20g托福持续中美国名人

1、From the white houseU.S. s:Gee Washington (1st)United in Service Take a look at biographies made andfrom theon Service and Civic Participation.ial sceOn April 30, 1789, Gee Washington, standing on the balconyof Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath ofoffice as theof the United Ses.

2、As theoflevery thing, in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent,he wrote James Madison, it is devoutly wished on my part, these precedents may be fixed on true principles.tBorn in 1732o a Virginia planter family, he learned the1789-1797morals, manners, and body of knowledge requisite for

3、an 18th century Virginia gentleman.Born: February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, VirginiaHe pursued two expanertwinederests: military arts and westerney Shenandoah lands for Thomas, colonel in 1754, hethe French andraddock,Lord Fairfax. Commis fought theDied: December 14, 1799 in Mount Vernon, Vir

4、giniaMarried to Mar Dandridge Washingtonhe eschorses were shot from under him.From 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution,Washington managed his lands around Mount Vernon and served he Virginia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, MarDandridge Custis, he devoted himself to a busy andlife

5、.But like his fellow planters, Washington felt himself exploited by British merchants and hampered by British regulations. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderay but firmly voiced hisWhen the Second Continental Congress assembled inPhiladelphiaay 1775, Washington, one of the V

6、irginiadelegates, was electedder in Chief of the ContinentalArmy. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took d of his ill-trained troops and embarked upon a warwas to last six grueling years.tHe realized earlyt the best strategy was to harass the British.He reported to Congress, we should

7、 on all Occas avoid ageneral Action, or put anything to the Risque, unless compelledby a nesity,o which we ought never to be drawn. Ensuingbattles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexpectedly. Finallyin 1781 with the aid of French al Cornwallis at Yorktown.s-he forced the surrender ofWashingto

8、n longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But hesoon realizedt the Nation under its Articles of Confederationwas not functioning well, so he became a prime moverhesteps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. When the new Constitution was ratified, the Electoral Col

9、lege unanimously elected WashingtonHe did not infringe upon the policy making Constitution gave Congress. But the determina policy became preponderantly aFrench Revolution led to a major war beterst he felt thethedEngland, Washington refused to accept entirely the mendations of either his Secretary

10、of SJefferson, who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British. Rather, he insistedupon a neutral course until the United Ses could grow stronger.To his disappo hisment, two parties were develobyofof his second. In his Farewell Addre to forswear exforeign

11、 arged his countrymen al distinctions. InWashington enjoyed lessn three years of retiremenMountVernon, for he died of a throat infection December 14, 1799. For months the Nation mourned him.For more information aboutGee Washington, pleasevisite Washingtons Mount Vernon EsGee and GardensU.S. ServiceT

12、ake a look ats: United in John Adams (2nd)ialLearned and thoughtful, John Adams was more remarkable as abiographies made by kidsand from thes about services Councilpolitical philosopher politifn as as areon Service and Civic Participation.said, doubtless thinking of his own as well as the American e

13、xperience.Second1797-1801Adams was bornheMassachusetts Bay Colony in 1735. A Harvard-educated lawyer, he early became identified with theBorn: October 30 1735 inBraree, Norfolk,patriot cause; a delegate to theand Second ContinentalMassachusettsCongresses, he ledhe movement for independence.Died: Jul

14、y 4, 1826 inDuring the Revolutionary War he served in France and Holland in diplomatic roles, and helped negotiate the treaty of peace. From 1785 to 1788 he was minister to the Court of St. Jamess,Braree, Norfolk,MassachusettsMarried to Abigail Smith Adamsreturning to be elected Viceunder Gee Washin

15、gton.Adams two terms as Vicewere frustrating experienfor a man of his vigor,ellect, and vanity. He complained to hiswife Abigail, My country has in its wisdom contrived for me themost insignificant officet ever the invention of man contrivedor his imagination conceived.When Adams became, the war bet

16、n the French andBritish was causing great difficulties for the United Ses on thehigh seas andense partisanship among contending factionswithhe Nation.His administration focused on France, where the Directory, the ruling group, had refused to receive the American envoy and hadsuspended commerl relati

17、ons.Adams sent three commisers to France, buthe spring of1798 word arrivedt the French Foreign Minister Talleyrandand the Directory had refused to negotiate with them unless theywouldpay a substantial bribe. Adams reported the insult toCongress, and the Senate pred the correspondence, in whichthe Fr

18、enen were referred to only as X, Y, and Z.The Nation broke outo what Jefferson called the X. Y. Z.fever, increased inensity by Adamss exhorions. Theappeared.populace cheered itself hoarse wherever the Never had the Federalists been so popular.Congress appropriated money to complete three new frigate

19、s and to build additional ships, and authorized the raising of aprovial army. It also passed the An and Sedition Acts,ended to frighten foreign agents out of the country and to stifle the attacks of Republican editors.Adams did not call for a declaration of war, buthostilities began at sea. At, Amer

