定语从句基础练习一(关系代词)汇编

1、定语从句基础练习一（关系代词）.用关系代词填空.(答案可能不唯一)(that,which,who,whom,whose)Thisisthemanwantstoseeyou.ThestudentansweredthequestionisZhangHua.Themanyouwenttoseehascome.Therunneryouareaskingaboutisoverthere.ThepersonyoushouldwritetoisMr.Ball.Themanwaspassingbysawwhathappened.Hereisthepenyoulostthedaybeforeyesterday.

2、Thesebooksyoulentmewereveryuseful.ThestorybookIhavejustreadcannotbeeasilyforgotten.Aclockisamachinetellspeoplethetime.ThisistheshirtIboughtyesterday.Adictionaryisabookgivesthemeaningtotheword.Thebookisonthetableismine.Thefilmtheyaretalkingaboutisveryinteresting.IwillneverforgetthepeopleandtheplacesI

3、haveevervisited.IsthereanyonefamilyisinBeijing?Showmetheboymotherisawell-knownsinger.Pleasepassmethebookcoverisblack.Isthisfactorytheonealotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?Thefirstthingweshoulddoistocleantheroom.21YoushoulddoallItoldyoutodo.Thebookhasnothinginterestsme.Thenaughtyboycandosomethingwillgive

4、youtrouble.ThisisthetallestbuildingIhaveeverseen.Youcantakeanythingyoulike.Thisisthebestfilmhasbeenshownthisyear.Hetookawayeverythingbelongedtohim.Thereisnopersonisalwaysintheright.ThisistheverypersonIneed.Ihavereadallthebooksyougaveme.学习好资料二.试用合适的关系词填空（有的要用关系副词），并比较：IwillneverforgetthedayIspentwith

5、you.IwillneverforgetthedayIjoinedthearmy.Thisisthefactorymyfatherworked30yearsago.ThisisthefactoryIvisited.July1,1921wasthedayourPartywasfounded.July1,1921wasthedaywewillnotforget.IrememberthedaysIlivedinmyhometown.IrememberthedaysIspentwithmygrandpa.Thehouseweregoingtovisitwasbuiltacenturyago.Theho

6、useusedtobetempleisaschoolnow.Abookstoreisaplaceyoucangetbooks.Abookstoreisaplacebooksaresold.Abookstoreisaplacesellsbooks.Theboxheputhisphotosisgone.Theboxheiscarryingisheavy.Thehotelwestayedduringourholidaystandsbytheseaside.Thehotelstandsbytheseasideisquitecomfortable.三.把下面的两个简单句合并成一个含定语从句的复合句：39

7、Themanhasbeencaught.Hedidtherobbery.40Thechairwasabrokenone.Isatinthechairjustnow.41Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.42Tomistheboy.Hedamagedthevaseyesterday.43Maryisthegirl.HerEnglishisthebestinourclass.44Iwantedtoseethewoman.Shehadalreadyleft.45Theonemillionpeopleofthecitywenttobedasusualthatnight.Theytho

8、ughtlittleoftheseevents.46Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivors.Theirhomeshadbeendestroyedintheearthquake.四、完成句子Allthose（想去长城的）willgettogetheratthebusStopatsixtomorrowmorningThebuilding（座落于我们学校附近的）isahospital.Tomisrea11ythebravestboy（我所认识的）。Theprofessor（母语是德语的）livesonthethirdfloor.Haveyoureceivedthelette

9、r（我上星期五写的）?Allthepeople（来深圳访问的）wanttovisitTheWorldWindow.Canyouhelpmefindtheperson（救我女儿命的）Thisistheonehundredthletter（我上个月收到的）。Tennis（夏季最好的运动之一）canbeplayedbytwoorfourplayersIshallusethemachineintheway（他使用过的）五将下面的句子翻译成定语从句57昨天早上迟到的那个人到现在还没来。58你说的那个人不是我熟的那个。59先生，你一小时前定的票已经送到了。60你刚端上了的这道菜叫什么名字？61我们昨天去游

