sat2集合satii生物知识元reproduction and development v1from

1、SATII 生物知识元Reproduction and Development【重点掌握】1.Asexual reproduction2.Sexual reproduction3.Embryonic development4.Factorst influence embryonic development【本章词汇】1Gametogenesis,mitdnss配子形成2oogenesis,odnss形成3spermatogenesissp,mtodnss形成4oocyteo,sat细胞5Ovulation,vjlen6spermatogonia,spmtn细胞7spermatidspmtd精细

2、胞8Menstrual cycle9GnRH促激素激素（gonadotropin-releasing hormone）10FSH刺激素（Follicle-Stimulating Hormone）11LH生成素(Luteinizing Hormone)12hypolamus,haplms下丘脑13anterior pituitary垂体前叶14follicleflkl15secreteskrit16estrogenstrdn雌17corpus luteum18progesteroneprodstron酮19metamorphosismtmrfss，变形20fetusfits21Cleavagek

3、livd22blastomereblst,mr球23animal pole动物半球24vegetal pole植物半球25Morulamrl桑椹胚26Blastulablstl囊胚27blastocoelblstusi:l囊胚腔28Gastrulagstrl原肠胚29gastrulation,gstrlen原肠胚形成30germ layer胚层31ectodermkt,dm外胚层32mesoderm,mzodm中胚层33endodermndo,dm内胚层34Archenteronrkntrk原肠35Blastoporeblstp胚孔36amniotemni:,ut羊膜动物37Chorionko

4、r,n绒毛膜38placentaplsnt胎盘39Allantoislnts尿囊40Amnionmnn羊膜41amniotic羊膜腔42Yolk sac卵黄囊43anogenesis,nodnss发生，形成44Notochordnot,krd脊索45Neural tube神经管46neural groove神经沟47neural crest神经嵴48Ovaryovri49ova(singular, ovum)ov卵细胞50Oviductovdkt51fallopian tube52Uterusjutrs【知识】一、Type of fertilization and development二、A

5、sexual reproduction（无性生殖）AnimalFertilizationDevelopmentNumber of eggsParental careFishExternalExternalManyNoneAmphibian（两栖类）ExternalExternalManyNoneReptiles（爬行类）ernalExternal(inside the egg)FewSomeBirdsernalExternal(inside the egg)FewMuchMammalsernalernalFewMuch53endometrium,ndomitrm内膜54Vaginavdan55

6、cervixsvks颈56(plural, testes)tsts57seminiferous tubule精小管58erstitial cell间隙细胞59,pddms60Vas deferens (plural, vasa deferentia)61Seminal vesicles62Prose gland63Gray crescent灰质64dorsal lip背唇65Yolkjok卵黄66Trophoblasttrf()blst; trf-滋养层67human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)绒膜促激素68inner cell mass内细胞团69lineage

7、 map图谱无性生殖产生的后代（offspring）与亲代完全相同，其优点有以下四方面：使动物在没有伴侣的情况下独立产生后代。能快速产生大量后代。不存在需要能量开支的生殖系统或激素周期变化。因为后代是亲代的克隆，当环境稳定时后代保持了亲代的优势。type of asexual reproduction1) Fis（生殖）is the separation of ananismo two cells, such as Amoeba（变形虫）, bacteria.2) Budding（出芽生殖）involves the splitting off of new individuals from e

8、xisting ones, such as Hydra（水螅).Fragmenion（断裂生殖）and regeneration occur when a single parent breaks individualch as sponges, planaria（涡虫）, starfish.Parthenogenesi（s 孤雌生殖）involves the development of an egg without fertilization. The resulting adult is haploid, such as goneybees, some lizards（蜥蜴）.o par

9、tst regenerate三、Sexual reproduction（有性生殖）Primary sex characteristics（第一性征）：是直接参与繁殖的结构，比如女性的（uterus）和（ovaries），的（testes）。Secondary sex characteristics（第二性征）：包括人类身体的毛发，比如（pubic hair）和胡须（beards），还有脂肪和肌肉的分布，声音和雀的尾巴（peacock tails）。（breasts）。类中比如鹿的角（Deer antlers）、狮子的鬃毛（lion manes）和孔1.The human female repr

