性的，它需要运用一种独特的方法，这种方法在地面上无法施行。IV. Choose the right word to fill

31、in the blanks.Today, the New York City subway system is in the middle of a massive renovation. One of the planned additions is a new tunnel all the way from Long Island to Manhattan.A tunnel-boring machine (TBM)will do much of the digging.A TBM is a machine so large that it usually has to be _ in pi

32、eces. It uses discs and scrapers to crush and remove rock and debris, creating a tunnel. A conveyor removes this debris from the tunnel so crews can _of it. Although it moves slowly, a TBM can dig through both hardbedrockand softer soil, and it supports the tunnel as it digs.stretchingtransported _

33、disposeBut machines like this didnt exist during the construction of the worlds first subways. Building crews had to the subway lines in cities like London and Paris by hand. This was slow, difficult, work. For example, digging the New York City subway tunnels required close to 8,000 laborers. Thous

34、ands sustained injuries during construction, and more than 60 died. Improved construction methods havent completely subway construction accidents. In January 2007, a _at a subway construction site in Sao Paulo, Brazil buried a minibus and several dump trucks and created a 260-foot-wide crater.Throug

35、h the years, crews have used a variety of methods to excavate the subway tunnels. Some have blasted rock withdynamite, and have used movable shields to protect _while excavating hollow tubes under streets and buildings. In the 1950s, some crews started using theNew Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM),

36、a collection of for determining how and where to dig.excavatedangerouspreventedcollapse othersdiggersTechniques 7.3 Part II Reading Materials Text A: Tunnel Construction(1)Underwater(2)The Big Dig(3)The Future of TunnelingQuestions：a. whats the features and purposes of tunnels ？b. Do you know other

37、tunnel projects in home and abroad？ 2.TBM1.盖板法Text B: The Traditional Building ProcessRequirements of reading materials:( it is arranged by teachers)(1)Project Initiation(2)Design(3)Bidding(4)Construction7.4 Part III Translation of EST(6) -句子成分的转换 翻译知识：a.英语的形合法:一个句子由几个概念联合在一起, 表达一个完整的内容。这样, 英语句子的结构清

38、楚, 易于识别。b.汉语的意合法:汉语句子的结构一般是采用意合法, 即需要从意义上来分辨词的不同作用。词在句中总是充当某种成分。 因此, 在英译汉时往往需要按照汉语的表达习惯改变原文中某些词在句中所担当的成分，这是一种十分常见的翻译技巧。 句子成分转换的依据：英汉差异！翻译策略：按照汉语的表达习惯改变英文中某些词在句中所担当的成分 具体方法： 1. 主语与宾语之间的转换 英语的被动语态常译为汉语的主动语态，英语中的主语译成汉语中的宾语。The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of generator.利用发电机可以把机