大学生物专业英语6 (1)

1、Lesson sixThe origin and Diversity of Life生命(shngmng)的起源和多样性2022/7/161共四十八页Big Bang big b大爆炸An explosion producing a pressure oscillation of the order of a millibar or more at a distant point on the Earth. e.g., the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Large nuclear fusion explosions are comparable.explosi

2、on iksplun 爆炸 pressure oscillation ,slein压力波动, 冲击波 of the order 大约(dyu) millibar milib: 物毫巴 2022/7/162共四十八页eruption irpn爆发Krakatoa 喀拉喀托火山(印度尼西亚一火山岛) nuclear fusion 核聚变,核融合comparable kmprbl可比较(bjio)的,比得上的binomial system of nomenclature bainumil nmn,kleit 双名法Uses two Latin names, genus and species, fo

3、r each type of organism.genus di:ns (复generadenr ) 属, 2022/7/163共四十八页clade kleid 进化枝In a cladistic classification, organisms are placed into taxonomic groups called clades when they share characteristics that are thought to indicate common ancestry.cladistic kldistik进化枝的 classification ,klsifikein分类

4、(fn li), 分级 taxonomic tksnmik分类学的ancestry nsistri祖先2022/7/164共四十八页class 纲A group used in the classification of living organisms. A class consists of a number of similar or closely related orders or occasionally of only one order. Classes are usually large and easily recognized groups.order 目 group 群

5、体 closely related 关系(gun x)相近的2022/7/165共四十八页coacervate kusveit团聚体，凝聚层A collection of organic macromolecules surrounded by water molecules that are aligned to form a sphere.collection 集成, 聚积 macromolecule ,mkrumlikju:l高分子 align 排列(pili) sphere sfi球体 2022/7/166共四十八页continental drift ,kntnentldrift 大陆

6、漂移The theory that the present continents result from the break-up of a larger continent and have moved independently to their present positions.result from 由.产生 break-up 分裂 破碎(p su) core k:核心The core of the Earth is that part lying below the mantle.2022/7/167共四十八页mantle mntl地幔(dmn)crust krst地壳The cr

7、ust of the Earth is the outer shell of the Earth, defined by its composition and the properties of some seismic position 成分，合成物 seismic waves saizmik震波2022/7/168共四十八页division divin门A unit used in the classification of plants. A division consists of a number of classes, or occasionally of only one cl

8、ass, with certain important characteristics in common.characteristic ,kriktristik特性(txng)2022/7/169共四十八页family 科A unit used in the classification of plants and animals. A family consists of a number of closely related or similar genera or occasionally of only one genus. Family names end in-aceae or-

9、ae in botany and in-ideae in zoology. generadenr属 genus di:ns botanybtni 植物学zoology zldi:动物学, 生态(shngti)2022/7/1610共四十八页genus di:ns属(plural, genera) A unit used in the classification of plants and animals. A genus consists of a number of closely related species, and members of the same genus often h

10、ave a number of obvious characteristics in common by which they can clearly be seen to be related.plural plurl复数(fsh)的2022/7/1611共四十八页kingdom kidm界In biology, a major category into which living material is classified.category ktiri种类(zhngli), 别, 范畴 living material 生活物质,活质liposome lipusum脂质体A vesicle

11、 formed by the homogenization (emulsification) of phospholipids in dilute salt solutions. Liposomes are the prototypes of membrane-bound biologic structures.2022/7/1612共四十八页vesicle vesikl小囊泡 homogenization ,hmdnazein 均质化emulsification i,mlsifikein乳化, 乳化作用 phospholipid ,fsfulipid磷脂 dilute dailju:t冲淡,

12、 稀释 solution slu:n 溶液prototype pruttaip原型,典型membrane-bound 膜结合(jih)的,膜约束的2022/7/1613共四十八页interior intiri 内部(nib)core 核心order 目A unit used in the classification of plants and animals. An order consists of a number of similar or closely related families or only one family. Names of orders end typicall