10、泳的那个游泳池是去年建成的。62你们昨天作的练习有不少错误。63这就是我小时候住的房间。64我永远也忘不了我们在一起的日子。65价格贵的东西不一定就好。66不努力的人很难成功。南安侨光中学高二年英语上学期期末考试卷命题人：陈明正审题人：吴金祺本试卷分第一卷和第二卷（2012年元月）,共12页;试卷总分150分，考试时间120分钟）第I卷（三部分，共115分）第一部分听力（共两节,满分30分）第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和

11、阅读下一个小题。每段对话仅读一遍。Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomandowiththewallet?Keepitherself.Findoutitsowner.Leaveitwhereshefoundit.Whotaughtthewomantobekind?C.Hermother.C.Aconcert.C.At9:50.Hercoach.B.Herfather.Whydoesthewomandosomuchwork?Shelikestotakeonmore.Shethinksworkingisfun.Shewantstohaveabetterjob.Whatarethe

12、speakersmainlytalkingabout?Amatch.B.Amovie.Whendoestheflightleave?At5:50.B.At7:50.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读C.Onthe30th.各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题将给出两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。Whenwillthewomanstarthernewjob?stthA

13、.Onthe1.B.Onthe5.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?HouseagentandrenterSalesmanandcustomer.Employeeandemployer.更多精品文档C.Helpingpeople.C.Themanseizedtheboy.学习好资料听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。Whatcanmakethewomanhappy?Earningmuchmoney.B.Gettingagoodjob.Whatdoesthewomandoonweekends?Sheworksasateacher.Shereadsstori

14、estochildren.Shetakescareofchildrenathome.听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。Whatdoweknowaboutthetheft?A.Ithappenedinashop.B.Nobodyhelpedtheman.Whydidtheoldladyhittheman?A.Hedidntgetherbagback.Hedidntgiveherbagtohe.Shethoughthewasanotherthief.Howdidtheoldladyfeelaboutthemanintheend?A.Apologetic.（谦意的）B.Angry.听第9段材料，回答

15、第13至16题。13.WhereistheRosebankHotel?14.Howdidthewomanspendmostdays?A.Sheswam.B.Sheplayedgolf.15.Whatdidthewomandointheroom?A.ShewatchedTV.B.Shetalkedwithfriends.C.Sheenjoyedcolddrinks.16.Whatdoesthewomanliketoeat?A.Friedfish.B.Chips.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。C.Frightened.C.Inthemountains.C.Sheplayedtennis.C.

16、Rice.C.Herrelatives.C.Theirexpressions.C.OneofherteethismissingC.Sheisproud.Whatdoesthespeakertalkabout?A.Herfriends.B.Somepictures.Whatisthegreatestdifferencebetweentheyounggirlandtheelderlylady?A.Theirskin.B.Theirheight.Whatisthematterwiththeyounggirl?A.Herfingershurt.B.Shehasatoothache.Whatdoesth

17、espeakerthinkoftheelderlylady?A.Sheisthoughtful.B.Sheispleased.学习好资料第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单项选择（共15个小题;每小题1分，满分15分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Amiracle,right?Ourteamhavemadebreakthroughthatitcamefirstinthelastround.Aa;theBthe;theCa;Dthe;aThoughmoney,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.AlackedBl

18、ackingofClackingDlackedinImnotsurprisedthathebecameawriter.Evenasachildhehaadimagination.AclearBcautiousCfunnyDvividHesoonbecameakeyinthesearchindustry,givingmanypressinterviews,becomingthefaceofGoogleChina.AfigureBpatternCnumberDshapeThegoalistomakehighereducationavailabletoeveryonewhoiswillingandc

19、apablehisfinancialsituation.AthankstoBowingtoCintermsofDregardlessofIfyouanyproblemsatschool,youshouldturntoyourteacherforhelp.AcomeupwithBsetasideCrunintoDresultinAsisknowntousall,Francewineisusuallyhighqualityandisverypopularallovertheworld.ofB.offC.withD.down-Canyoulendmesomemoney?Iforgottogototh

20、ebank.-Well,Iveonlygotafewpounds_._AremainedBleavingCremainingDleftIrangyouyesterdayafternoon.Amananswered,butIdidnt.recognizethevoiceOh,itmyuncle.Hewasinmyroomthen.musthavebeenB.shouldhavebeenC.mustbeD.shouldbebyagreaterdemandforgreenproducts,thefoodcompanyhassethigherstandardstoensurethequality.A.

