学府2016年冲刺英语一讲义

1、PART 1 应用写作要素一：称呼要素七：落款万能：Yours sincerely, / Sincerely yours,要素二：自我介绍亲朋无需：My name is Li Ming, who is.要素三：写作目的万能：I am writing the letter in pure of expressing（ng） my 名词 to you for 事件.要素四：信函内容万能建议：If anythingt I can do for you is needed, please feel free to contact me.1. 邀请：时间地点+出席原因+欢迎光临You are活动安排.e

2、 to 活动 which will star具体时间 in 地点, and this will be followed by a 进一步的The 活动 will hold a lot of wonderful surprises for you, so make sure you join us then. I hope you can come, and look forward to seeing you by then.2.感谢: 原因+建议My appreion istion to you for your generous help/ your unselfish assistanc

3、e/ cooperation/yourmy words.inviI wish I could repay it someday.3.道歉：原因+建议I apologize for 内容 I have caused you.It is due to my negligence, for which Im exceedingly sorry.I wish I could reverse or unt someday.Ill make suret incidents like this never happen again.4.人+物：原因+信息Not only do/dose I/he/she h

4、ave the qualifications for this job, but I/he/she also have the right ality for a 职位.5.辞职:原因+提供帮助I find it is inappropriate for me to take theition as 职务 for the following reasons.I have expected the job to beeresting and challenging, which turns out to be the opite.1This is mainly because of the fa

5、ctt my major at university is 具体专业, so I find ird to becompetenmy present job without mucowledge of it.万能专业：历史 History英语 English中文 ChiTherefore, I have decided to quit the job after much deliberation. 6.建议：内容+采取行动+进一步When it comes to such a situation, I would like to suggestIf you could take what I

6、suggest seriously, you wouldt you can 建议内容.I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.I musve you fully understand legal action.7.询问：t without a satisfying solution, I will reserve my right to takeCould you be so kind as to send me some relevant 内容 on the above-mentioned asp

7、ects?Would you please let me know whether such 内容 is available?It would be grey appreted if you could provide us with 内容.I would be most grateful if you could send me information regarding/concerning 内容.8.祝贺：骄傲+高兴+祝贺This is a spel and happy moment for you and I am very proud of your achievement.Its

8、the most joyful news I have heard for a long time.I congratulate you on your sucs.要素五：表达感谢万能：nk you for your time and consideration.We would be very grateful if you could spare some time to share the occawith us.Again, I would like to express my warmnks to you.Hope you can accept my apologies and un

9、derstand my situation.要素六：期待 信万能：I look forward to a favorable reply at your earst convenience.PART 2 议论写作描述描述图表2回PART 3 阅读 A2005 Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists arguedt smoking would kill us but the doubters insistedt we didnt know for sure?t the evidence was inconclusive, the

10、 science uncertain?t the antismokinglobby was out to destroy our way of life and theernment should stay out of the way? Lots of Americansboughtt nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists inave after another try t

11、o awaken us to the growingthreat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Scien, enlisted by the WhiteHouse, tol ust the Earths atmosphere is definiy warming andt we should get moving to protect ourselves. Thet the problem is largely man-made. Theof the National Academy

12、, Bruceclear message isAlberts, added this key pohe preface to the panels report:“Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is criticalt our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgmentst science canprovide

13、concerning the future consequenof present actions.”Just as on smoking, voinow come from many quarters insistingt the science about global warming isplete,t its OK to keep pouring fumeso the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: bythe time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be

14、too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent peoplewould take out an insurance policy now.Fortunay, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvioust a majority of thesmoreadvisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press f

15、orresearch - a classic case of “paralysis byysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congressshould help to begin fashioning co

16、nservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of WestVirginia, which would offer finanl incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many seet thecountry is getting ready to build lots of newlants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protectthe atmosphere, it i

17、s crult those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking wasA there was no scientific evidence of the correlation bett .n smoking and deathB the number of early deaths of smokershe past decades was insignificantpeople had the freedom to choose their own way of l

18、ifeantismoking people were usually talking nonsense27.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as .A a protectorB a judgeC a criticD a guideysis” (Lines 4-5, Paragraph 4)?28.What does the author mean by “paralysis byA Endless studies kill action.C Prudent planning hinders progress.B Careful inv

19、estigation reveals truth.D Extensive research helps deci-making.29.According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?A Offer aid to build cleanowlants.B Raise public awareness of conservation.C Press for further scientific research.3D Take some legislative measures.30.T

20、he author assotes the ie of global warming witht of smoking because .A they both suffered from theernments negligenceB a lesson from the latter is applicable to the formerC thee of the latter aggravates the formerD both of them have turned from bad to worse2006 Text 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all kno

21、w, has only one industry - William Shakespeare - but there are twodistinctly separate and increasingly hostiranches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), whichpresentperb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are thetownsfolk who largely live of

22、f the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at AnneHaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubtt the theatre addsnny to their revenue. They frly dislike theRSCors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. I

23、ts all deliciously ironic when youconsidert Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (wibeard) and did his share ofnoise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus - and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side - dont usu

24、ally see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to finda theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is theplaygoers, the RSC contends, who bring them four or five nights) pouring cashget out of town by nightfall.uch of the town

25、s revenue because they spend the night (some ofo the hos and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything andThe townsfolk dont see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the RoyalShakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every

