2018英语一翻译强化

1、2018 考研英语（一）翻译强化主讲人：武峰邮箱：w初探一、考察内容词汇 考研大纲中所有词汇的用法语法 长难句分析语篇上下文的联系 主要考察代词的用法二、词汇的基本难点及解决1 词意的曲解1994 年 72 题 a leader of the new school contends 中，school ？是 “ 学派 ” ，而不是 “ 学校 ” ；1995 年 74 题 when the qualities to be measured 中，quality ？是 “ 特征 ” ，而不是 “ 质量 ” ；1996 年 74 题 elegant system 中，elegant ？是 “ 完美，完善

2、 ” ，而不是 “ 优雅 ” ；1997 年 71 题 there is an agreed account of human rights 中，account ？“ 认识，看法 ”，而不是 “ 账户 ”；1998 年 75 题 some respected ideas 中，respected ？“ 公认 ” ，而不是 “ 受人尊敬的 ” ；1999 年 74 题 appropriate to various branch of historical inquiry 中，inquiry ？是 “ 研究，探究，探索 ” ，而不是 “ 询问 ”2000 年 75 题arising from mas

3、s migration movement 中，movement ？是“ 移动，流动 ”，不是 “ 运动 ”2001 年 75 题 And home appliances will是 “ 智能化 ”，而不是 “ 聪明 ”；e so smart that. 中，smart ？2002 年 65 题 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 中，technology ？是 “ 方法，研究方法 ”，而不是 “ 技术 ”298299before, after, where, because, since, thought, althoug

4、h, so that, 等等关系词：连接名词性从句的 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever 等关系代词和 when, where, how, why 等关系副词 ; 连接定语从句的关系代词 who, which, that, whom, whose 等等介词：on, in, with, at, of, to 等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语不定式符号 to：不定式常常构成不定式短语做定语或者状语修饰语，分词：过去分词和现在分词可以构成分词短语作修饰语，可是拆分点。Social science is that branch of in

5、tellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(35 词，2003 年 62 题 )分段给分、采点给分的原则参考译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理 性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。4 改变原

6、文顺序，组合汉语译文在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词之前；但是如果英语的定语从句过于复杂，放在所修饰的名词前，句子会很不通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修、饰的名词后面来翻译，独立成为一句简短的状语可以放在所修饰的动词前面；复杂的状语从句可以安排在整个句子主干的前面或者后面；在英语中被动句使用很多，而汉语中主动句则使用很多，所以翻译的时候可以少用“ 被 ” 字句，用别的词来代替 “ 被 ” 字或者转化成主动句等等。例：鲁迅先生在斗争中创造了杂文，成了文学艺术中的奇葩。上级领导为了严肃法纪，决定给他行政记过处分，并赔偿部分经济损失。四、重读阅读汉语信达雅30

7、0301from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.参考译文：这种假设是依据这样一种谬论：人的天性中天生就存在惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。（二）被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译原则 寻找替代词科技文献用 “ 可以 ”有 “ 被 ” 不用 “ 被 ”To

8、day this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system.参考译文：当今这种宝贵的泥沙（已经）让大坝给拦住了，并且也没有有效的系统（除沙）。Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.参考译文：而尼罗河已经为现代人所改变，但是他们也没有完全理解这种改变的方式。b. 然而现代的人们用连他们自己也不完全清楚的方法改变了尼罗河。3）Because it is very slipp

9、ery, it is used for lubrication.因为它非常滑，所以可以用来作为润滑剂。4.）When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated.The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise arecooled ande the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling poin

10、t; if a little is poured into thehand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all thelubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.参考译文：当原油从油田取得后，就被送往炼油厂去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油加热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后成为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低，如果倒入

11、少许在手上，它立即就蒸发掉。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各种不同等级的润滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。5） It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to thatof diamond；but when present，the resemblance is regar