10、oductive system1）2）3）4）Ovary（：是产生卵细胞（ova，singular, ovum）或卵的地方，每个女性有两个。Oviduct (or fallopian tube)（）：卵细胞通过从移动到。Uterus（Vagina（）：卵附到内壁或内膜（endometrium），之后进行胚胎发育直至出生。）：出生时，通过宫颈（cervix），经过引导，从身体里出来。2.The human male reproductive system(plural, testes)（）:，（sperm）的地方。1)2) Vas deferens (plural, vasa deferenti

11、a)（）:把从一个（）到（urethra）。精子通过从（exit）出来。Prose gland（Scrotum(阴囊)：）:（semen）到的体。，并保持较低温度来保存。3.Gametogenesis（配子形成）in HumansGametogenesis（配子形成） consists of the meiotic cell divit produce eggs in females (oogenesis) （s形成）and spermales (spermatogenesis)（形成）.Ovulation（）：marks the release of the secondary oocyte

12、 from the follicle.四、Embryonic（胚胎发育）developmentA small, flagellated, haploid sperm(n) fertilizes a large, nonmotile（不动的）, haploid egg(n) to form a diploid(2n)t resultshe formation of a hollow（空的）zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage, a sucof mitotic divisball called a blastula（囊胚）. Embryonic de

13、velopment consists of three stages: cleavage, gastrulation, andanogensis.1. Cleavage（期）：卵进行的快速有丝，称为（cleavage），时细胞不会生长，只是被分割成很多小细胞，这些由小细胞组成的中空球形体称为囊胚（blastula）。2. Gastrulation（原肠胚形成）：在期之后，进行分化并重新排列囊胚细胞形成 3 个胚层，外胚层（ectoderm）、中胚层（mesoderm）和内胚层（endoderm），外胚层发育成为皮肤，指甲，鼻，口，称之为原肠胚（gastrula）。，眼球晶状体，视网膜以及神经系

14、统。内胚层发育成为内消化道，呼吸道，肝，胰及其他腺体。中胚层发育成为身体的排泄系统，循环系统和运动系统。3.anogenesis（形成）：三个胚层继续分化逐渐形成各种的过程。当系统形成，胚变成，开始只进行的生长。The stages of embryonic development summarized above, from fertilization to gastrulation, are typical of a sea urchin(an echinoderm). Although these stages are general, important variationsin de

15、velopmental biology follow:t occur among three animals commonly studied【课后练习】1.Development of an embryo without fertilization is called(A)Budding(B)Parthenogenesis(C)Regeneration(D)Gastrulation(E)anogenesis2.All of the following are correct about asexual reproduction EXCEPT(A)it can create numerous

16、offspring quickly(B)the offspring are genetically identical to the parent(C)it enables animals living in isolation to reproduce without a mate(D)there is no expenditure of energy maaining reproductive systems or hormonal cydes(E)it is advantageous when the environment is changing and theanism is str

17、essedOuestions 3-7Refer to the list below of primary germ layers.(A)Ectoderm(B)Endoderm(C)Mesoderm3.Gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract4.Gives rise to the brain and eye5.Gives rise to the blood6.Gives rise to the bone7.Gives rise to the visceraOuestions 8-11Refer to the list below of par

18、ts of the male reproductive system.(A) Prose gland(B) Vas deferens(C) Testes8.Secretes semen directlyo the urethra9.Ductt carries sperm during ejaculation10.Male gonads11.Site of meiosisOuestions 12-15Choose from the list below of parts of the female reproductive system.(A)Uterus(B)Cervix(C)Endometr

19、ium(D)Fallopian tube(E)Ovary12.Where fertilization occurs13.Where meiosis occurs14.Lining of the uterus15.Mouth of the uterus through which the baby passesQuestions 16-18Refer to the terms below about the menstrual cycle.(A) Luteal Phase(B) Menstruation(C) Ovulation(D) Follicular phase .16.FSH stimu

20、lates the ovaries17.Follicle secretes estrogen and progesterone18.Secondary oogyte ruptures out of ovary19.of cleavage is marked by the formation of(A) three embryonic layers(B) the archenteron(C) the blastula(D) zygote(E) the secondary oocyte20. Gastrulation is marked by the formation of the(A) bla

21、stula(B) secondary oocyte(C) three embryonic layers(D) blastocoel(E) zygoted di 阳市 causes ovulation?21. Which hormone is released by the anterior pitui(A) Luteinizing hormone(B) Progesterone(C) Gonadotropic-releasing hormone (GnRH)(D) Follicle-stimulating hormone(E) Estrogert22. Which hormone causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for implanion of the embryo?(