20、ican shipwas almostdefenseless against French privateers, but by 1800 armed merchantmen and U.S. warships were clearing the sea-lanes.Despite several brilliant naval victories, war fever subsided. Wordcame to Adamst France also had no stomach for war andwould receive an envoy with respect. Long nego

21、tiations ended the quasi war.Sendingace misto France brought the full fury of theHamiltonians against Adams.hen of 1800 theRepublicans were united and effective, the Federalists badlydivided. Nevertheless, Adams polled only a few leectoralvotesn Jefferson, who became.On November 1, 1800, just before

22、 the election, Adams arrived inthe new Capital City to take up his residencehe White House.On his second evening in its damp, unfinished rooms, he wrote his wife, Before I end my letter, I pray Heaven to bestow the bestof Blessings on this House and allt shall hereafter inhabit it.May none but hones

23、t and wise Men ever rule under this roof.Adams retired to his farm in Quincy. Here he penned hiselaboraetters to Thomas Jefferson. Here on July 4, 1826, hewhispered his last words: Thomas Jefferson survives. But Jefferson had died at Monticello a few hours earr.U.S. ServiceTake a look ats: United in

24、 Thomas Jefferson (3rd)ialhe thick of partyin 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in abiographies made by kidsprivaetter, Ie sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostilityand from thes about services Councilagainst every form of tyranny over the mind of man.on Service and Civic Participation.Thiserful advoc

25、ate of liberty was born in 1743 in AlbemarleCounty, Virginia, inheriting from his father, a planter and surveyor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, aThird1801-1809Randolph, high sol standing. He studied at the College ofWilliam and Mary, then read law. In 1772 he married Mar Wayles Skel

26、ton, a widow, and took her to live in his partlyBorn: April 13, 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginiaconstructed mountaop home, Monticello.Died: July 4, 1826 in Monticello in VirginiaFreckled and sandy-haired, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson waseloquent as a correspondent, but he was no public speak

27、er. Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Cong contributed his pen ratherheeMarried to Mar Skelton Jefferson Wayles the silent member of the Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Most nota

28、bly, he wrote a bill establishing religious freedom, enacted in 1786.Jefferson succeeded Benjamin Frlin as minister to France in1785. His sympathy for the French RevoSecretary3.of SSharp political Federalists and the De Jefferson gradually adeveloped, and two separate parties, theblicans, whosympath

29、ized with the revolutionary cause in France. AttackingFederalist policies, he opand championed the rights of sernmentAs a reluctant candidate forin 1796, Jefferson camewithhree votes of election. Through a flawhe Constitution,he became Vice, although an opponent ofAdams. In 1800 the defect caused a

30、more serious problem.Republican electors, attempting to name boand a nVicefrom their own party, casie vote betJefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Represenives settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jeffersons election.When Jefferson amed the Presidency, t

31、he crisis in France hadpassed. He slashed Army and Navy expenditures, cut the budget,eliminated the tax on whiskey so unpopularhe West, yetreduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron to fight the Barbary pirates, who were harassingAmerican commercehe Mediterranean. Further, a

32、lthough theConstitution made no provi Jefferson suppressed his quafor the acquisition of new land, over constitutionality when hehad the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803.During Jeffersons second term, he was increasingly preoccupiedwith keng the Nation from involv

33、ementhe Napoleonicwars, though both England and Franceerfered with the neutralrights of American merchantmen. Jeffersons attempted solution,an embargo upon American ship unpopular., worked badly and wasJefferson retired to Monticello to ponder such projects as his grand designs for the University of

34、 Virginia. A French noblemanobservedt he hlaced his house and his mind on anelevated situation, from which he might contemplate the universe.He died on July 4, 1826.U.S. ServiceTake a look ats: United in James Monroe (5th)ialOn New Years Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White Housebiographies ma

35、de by kidsreceptions,James Monroe made a pleasing impresand from thes about services Councilupon a Virginia lady who shook his hand:on Service and Civic Participation.He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frhe old style., honestexpresof his eye

36、. I think he well deserves theiumFifth1817-1825passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, Monroe was sohonestt if you turned his soul inside out there would not be aspot on it. Born: April 28th, 1758 in Westmoreland County, VirginiaBorn in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attend

37、ed the College of William and Mary, fought with distinctionhe Continental Army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg,Died: July 4, 1831 in NewVirginia.York, New YorkAs a youthful politin, he joined the anti-FederalistsheMarried to Elizabeth Kortright MonroeVirginia Convention which ratified the Const

38、itution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United Ses Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.His ambition and energy, together with the

39、 backing ofMadison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in1816. With little Federalist op in 1820.ition, he easily won re-electionMonroe made unusually strong Cabinet choi, naming aSoutherner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of Se

40、. Only Henry Clays refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner.Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At ton, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an Era of GoodFeelings. Unfortunay these good feelings did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminis

41、hed, followed nationalist policies.Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared.A painful economic depresundoubtedly increased the dismayof the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when theirapplication for admis amended bill fto the Union as a slave se failed. Ansouriprecipi

42、ed two years of bitter debate in Congress.The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairingMissouri as a slave se with Maine, a free se, and barringslavery nornd west of Missouri forever.In foreign airs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policytbears his name, responding to the threatt the

43、moreconservativeernments in Europe might try to aid Spain inwinning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until1822, after ascertainingt Congress would vote appropriationsfor diplomatic miss. He and Secretary of Se John QuincyA

44、dams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until i Floridas, as was done in 1821.d ceded theGreat Britain, with itserful navy, also oped reconquest ofLatin America and suggested proclaiming hands off. Ex-t the United Ses join ins Jefferson and Madisoncounseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary

45、Adams advised, It would be more candid . to avow our principlesexplicitly to Russia and France,n to come in as a cock-boat inthe wake of the British man-of-war.Monroe acceptemss advice. Not only must Latin Americabe left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific co

46、ast. . . . the American continents, hesed, by the free and independent condition which theyeamed and maain, are henceforth not to be considered assubjects for future colonization by any Europeaner. Some20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.U.S. s: Abraham Linco

47、ln (16th)United in ServiceTake a look atialbiographies made by kidsLincoln warned the South in his Inaugural Address: In yourhands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and notine, is themomentous ie of civil war. Theernment will not assailand from thes about ses Councilyou.Youe no oath registered in

48、Heaven to destroy theernment, while I shall protect and defend it.e the most solemn one to preserve,on Service and Civic Participation.Lincoln thought seillegal, and was willing to use force toSixteenth1861-1865defend Federal law and the Union. When Confederate batteriesfired on Fort Sumter and forc

49、ed itrrender, he called on theses for 75,000 voteers. Four more slave ses joined theBorn: February 12, 1809, in Hodgenville, Hardin County, KentuckyConfederacy but four remained with had begun.he Union. The Civil WarThe son of a Kentucky frontiersman, Lincoln had to struggle for a living and for lea

50、rning. Five months before receiving his partysDied: April 15, 1865. Lincoln died the morningnomination for, he sketched his life:after being shoFordsTheatre in Washington, D.C. by John Wilkes Booth, anI was born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. Myparents were both born in Virginia, of undi

51、stinguishedactor.fami dieds-second famis, perhaps I should say. My mother, who.Married to Mary Todd LincolnMy father . removed from Kentucky to .y eighthyearIt was a wild region, with many bears and other wildanimals stillhe woods. There I grew up.Of course when Icame of age I did not know much. Sti

52、ll somehow, I could read,write, and cipher . butt was all.Lincoln made extraordinary efforts to attain knowledge whileworking on a farm, splitting rails for fen New Salem, Illinois. He was a captain spent eight yearscourts for many years. His la was a little engine, and kengathe Black Hawk War,rcuit

53、 of is ambitionHe married Mary Todd, and they had four boys, only one of whom lived to maturity. In 1858 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator. He lost the election, but in debating withDouglas he gained a national repu Republican nomination foriont won him thein 1860.As, he built the R

54、epublican Partyo a strong nationalanization. Further, he rald most of the northern Democratsto the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he ied theEmancipation Proclamationt declared forever free those slaveswithhe Confederacy.Lincoln never let the world fett the Civil War involved aneven larger ie. This

55、 he sed most movingly in dedicating themilitary cemetery at Gettysburg: t we here highly resolvetthese dead shall nove died in vain-t this nation, underGod, shalle a new birth of freedom-andternment ofthe people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.Lincoln won re-election

56、in 1864, as Union military triumphs heralded an end to the war. In his planning for peace, thewas flexible and generous, encouraging Southerners to lay down their arms and join speedily in reunion.The spiritt guided him was clearlyt of his Secondall of the LincolnInaugural Address, now inscribed onM

57、emorial in Washington, D. C.: With malice toward none; withcharity for all; with firmnesshe right, as God gives us to seethe right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nations wounds.On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated at Fords Theatre in Washington by

58、John Wilkes Booth, an actor,who somehow thought he was helthe South. The opitewas the result, for with Lincolns death, the with magnanimity died.sibility of peaceU.S. ServiceTake a look ats: United in Thre Roosevelt(26th)ialWith the assassination ofMcKinley, Threbiographies made by kidsRoosevelt, no

59、t quite 43, became the youngest Nations history. He brought new excitement andhe er to theand from thes about sPresidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy.on Service and Civic Participation.He took the viewt theas a steward

60、 of the people sary for the public good unlessTwenty-Sixth1901-1909should take whatever action neexpressly forbidden by law or the Constitution. I did not usurp er, he wrote, but I did grey broaden the use of executive er.Born: October 27, 1858 in New York, New YorkRoosevelts youth differed sharply