21、DrivenB.BeingdrivenC.TodriveD.HavingdrivenThiswasthefirsttimeweafilminthecinematogetherasafamily.更多精品文档学习-好资料TheytwofreeticketstoCanada.Otherwise,theyneverhavebeenabletoaffordtogo.gotB.hadgotC.wouldhavegotD.getTheGateofFortune,fromtopvisitorscanenjoyawonderfulseaview,willattractlotsoftourists.whichB

22、.whoseC.whatD.whereTheschoolrulesstatethatnochildshallbeallowedoutoftheschoolduringtheday,accompaniedbyanadult.A.onceB.whenC.ifD.uniessHowcomeyouarelateforschoolagain,Bob?A.BecauseImissedthebusB.BybusandthenonfootC.DontbesorryD.Idoncare第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）ItwasthedaybeforeChristmas,butIhadt

23、owork.Theonlythingthatbrightenedmy36_wasagiftsenttomeadozenbeautiful37.AsIwascleaningmyoffice,aladyinthefrontofficeanxiouslyneededtotalktome.AsIsteppedout,Inoticedayoung,38womanwithababyinherarms.39,sheexplainedthatherhusband,aprisoner,wasmynextpatient.Shetoldmeshewasnt_40tovisitherhusbandinprison,a

24、ndthathehad41seenhisson.Shewishedto42theboysfathersitinthewaitingroomwithheraslongaspossible43Icalledhimforhisappointment.Sincemyschedulewasntfull,Iagreed.44,itwasChristmasEve.Ashorttimelater,herhusbandarrived.Thewomanstiredface45whenherhusbandtookaseatbesideher.Ikeptpeeking（偷看）outtowatchthemlaughan

25、dcry,and46theirchild.Afteralmostanhour,I47theprisonertotheoffice.Thepatientseemedlikeagentleandhumble（恭顺的）man.Itriedtomakehimas48aspossible.Atlast,I49himaMerryChristmas50bythefactthathehadntbeenabletogivehiswifeanythingforChristmas.51hearingthis,Icameupwithawonderful52Ilneverforgetthe53onboththeirfa

26、cesastheprisonergavehiswifethebeautifulredroses.Iamnot54whoexperieneedthemostjoy-thehusbandingiving,thewifeinreceiving,ormyselfinhavingtheopportunitytoshareinthisspecial55.更多精品文档B.faceC.lifeD.dayB.rosesC.postcardsD.hatsB.good-lookingC.serious-lookingD.funny-lookinggB.AngrilyC.SurprisinglyD.HappilyB.

27、persuadedC.demandedD.allowedB.everC.alreadyD.evenB.agreeC.refuseD.letB.beforeC.ifD.afterB.AfterallC.InallD.AtallB.cheeredupC.litupD.madeupB.playC.examineD.attendB.turnedC.gaveD.handedB.responsibleC.easy-goingD.comfortableB.wishedC.congratulatedD.celebratedB.shockedC.sadD.happyB.ByC.UponD.ThroughB.tr

28、ickC.wayD.experienceB.reliefC.spiritD.lookB.sureC.afraidD.hopefulB.holidayC.momentD.couple第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）ANotmanyyearsago,awealthyandratherstrangeoldmannamedJohnsonlivedaloneinavillageinthesouthofEngland.Hehadmadealotofmoneyintradingwithforeigncountries.Whenhewasseventy-five,hegave12,000

29、tothevillageschooltobuylandandequipmentforachildrenlaygrsoupnd.Asaresultofhiskindness,manypeoplecametovisithim.Amongthemwasanewspaperman.Duringtheirtalk,Johnsonremarkedthathewasseventy-fiveandexpectedtolivetobeahundred.Thenewspapermanaskedhimhowhemanagedtobehealthyatseventy-five,Johnsonhadasenseofhu