12、ded as compelling evidence that the302303父母们如果对于青少年的这种反应有所准备，并且意识到这种反应是一种标志，标志着孩子正在成长，并且正在形成宝贵的观察力和独立的判断力，那么父母们就不会感到如此的伤心，所以也就不会因为对此有了憎恨和抵抗的情绪而把孩子推到对立面。6. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for t

13、he protection we get from insect-eating animals.参考译文：要不是由以昆虫为食的动物来保护我们，昆虫就会吞食所有的庄稼、害死家禽家畜，让我们不能生存于世。翻译方法导图（后面有单独页列出，需要更清晰大图，请去武峰老师微博：BrotherFive打印清晰版大图）http/1413907332/wbphotos/large/photo_id/3481099227171774深谈真题讲解（所附参考译文，仅做全文理解参考所用。具体划线句子的准确译文，请认真听讲、记好笔记。）1998 年 天体物理学（典型理科类）They were by far, the la

14、rgest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures

15、that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National304305这种气体在引力的压缩下形成星系、恒星、植物，甚至最终产生人类。设计 Cobe 卫星就是要观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更小的热点，即，像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必等待很长时间。（73）天体物理学家使用

16、南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。（74）假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说认为，很久以前，在一种反引力的驱动下，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内膨胀了无数倍。（75）宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。2000 年政府与经济 （文理科搭配）Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that th

17、e welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.Furthermore it is obviou

18、s that the strength of a countrys economy is directly boundup with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in ord

19、er to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources

20、 or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kin

21、ds.Owing to the remarkable development inmunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change thro

22、ughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process ofindustrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over306307十年精讲请参考翻译十年部分讲义30830947) On t

23、he other, /it links these concepts to everyday realities /in a manner /which is parallel to the links /journalists forge /on a daily basis /as they cover and comment on the news.47）另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，把这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。48) But /the idea /that the journal

24、ist must understand the law more profoundly /than an ordinary citizen /rests on an understanding /of the established conventions and special responsibilities /of the news media.48）但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是基于理解了新闻媒体既定的规范和特殊的责任。49) In fact, /it is difficult to /see how journalists /who do not h

25、ave a clear grasp of the basicfeatures of the Canadian Constitution /can do a competent job on political stories.49）实际上，有些新闻工作者对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解，要是想象他们能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作，这一点是很困难的。50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, /it is preferable forjournalists /to rely on their own notio

26、ns of significance /and make their own judgments.50）律师的评论和反馈当然能够提升新闻报道的内容，但是，记者们最好还是依靠他们自己的价值观来做出判断。2008 年考研英语（一）真题分析but 46) he believes /that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage /of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence /and thus enabling him to detect

27、 errors in reasoning and in his own observations.但是，46）他认为，正是这种困难或许能够扬长补短，能让他长时间专注地思考每一个句子，因此，让他能在推理和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。47) He asserted, /also, /that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought/was very limited, /for which reason /he felt certain /that he never could have succeeded wi

28、th mathematics.47）达尔文还断言，在理解许多冗长且完全抽象的观点上，他的能力很有限。鉴于此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。48) On the other hand, /he did not accept as well founded the charge /made by some of his critics /that, /while he was a good observer, /he had no power of reasoning.3103112010 年考研英语（一）真题分析46) Scientists jumped to the rescue

29、/with some distinctly shaky evidence /to the effect /that insects would eat us up /if birds failed to control them.46）科学家们迅速赶来营救，他们使用的证据明显不牢靠，大意是：如果鸟不能控制虫子，虫子就会把一切都吃光。47) but /we have at least drawn nearer the point /of admitting /that birds should continue /as a matter of intrinsic right, /regardle

30、ss of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.47）但是，起码我们更接近了这样一种观点：承认鸟类应该继续存在，这是作为一个物种固有的权利，不管它们是否对我们有经济价值。48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence /that these creatures preserve the health of game /by killing the physically weak, /or that they prey only on “worthles

