Practise-IELTS-Exam-2---课件(PPT 41页)

1、Practice IELTS Exam 2Laurie Schiller, BS, MAChina Agricultural UniversityInternational College at BeijingIntensive Reading IV第1页，共41页。Question 1 The reactor core became too coolHow did the accident at Chernobyl happen? It happened because on the day of the accident, safety precautions were disregard

2、ed while operators performed an experimental test. During the test, the reactor cooled excessively and threatened to shut down. If this had happened, the operators would not have been able to restart the reactor for a long period of time. To avoid this situation, they went against all safety regulat

3、ions by removing most of the control rods. Soon, the reactor began to overheat. When the reactor overheated, the fuel rods melted and spilled their radioactive contents into the superheated water, which then flashed into steam. Next, the increased pressure from the steam blew the top off the reactor

4、, and because there was no confinement shell around the reactor, radioactive material shot into the sky第2页，共41页。Question 2 The safety precautions were disregardedHow did the accident at Chernobyl happen? It happened because on the day of the accident, safety precautions were disregarded while operat

5、ors performed an experimental test. During the test, the reactor cooled excessively and threatened to shut down. If this had happened, the operators would not have been able to restart the reactor for a long period of time. To avoid this situation, they went against all safety regulations by removin

6、g most of the control rods. Soon, the reactor began to overheat. When the reactor overheated, the fuel rods melted and spilled their radioactive contents into the superheated water, which then flashed into steam. Next, the increased pressure from the steam blew the top off the reactor, and because t

7、here was no confinement shell around the reactor, radioactive material shot into the sky第3页，共41页。Question 3 The reactor core became too hotHow did the accident at Chernobyl happen? It happened because on the day of the accident, safety precautions were disregarded while operators performed an experi

8、mental test. During the test, the reactor cooled excessively and threatened to shut down. If this had happened, the operators would not have been able to restart the reactor for a long period of time. To avoid this situation, they went against all safety regulations by removing most of the control r

9、ods. Soon, the reactor began to overheat. When the reactor overheated, the fuel rods melted and spilled their radioactive contents into the superheated water, which then flashed into steam. Next, the increased pressure from the steam blew the top off the reactor, and because there was no confinement

10、 shell around the reactor, radioactive material shot into the sky第4页，共41页。Question 4 The high-pressure water bathturned to steamHow did the accident at Chernobyl happen? It happened because on the day of the accident, safety precautions were disregarded while operators performed an experimental test

11、. During the test, the reactor cooled excessively and threatened to shut down. If this had happened, the operators would not have been able to restart the reactor for a long period of time. To avoid this situation, they went against all safety regulations by removing most of the control rods. Soon,

12、the reactor began to overheat. When the reactor overheated, the fuel rods melted and spilled their radioactive contents into the superheated water, which then flashed into steam. Next, the increased pressure from the steam blew the top off the reactor, and because there was no confinement shell arou

13、nd the reactor, radioactive material shot into the sky第5页，共41页。Question 5 The steam caused an explosionHow did the accident at Chernobyl happen? It happened because on the day of the accident, safety precautions were disregarded while operators performed an experimental test. During the test, the re

14、actor cooled excessively and threatened to shut down. If this had happened, the operators would not have been able to restart the reactor for a long period of time. To avoid this situation, they went against all safety regulations by removing most of the control rods. Soon, the reactor began to over

15、heat. When the reactor overheated, the fuel rods melted and spilled their radioactive contents into the superheated water, which then flashed into steam. Next, the increased pressure from the steam blew the top off the reactor, and because there was no confinement shell around the reactor, radioacti

16、ve material shot into the sky第6页，共41页。Question 6 not given In the end, the cost of the Chernobyl accident was enormous. Thirty-one people died, and several hundred were hospitalized. Thousands had to be evacuated and resettled. The soil around Chernobyl will remain contaminated for years*One might g

17、uess that question 6 is true, but it is never actually stated in the passage.第7页，共41页。Question 7 not given*You might know that question 7 is false (nuclear power plants do not produce air pollution), but this is never actually stated in the passage.第8页，共41页。Question 8 trueHow do nuclear reactors pro

18、duce electricity? First, a series of nuclear fissions are produced by bombarding the nuclei of uranium-235 with neutrons. When a neutron strikes a nucleus, the nucleus splits, releasing energy. The released energy then heats the water surrounding the rods, whose outer shells are made of zirconium. T

19、he hot water is pumped to a steam generator, where steam is produced. Finally, the steam passes to a turbine that drives a generator to produce electricity.The water acts as a coolant by slowing down the neutrons. In some reactors, graphite is added to the water because graphite also slows down neut

20、rons第9页，共41页。Question 9 falseThe hot water is pumped to a steam generator, where steam is produced. Finally, the steam passes to a turbine that drives a generator to produce electricity.transform: (v.) to change the appearance or character of sth.*The steam is used to turn a turbine so that a genera

21、tor can produce electricity; the steam itself does not become electricity.第10页，共41页。Question 10 trueNext, the increased pressure from the steam blew the top off the reactor, and because there was no confinement shell around the reactor, radioactive material shot into the sky. At the same time, hot s