30、mor.Helikedwhiskyanddranksomeeachday.“Ihaveaninjection（注射）inmyneckeachevening.”Hetoldthenewspaperman,thinkingofeveningglassofwhisky.更多精品文档学习-好资料ThenewspapermandidnotunderstandwhatJohnsonmeant.InhisnewspaperhereportedthatJohnsonwasseventy-fiveandhasadailyinjectioninhisneck.WithinaweekJohnsonreceivedt

31、housandsoflettersfromalloverBritain,askinghimforthesecretofhisdailyinjection.JohnsonbecamearichmanthroughdoingbusinessB.makingwhiskyManypeoplewrotetoJohnsontofindouthowtoinjectthemselvestoliveIongerhowtolivehappilywhatkindofwhiskyhehadWhenJohnsonsaidhehadaninjectioninhisneckeachevening,hereallymeant

32、thatheneededaninjectionintheneck.helikeddrinkingaglassofwhiskyintheeveningadailyinjectionintheeveningwouldmakehimsleepwell.therewassomethingwrongwithhisneck.BTheNBAversionoftheMingDynastyisdone.Afterhelpingbasketballgainafootholdintheworldmostpopulousmarket,ChinesestarYaoMinghasretired.Yaomadeitoffi

33、cialWednesday,tellinganewsconferencethataseriesoffootandleginjuriesforcedhimtoendhisplayingcareerattheageof30.“willformallyendmycareer,”saidYao,whobecameahouseholdnameinChinabeforestartinghisNBAcareerwiththeHoustonRocketsin2002.YaoplayedeightseasonsintheNBA.Todayisanimportantdayformeandholdsaspecial

34、meaningforbothmybasketballcareerandmyfuture,”Yaosaid.fhadtoleavethecourtsinceIsufferedastressfracture（断裂）inmyleftfootforthethirdtimeattheendoflastyear.Mypastsixmonthswereapainfulwait.Ihavebeenthinkingaboutmyfutureoverandover.TodayIamannouncingapersonaldecision,endingmycareerasabasketballplayerandoff

35、iciallyretire.Butonedoorisclosingandanotheroneisopening.YaosaidhewouldreturntoworkwithhisformerChineseteam,theShanghaiSharks,withthepossibilityofbecominggeneralmanager.Healreadyownstheclubandwantstocontributemore.Myplayingcareerstartedwiththeclub.IhopeIcandosomethingforit,”Yaosaid.Helaterappearedwit

36、hhisfamilyonthestagetotheapplauseandcheersofthecrowd.Hethankedalotofpeople-hisfamily,formercoaches,evenplayerslikeShaquilleONeal-formakingmeabetterplayer.Iwillbealwayswithyou.Thankyou.”更多精品文档RocketsgeneralmanagerDarylMoreywasamongthoseattendingthefarewell（告别）20hoursonplaneswastiringbuthewouldbesorry

37、ifhewasnthere.“Itsabigmoment,”Moreyadded.“Yaohadasenseofhumor,agreatattitudeandsenseofresponsibility.IhopewecancontinuehiscultureintheNBA.”YaohadplayedsixyearswiththeChinesenationalteambeforejoiningtheRockets,andwasalreadyastarinhishomecountry.HecarriedtheOlympictorchthroughTiananmenSquareandhiscoun

38、trysflagduringtheopeningceremoniesattheBeijingOlympicsin2008.Healsodonated$2millionandsetupafoundationtorebuildschoolsinthewakeofthe2008earthquakeinSichuan.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?YaoMing:ahouseholdnameB.FarewellconferenceYaoMingretiresfromthebasketballD.YaoMingspersonaldeci

39、sionAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwordscantbeusedtodescribeYaoMing?A.Careful.B.Responsible.C.Generous.D.Talented.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.ThereasonwhyYaoMingretiredisthatheistooold.YaoMingplayedsixyearsinAmerica.YaoMingstartedhisplayingcareerinHouston.YaoMingwasonc