13、y in ales in plants and in -a in animals.ozone layer uzunlei 臭氧层A layer of the atmosphere, about 20-50 km above the surface, which contains ozone produced by ultraviolet radiation.2022/7/1614共四十八页ultraviolet radiation ,ltrvailit,reidiein紫外辐射phylum failm 复 phylafail 门A unit used in the classification

14、 of animals. A phylum consist of a number of classes, or occasionally of only one class, with certain important characteristics in common, implying that all members are descended from a common ancestor.descended from 从.下来 imply 暗示, 意味ancestor 祖先(zxin), 祖宗 2022/7/1615共四十八页proteinoid ,prutinid类蛋白(质)A

15、proteinlike structure of branched amino acid chains that is the basic structure of a microsphere. branched 分枝的 microsphere 微球体(qit)species spi:i:z物种 种A unit used in the classification of plants and animals. Ideally a species is defined as a group of organisms that interbreed with each other to produ

16、ce fertile offspring.2022/7/1616共四十八页ideally 理想地 在观念上地 define 定义, 详细说明 group 群体interbreed ,intbri:d (使)异种交配(jiopi), (使)混种fertile f:tail能繁殖的taxon tksn (复taxatks ) 分类单位，分类群A unit of classification of any rank in the hierarchical scale.hierarchical ,hair:kikl 分等级的2022/7/1617共四十八页scale 衡量(hng ling),测量,刻

17、度taxonomy tksnmi:分类学The study of the theory, procedure, and rules of classification of organisms according to the similarities and differences between cedure 程序, 手续2022/7/1618共四十八页A home for life: Formation of the solar system and planet earth The story of lifes origins begins with the forma

18、tion of the earth. 生命起源于地球的形成(xngchng)。 The sequence of events that gave rise to our planet began, in turn, with the cosmic explosion physicists call the Big Bang. 我们行星的形成开始于宇宙物理学家所命名的大爆炸。2022/7/1619共四十八页 The sun at the center of our solar system condensed from a cloud of primordial matter roughly 5

19、 billion years ago; the planets, including the earth, condensed about 4.6 billion years ago. 太阳，位于太阳系中心，在大约50亿年(y nin)前，由原始物质浓缩形成; 行星,包括地球在内, 生成于大约46亿年前。2022/7/1620共四十八页 The earth is composed of a number of layers: a solid crust, a semisolid mantle, and a largely molten (liquid) core that has a soli

20、d center. 地球(dqi)由多层组成：坚硬的地壳，半流体的地幔和一个很大的熔解状态的(液体)地核, 地核有一个固体的中心。2022/7/1621共四十八页 Basic physical features of Earth that may have made the emergence of life possible include the planets size, temperature, composition, and distance from the sun. 地球的基本物理特征(使生命起源(qyun)成为可能)，包括行星的大小，温度，组成以及离太阳的距离。2022/7/

21、1622共四十八页 The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously on the early earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances. 当前主要假设认为，在早期地球上,生命自发的形成(xngchng)于非生命物质的化学进化。2022/7/1623共四十八页 Evidence for prelife stages of chemical organization comes from laboratory experiments

22、that try to duplicate the physical environment and chemical resources of the early earth. 通过模拟早期地球的自然条件和化学资源，科学家在实验室中已经(y jing)获得了化学有机体的生命前阶段的证据。（化学有机体的生命前阶段的证据来源于实验室试验）2. The emergence of life: organic and biological molecules on a primitive planet2022/7/1624共四十八页 These experiment, including the pi

23、oneering work of Miller and Urey, have successfully produced organic monomers including amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleic acid bases. 这些实验包括米勒等早期所做工作(gngzu)，成功地产出了有机单体，包括氨基酸，单糖，核酸碱基。2022/7/1625共四十八页 The probable next step toward life was the spontaneous linking of such monomers into polymers s

24、uch as proteinoids and nuclei acids. 这些单体自发的连接成多聚体，如类蛋白和核酸，使进入生命状态成为可能。（使进入生命状态成为可能的下一个(y )步骤） Current research suggests that likely sites for this polymerization were clay or rock surfaces. 目前的研究认为这些聚合作用可能发生在泥土或岩石表面。2022/7/1626共四十八页 Researchers have found that, when energy is available to a system,