31、s species”.48）曾经生物学家有点滥用这种证据，证明了这些生物是通过猎杀弱者来保持猎物的健康状态，或者说，这些生物捕杀的只不过是“毫无价值的物种”。49) In Europe, /where forestry is /ecologically /more advanced, /themercial treespecies are recognized /as members of native forest community, /to be preserved as such, /within reason.49）在欧洲，从生态的角度而言，其林业更加发达，非经济类树种可以认为是原始

32、森林群落的一部分，同样应该得到合理保护。50) It tends to ignore, /and thus eventually to eliminate, /many elements /in the land community /that lack commercial value, /but /that are essential to its healthy functioning.50）这很可能会忽视，从而最终会消除陆地生物群落中的很多重要因素，这些要素虽然缺乏商业价值，但对其健康机制而言，它们却至关重要。2011 年考研英语（一）真题分析46) Allens contributi

33、on was to take an assumption /we all share-/that because we are not robots /we therefore control our thoughts-/and reveal its erroneous nature.46）我们都不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想。艾伦的贡献就在于他去研究了我们都同意的这一假想，并揭示了其错误的本质。and 47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control /through the conscious mindalone,

34、/in reality /we are continually faced with a question: /“Why cannot I make myself do this /31231349) The second, /by Joshua Greenberg, /takes a more empirical approach to universality, / identifying traits (particularly in word order) /shared by many languages, /which are considered to represent bia

35、ses /that result from cognitive constraints.49）做出又一贡献的是乔舒亚格林伯格，他运用了更加经验主义的方法来研究这种普遍性，鉴别出多种语言共有的特征（特别是在词序上的特征），而这些特征可以认为是代表了由认知约束所产生的偏见。50) Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change /that are independent of the family tree /or the pathway /tracked through it, /whereas Greenbergian univ

36、ersality predicts / strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.50）乔姆斯基的语法应该表明了语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于语言谱系或由该谱系所探究出来的路径，然而格林伯格的普遍性理论则认为，在特定的词序关系模式之间存在着紧密的相互依附关系。2013 年考研英语（一）真题46) Yet /when one looks at the photographs of the garden /created by the homeless, /it strikes one that,

37、 /for all their diversity of styles, /these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, / beyond that of decoration and creative expression.46）不过，一个人看到那些无家可归者所创建的花园照片时，令其印象深刻的是，这些花园尽管形态各异，却无不反应出人类在装饰欲和创造表达欲之外，还有种种其他的基本诉求。47) A sacred place of peace, /however crude it may be, /is a distinctly h

38、uman need, /as opposed to shelter, /which is a distinctly animal need.47）一个平静的神圣之所，不管多么简陋，也明显是人类的需求；和一个住所不一样，那只是动物的需求。48) The gardens of the homeless /which are in effect homeless gardens /introduce form into an urban environment /where it either didnt exist /or was not discernible as such.48）实际上，这些

39、自然形成的无家可归者的花园将某种“形态”引入了城市，这种“形态”在城市里要么不存在，要么不明显。49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit /which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, /until one day /we find ourselves in garden /and feel the expression vanish /as if by magic.49）大多数人就会有灵魂堕落的感觉，对此，我们往往归咎于某些心理问题，直到有一天，31431546）

40、这场运动受到各种强大的动机所驱使，在荒野中开创了一个国家，就其本质而言，它也塑造了这片未知大陆的性格和命运。47) The United States is the product of two principal forces - /the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics /and the impact of a new country /which modified these traits.47）美国是两股主要力量的产物：一是欧洲移

41、民带来的各式思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家本身在融合上述特征之后产生的影响。48) But, /the force of geographic conditions /peculiar to America, /the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, /and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways /in a raw, new continent /caused significant changes.48）但是，美国特有的地理条件所拥有的优势、不同种族间所产生的相互影响、以及在这片原始的新大陆上特别艰难地维持旧秩序，这一切都带来了巨大的变化。49) The first shiploads of immigrants /bound for the territory /which is now the United States/crossed the Atlantic /more than a hundred yea