22、team reacted with the zirconium shells of the fuel rods and with the graphite in the coolant water to produce hydrogen gas, which then ignited. The graphite burned for a long time, spreading even more radioactivity into the atmosphere.The lesson from Chernobyl is this: a well-designed nuclear power

23、plant using normal fuel is not dangerous as long as proper safety procedures are followed. However, poor design or disregard for safety regulations can lead to catastrophe.第11页，共41页。Question 11 control rodsA nuclear power plant contains a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to produ

24、ce electricity. The reactor consists of fuel rods alternating with control rods inside a very large container called the reactor core. The fuel rods contain radioactive fuel such as uranium-235, and the control rods contain neutron-absorbing substances such as boron and cadmium. By varying the depth

25、 of the control rods within the core, one can increase or decrease the absorption of neutrons, thereby speeding up or slowing down the fission process. If necessary, the rods can be dropped all the way into the core to stop the reaction completely. A high-pressure water bath surround the rods. The w

26、ater acts as a coolant by slowing down the neutrons. In some reactors, graphite is added to the water because graphite also descreases the absorption of neutrons. A confinement shell usually surrounds the parts containing radioactive material so that radioactivity cannot escape.第12页，共41页。Question 12

27、 high-pressure water bathA nuclear power plant contains a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to produce electricity. The reactor consists of fuel rods alternating with control rods inside a very large container called the reactor core. The fuel rods contain radioactive fuel such as

28、 uranium-235, and the control rods contain neutron-absorbing substances such as boron and cadmium. By varying the depth of the control rods within the core, one can increase or decrease the absorption of neutrons, thereby speeding up or slowing down the fission process. If necessary, the rods can be

29、 dropped all the way into the core to stop the reaction completely. A high-pressure water bath surround the rods. The water acts as a coolant by slowing down the neutrons. In some reactors, graphite is added to the water because graphite also descreases the absorption of neutrons. A confinement shel

30、l usually surrounds the parts containing radioactive material so that radioactivity cannot escape.第13页，共41页。Question 13 fuel rodsA nuclear power plant contains a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to produce electricity. The reactor consists of fuel rods alternating with control ro

31、ds inside a very large container called the reactor core. The fuel rods contain radioactive fuel such as uranium-235, and the control rods contain neutron-absorbing substances such as boron and cadmium. By varying the depth of the control rods within the core, one can increase or decrease the absorp

32、tion of neutrons, thereby speeding up or slowing down the fission process. If necessary, the rods can be dropped all the way into the core to stop the reaction completely. A high-pressure water bath surround the rods. The water acts as a coolant by slowing down the neutrons. In some reactors, graphi

33、te is added to the water because graphite also descreases the absorption of neutrons. A confinement shell usually surrounds the parts containing radioactive material so that radioactivity cannot escape.第14页，共41页。Question 14 steam generatorHow do nuclear reactors produce electricity? First, a series

34、of nuclear fissions are produced by bombarding the nuclei of uranium-235 with neutrons. When a neutron strikes a nucleus, the nucleus splits, releasing energy. The released energy then heats the water surrounding the rods, whose outer shells are made of zirconium. The hot water is pumped to a steam

35、generator, where steam is produced. Finally, the steam passes to a turbine that drives a generator to produce electricity.第15页，共41页。Question 15 The status of Catholics in EnglandParagraph B describes the situation in England in the early 1600s. Catholics were persecuted because of their religion and

36、 hoped that the new king would be more lenient. However, when James I became king, “he did not repeal the laws against Catholicism” and later “expelled Catholic priests from the country.”第16页，共41页。Question 16 The plot is hatchedParagraph C describes the people involved in the plot and what they plan

37、ned to do.hatch: (v.) 1. to make a plan, especially a secret plan; 2. to cause an egg to break to allow a baby bird to emerge第17页，共41页。Question 17 An anonymous letterParagraph D describes how the plot was put in danger because of an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle. “Francis Treshams betrayal” is

38、not a suitable heading for paragraph D because it is not known if Tresham actually sent the letter or not.anonymous: (adj.) made or done by someone whose name is not known or not made public第18页，共41页。Question 18 The plot is foiledParagraph E describes the failure of the plan. “John Johnsons arrest”

39、is not a suitable heading for paragraph E because “John Johnson” was not actually arrested; rather, it was Guy Fawkes, who said his name was John Johnson, who was arrested.foil: (v.) to prevent someone or something from being successful第19页，共41页。Question 19 The aftermathParagraph F describes what ha

40、ppened after the plan was discovered and the guilty men were executed.aftermath: (n.) the period which follows an unpleasant event or accident and the effects which it causes第20页，共41页。Question 20 ProtestantIn 1602, as Queen Elizabeth Is reign was drawing to an end, English Catholics looked forward t

41、o better times. For decades, the authorities had regarded Catholics as potential enemies of the state. High-born Catholics could not get advancement at court; Catholics unprotected by rank or wealth were often harassed and even attacked. They were obliged to attend Church of England services, and th