40、eanOlympictorchbearer（火炬手）.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusinthelastparagraphbutone（倒数第二段）?A.DarylMoreyisthegeneralmanagerofRockets.DarylMoreywasverytiredattheconference.Theconferencewasabigmomentoftheyear.DarylMoreythoughthighlyofYaoMing.Cthavetoturnawayfromthefoodsthatyouenjoy.Herearesometipsforpreve

41、ntingweightgainandkeepingphysicalfitness:Dontskipmeals.Beforeyouleavehome,haveasmall,low-fatmealorsnack.Thismayhelptoavoidgettingtooexcitedbeforedeliciousfoods.Controlportions.Useasmallplate（about10inches）andputasidethelargeonesthatmayencourageyoutoloadup.Youshouldbemostcomfortableeatinganamountoffo

42、odaboutthesizeofyourfist.Onceyouhaveyourtastingserving,moveawayfromthebuffet.Doingsowillmakeitlesstempting（诱惑）tobeeatingconstantlyasyourappetite（胃口）isinspiredbythesightoffood.Beginwithsoupandfruitorvegetables.Fillupbeforehandonwater-basedsoupandrawfruitorvegetables.Ordrinkalargeglassofwaterbeforeyou

43、eattohelpyoufeelfull.Sticktophysicalactivity.Dontletexercisetakeabreakduringtheholidays.A20-minutewalkafteramealcanhelpburnoffextracalories.Avoidhigh-fatfoods.Dishesthatlookoilyorcreamymayhavealargeamountoffat.Chooseleanmeats.Fillyourplatewithsaladandgreenvegetables.Uselemonjuiceinsteadofdressingorb

44、utter.WhichofthefollowingisWRONGaccordingtothepassage?A.Youhadbetterturnyourattentionawayfromdeliciousfoods.Drinkingsomewaterofsoupbeforeeatinghelpsyoueatless.Holidaysarehappydayswithpleasurebuttheymaybringweightproblems.PhysicalexercisecanreducethechanceofputtingonweightManypeoplecantcontroltheirwe

45、ightaftertheholidaysmainlybecause_th_e_y_.A.takepartintoomanypartiescanthelpbeingtemptedtoeatconstantlyenjoydeliciousfoodscanthelpturningawayfromthefoodsIfthepassageappearsinthenewspaper,whichcolumndoyouthinkitshouldbelongto?C.FashionandFrontierHealthandFitnessThebesttitleforthepassagewouldprobablyb

46、e.A.HowtoavoidholidayfeastingandcelebratingDosandDontsforkeepingslimandfitHowtoavoidweightgainoverholidaysWonderfulholiday,BoringweightDTheodorSeussGeiselwasborninSpringfield,Massachusettsin1904.Hewasfamousbecauseofthebookshewroteforchildren.Theycombinefunnywords,pictures,andsocialopinion.DrSeusswro

47、tehisfirstbookforchildrenin1937.ItiscalledAndtoThinkISawItonMulberryStreet.Anumberofpublishersrefusedtopublishit.Theysaiditwastoodifferent.Afriendfinallypublishedit.Soonothersuccessfulbooksfollowed.Overtheyears,hewrotemorethanfortychildrensbooks.Theywerefuntoread.Yethisbookssometimesdealtwithserious

48、subjects.Bythemiddle1940s,DrSeusshadbecomeoneofthebest-lovedandmostsuccessfulwritersofchildren1954,Lifemagazinepublishedareportaboutschoolchildrenwhocouldnotread.Thereportsaidmanychildrenbookswerenintteresting.DrSeussdecidedtowritebooksthatwereinterestingandeasytoread.In1957,DrSeusswroteTheCatintheH

49、at.Heusedlessthan225wordstowritethebook.Thiswasaboutthenumberofwordsasix-year-oldshouldbeabletoread.Thestoryisaboutacatwhotriestoentertaintwochildrenonarainydaywhiletheirmotherisawayfromhome.Thecatisnotlikenormalcats.Ittalks.Thebookwasanimmediatesuccess.Itwasaninterestingstoryandwaseasytoread.Childr