26、hoown seems to be adding anew wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hothere, which you may be sure will be decorated withHamleexpensive.mburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be veryAnyway, the townsfolk cant understand why the Royal Shakespea

27、re Company needs a subsidy. (The theatrehas broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all yearlong and this year theyll do better.) The reason, of course, ist costs have rocketed and ticket prilow.have stayedIt would be a shame to raise pr

28、itoo much because it would drive away the young people who areStratfords mostractive cne. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over) - lean, poed, dedicated fa, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their bunsand bedding down for the nig

29、ht on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-roomtickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26.From thetwo paragraphs, we learnt .the townsfolk deny the RSCs contribution to the towns revenuethe actors of the RSC imie Shakesp

30、eare on and off stagethe two branches of the RSC are not on good termsthe townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3t .A the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the PalaeparayB the playgoers spend more moneyn the sightseers4the sightseers do more shopthe playgoers go

31、 to no othn the playgoerslaownn the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author impsA Stratford cannot afford the expanprojectst.B Stratford has long been in finanl difficultiesthe town is not really short of moneythe townsfolk used to be poorly paid2

32、9.According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because .A ticket prican be raised to cover the spendingB the company is finanlly ill-managedC the behavior of the actors is not so30.From the text we can concludelly acceptable D the theatre attendance is on the riset the author .B favors th

33、e townsfolks viewD is sympathetic to the RSCA ipportive of both sidesC takes a detached attitude2007 Text 1s of every soccIf you were to examine the birthlayer in 2006s World Cup tournament, youwould most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite socclayers are more likely to have been bornhe earrt feed

34、 themonths of the yearWorld Cup and profesnhe later months. If you then examined the European national youth teamsal rs, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confersuper

35、ior soccer skills; b) wer-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-marents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida Se Un

36、iversity, says he beves strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he wouldhave more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. Hisexperiment, nearly 30years ago, involved memory: trainingrson to hear and

37、then repeat a random series of numbers. “With thesubject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He keptimproving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”Thics, coupled with later research showingt memory itself is

38、 not genetically determined, ledEricsson to concludet the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercisen anuitive one. In otherwords, whatever inborn differenswamped by how well eachtwo people may exhibitheir abilities to memorize, those differenare“encodes” the information. And the best way to

39、learn how to encodeinformation meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a pros known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practiceentails moren simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedbackand concentrating as much on technique as one.Ericsson and his

40、colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer. They gather all the dahey can, not just performanistics and biographical details but alsothe results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling ass

41、ertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers whetheremoryor surgery, ballet or computrogramming are nearly always made, not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among socclayers is mentioned to.stress the importance of professpotlight the socc

42、er superstarsal training.he World Cup.5Croduce the topic of what makes expert performance.D explain why some soccer teams play bettern others.22.The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means.A fun.B craze.C hysteria.D excitement.23.According to Ericsson, good memoryA depends on meaningf

43、ul prosing of information.n cognitive exercises.B results fromuitive ratherC is determined by genetic rathern psychological factors.D requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues beveA talent is a dominating factor for profest.al sucs.biographical dat

44、a provide the key to excellent performance.the role of talent tends to be overlooked.D high achievers owe their sucs mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?A “Faith will move mountains.”C “Practice makes perfect.”B “One reaps what one

45、sows.”D “Like father, like son.”2008 Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead ineast oneundesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to develodepresand anxiety disorders inresponse to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehu

46、da, chief psychiatrisAdministration Hospital.New Yorks VeteransStudies of bonimals and humans have shownt sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicalsn do males under the same conditions. Inseveral of the studies, when stressed

47、-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductivetheir chemical responses became equal to those of the males.ans) removed,Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its notnesarilyt women dont cope as well. Its justt they have so m

48、uore to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greatern mens,” she observes, “its justt theyre dealingwith so many more thingst theye worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference betn the sexes. “I thinkt the kinds of thingst wo

49、men areexed to tend to beore of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exed to combat stress.t women areMen are exed to more acts of random physical. The kinds ofersonalexed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunay, parents or other family members, and they tend notto be one

50、-shot deals. The wear-and-teart comes from these longer relationships can be quite devasing.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lotto get the college degree. I was living in so much frustrationtt was my esc, to go to school, an

51、d getahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to6paycheck.”Not everyone experienthe kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvare

52、z describes. But most women today arecowilot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates theimportance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your healnd your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to theWomen are

53、biologically more vulnerable to stress.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.two paragraphs?C Women are more experiencedn men in cowith stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehudas research suggestst women.A need extra doses of chemicals to h

54、andle stress.B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.D are exed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be.A domestic and temporary.C durable and frequent.B irregular and violent.D trivial and random.24.The sentence “

55、I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) showsAlvarez cared about nothing but making money.Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for t

56、he text?t.A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stressysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Wonder Stress2009 Text 3n formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstoodThe relationship betby economists and politins alike progress

57、in borea is undoubtedly nesary for the sol, political andellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional viewt education should beone of the very highest priorities for promoting raeconomic development in poor countries is wrong. We arefortunatet is it, because new

58、educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improveeconomic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution haveconsistently shownt workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical highroductivityand, as a result

59、, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, theevidence for this idea appearedhe United Ses. Not long ago, with the countryentering a resing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and oneof primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan

60、 was, and remains, the global leader inautomotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japaworkers received on the job.t the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyotacountarts a result of the trainingt U.S.More recently, while exami