42、ose who refused were heavily fined. Catholic hopes were pinned on Elizabeths successor, James VI of Scotland. Although he was Protestant, he was the son of the Catholic martyr Mary Queen of Scots (Para B)第21页，共41页。Question 21 Catholic Four of the plotters were young men from well-connected Catholic

43、families: Thomas Percy, Jack Wright, John Winter and their leader, the charismatic Robert Catesby. Another, Guy Fawkes, was a Yorkshire-born mercenary soldier who had just returned from fighting for the Catholic cause in the Netherlands. Catesby recruited him for his expertise with gunpowder. Their

44、plan, devised by Catesby, was staggeringly ambitious: to blow up the Houses of Parliament during its next state opening ceremony第22页，共41页。Question 22 CatholicHowever, during the preparation, several of the conspirators became concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present on the appointed day

45、, and therefore killed. On Friday, 26 October Lord Monteagle received a letter, thought to be from his brother-in-law, conspirator Francis Tresham. The anonymous letter urged Monteagle to “Retire yourself into the country forthey shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament and yet they shall not s

46、ee who hurts them.”第23页，共41页。Question 23 CatholicHowever, during the preparation, several of the conspirators became concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present on the appointed day, and therefore killed. On Friday, 26 October Lord Monteagle received a letter, thought to be from his brothe

47、r-in-law, conspirator Francis Tresham. The anonymous letter urged Monteagle to “Retire yourself into the country forthey shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament and yet they shall not see who hurts them.” When the conspirators heard about the Monteagle letter, Catesby accused Tresham of betray

48、ing them; he vigorously denied it conspirator: (n.) someone who conspires with other people to do somethingconspire: (v.) to plan secretly with other people to do something bad, illegal or against someones wishes第24页，共41页。Question 24 ProtestantMonteagle immediately took the letter to James Is secret

49、ary of state Robert Cecil The Gunpowder Plot had been decisively defeated. Cecil lost no time in turning the affair to Jamess advantage, claiming it as Gods deliverance and proof that he was on the side of Protestant England. As Catholics had feared, new restrictions were placed on them, and in the

50、immediate aftermath of the failed plot, it became even more dangerous to practise their religion第25页，共41页。Question 25 Lord MonteagleHowever, during the preparation, several of the conspirators became concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present on the appointed day, and therefore killed. On

51、 Friday, 26 October Lord Monteagle received a letter, thought to be from his brother-in-law, conspirator Francis Tresham第26页，共41页。Question 26 cellars/vaultsNovember 5, 1605, a solitary figure is arrested in the cellars of Parliament House. Although he first gives his name as John Johnson, a startlin

52、g series of events begins to unfold under torture But the Monteagle letter led to a search of the vaults beneath the House of Lords. At midnight on 5 November, a party of armed men discovered Fawkes guarding a pile of wood, not far from about twenty barrels of gunpowder, posing as “Mr. John Johnson”

53、House of Lords: (n.) one of the two groups of the British Parliament that meets in the Parliament building and makes laws第27页，共41页。Question 27 state opening ceremony/state opening of Parliament Four of the plotters were young men from well-connected Catholic families: Thomas Percy, Jack Wright, John

54、 Winter and their leader, the charismatic Robert Catesby. Another, Guy Fawkes, was a Yorkshire-born mercenary soldier who had just returned from fighting for the Catholic cause in the Netherlands. Catesby recruited him for his expertise with gunpowder. Their plan, devised by Catesby, was staggeringl

55、y ambitious: to blow up the Houses of Parliament during its next state opening ceremony第28页，共41页。Question 28 publicly executed/hanged, drawn and quarteredEventually, under torture, he gave names and details of the plot. He and the other surviving conspirators were tried in Westminster Hall and publi

56、cly hanged, drawn and quartered.第29页，共41页。Question 29 tenFor Vermont, the organization is big. It has 400 workers, placing it among the states top 10 employers. In revenue, its also big$100 million in 1991, and growing.第30页，共41页。Question 30 sevenLinked prosperity is the basis of compensationif the c

57、ompany does well, they all do well. Ben & Jerrys has even outlined this philosophy in the companys mission statement. The organization maintains what it calls a fair ratio between the lowest and highest salaries, which is currently 7:1.第31页，共41页。Question 31 employee-orientedThe work environment is e

58、mployee-oriented. In the summer, many employees wear shorts, and T-shirts are a wardrobe must. In the winter, they wear jeans. Youd be hard-pressed to find anyone at the company who owns a tie, including the cofounders. In the production area, employees listen to the radio, which rotates between one

59、 of the three stations that are broadcast in the area. But just because they listen to music all day and dont have a dress code doesnt mean they arent serious about what they do. They just happen to be extremely comfortable while theyre doing it. While their parents work, some employees children spe

60、nd the day at the companys childrens centeranother benefit that enables workers to balance work and family life. The center is in a renovated farmhouse on land adjacent to the companys headquarters.第32页，共41页。Question 32 inside/insiderCommunication is also important at Ben & Jerrys, and it goes both