50、enlovedit.Theirparentslovedit,too.Todaymanyadultssayitisstilloneofthestoriestheylikebest.Whatsthebesttitleforthispassage?A.DrSeussafamouswriterofchildrensbooks.WhatareDrSeusssbooksmainlyabout?SomeofDrSeussbooksforchildren.WhyareDrSeussbooksdifferent?WhatdoweknowaboutDrSeusssfirstbookforchildren?A.It

51、wasDrSeussworstbook.B.Itdealtwithaveryserioussubject.ttakeitseriouslyatfirst.HowdidDrSeusshelpchildrenaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Byaskingotherstohelptheminmagazines.B.Bywritinginterestingandsimplebooks.学习-好资料C.Bychanginghisoldbooksintosimplerones.D.Bygivingthembooksforfree.Wecanmostprobablyhearthispass

52、ageonaradioprogramcalled“”.Theflag,themostcommonsymbolofanationinthemodernworld,isalsooneofthemostancient.Withaclearsymbolicmeaning,theflaginthetraditionalformisstillusedtodaytomarkbuildings,shipsandothervehiclesrelatedtoacountry.Thenationalflagasweknowittodayisinnowayaprimitiveartifact.Itis,rather,

53、theproductofthousandsofyearsdevelopment.Historiansbelievethatithadtwomajorancestors,ofwhichtheearlierservedtoshowwinddirection.Earlyhumanbeingsusedveryfragilehousesandboats.Oftenstrongwindswouldtearroofsfromhousesorcausehighwavesthatendangeredtravelers.Peoplesfoodsuppliesweresimilarlyvulnerable.Even

54、aftertheyhadlearnedhowtoplantgrains,theystillneededhelpfromnaturetoensuregoodharvests.Thereforetheyfearedanddependedonthepowerofthewind,whichcouldbringwarmthfromonedirectionandcoldfromanother.Usingasimplepieceofclothtiedtothetopofaposttotellthedirectionofthewindwasmoredependablethanearliermethods,su

55、chaswatchingtherisingofsmokefromafire.Theconnectionoftheflagwithheavenlypowerwasthereforereasonable.Earlyhumansocietiesbegantofixlongpiecesofclothtothetopsoftotemsbeforecarryingthemintobattle.Theybelievedthatthepowerofthewindwouldbeaddedtothegoodwishesofthegodsandancestorsrepresentedbythetotemsthems

56、elves.Theseflagsdevelopedveryslowlyintomodernflags.Thefirstknownflagofanationorarulerwasunmarked:ThekingofChinaaround1000B.C.wasknowntohaveawhiteflagcarriedaheadofhim.ThispracticemighthavebeenlearnedfromEgyptiansevenfurtherinthepast,butitwasfromChinathatitspreadovertraderoutsthroughIndia,thenacrossA

57、rabIands,andfinallytoEurope,whereitmetupwiththeotherancestorofthenationalflag.TOCo1-5hzThebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.A.TypesofFlagsB.PoweroftheNationalFlag.C.DevelopmentoftheNationalFlag.D.UsesofFlagsTheunderlinedwordvuInerableinParagraph3means.C.difficulttofindD.easytodamageTheearliestflagswerec

58、onnectedwithheavenlypowerbecause.C.theywerehandeddownbytheancestorsD.theywerebelievedtostandfornaturalforcesWhatdoestheauthorknowofthefirstnationalflag?A.Hedoubtswhereitstarted.B.HebelievesitwasmadeinEgypt.C.HethinksitcamefromChina.D.HeknowswhenitwassenttoEurope.Whatwilltheauthormostprobablytalkaboutnext?A.TheroleofChinainthespreadofthenationalflag.ThesecondancestorofthenationalflagTheuseofmodernflagsinEurope.Theimportanceofmodernflags.第II卷（两部分，共35分）35分）第四部分写作（共两节，满分第一节短文填空（共10个小题；第一节短文填空（共10个小题；每小题1分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，根据以下要求：阅