25、 they can generate three kinds of organic molecular aggregates. 研究发现当一个系统获得能量时，可能发生(fshng)3种有机分子的聚集体。 The Russian Aleksandr Oparin obtained polymer-rich droplets, called coacervates, from solutions of polymers. 俄国科学家从多聚物的溶液中获得了富含多聚物的小液滴，即凝聚物。2022/7/1627共四十八页 Sidney Fox generated proteinoid microsphe

26、res from mixtures of amino acid and water. Fox从氨基酸和水的混合液中获得了类蛋白微球体(qit)。A third laboratory structure is the liposome, a spherical lipid bilayer that forms from phospholipids. 实验室第三个结构物质是脂质体，即由磷脂形成的球形液体脂双层结构。2022/7/1628共四十八页 A structure similar to one or more of these aggregates may have been the pre

27、cursor of true cells.与这些聚集体类似的结构(jigu)可能是生命细胞的前体. Further steps in the appearance of cells on the earth included the development of RNA and DNA as biological information molecules. 地球上生命发生的下一阶段就是作为生物信息分子的 RNA 和 DNA的形成。2022/7/1629共四十八页Evidence suggests that RNA, which can form spontaneously under con

28、ditions mimicking those of the early earth, was the first information molecule. 有证据表明,在实验室模拟早期地球自然条件下自发生成的RNA是最早的信息(xnx)分子 。2022/7/1630共四十八页The discovery of RNA ribozymesRNA that can act as an enzymelike catalystsuggests that such catalytic RNA also could have assembled new RNAs from early nucleotid

29、es. RNA核酶- RNA可以作为(zuwi)类似酶的催化剂 - 的发现表明它可以催化早期核甘酸形成新的RNA。Certain catalytic RNAs can also carry out sexlike exchanges of pieces of RNA. 某些催化性的RNA分子也能进行RNA片段间性交换的。2022/7/1631共四十八页 Following the development of a lipid-protein surface layer and replicating RNA and DNA informational molecules, the events

30、 leading to the emergence of living cells would have the origin of the genetic code, the sequestering of RNA or DNA into cell-like structures, and the development of metabolic pathways. 接下来脂蛋白表层的形成，信息分子RNA和DNA的的复制，最后导致活细胞发生，包括最初的遗传密码的确立，RNA或DNA被包裹(bogu)进细胞样的结构中,及代谢途径的建立。2022/7/1632共四十八页 The oldest f

31、ossils that may represent living cells are found in rocks that are about 3.5 billion years old.能说明活细胞存在的最古老(glo)化石大约有35亿年了。 The first cells were probably anaerobic heterotrops, with autotrophs arising much later. 最早出现的细胞可能是厌氧异养生物，很久后自养生物出现。3. The earliest cells2022/7/1633共四十八页 The first autotrophs p

32、roduced their own nutrients and released O2a metabolic by-product that had a crucial impact on later life forms. 最早的自养生物可以制造营养物质并释放氧气-这个新陈代谢副产品对后期生命的形成有一个(y )深远的影响。(这个是对后期生命的形成有一个深远的影响新陈代谢副产品。) The resulting ozone layer in the earths atmosphere reduced the penetration of ultraviolet light.地球大气层中的臭氧层

33、的出现减少了紫外线的照射。2022/7/1634共四十八页 As a result, cells would survive in shallow water and on the land surface. 结果，细胞就能够在浅水区和陆地上生存了。 The increasing quantity of atmospheric oxygen also permitted the evolution of aerobic cells and cellular respiration, which in turn signaled the beginning of the global carbo

34、n cycle. 大气中氧气数量的增加使得需氧细胞和细胞呼吸得以进化，这预示着全球(qunqi)碳循环的开始。2022/7/1635共四十八页 Although the earliest cells were all prokaryotes, by about 1.5 billion years ago eukaryotes appeared.虽然最早期的细胞(xbo)都是原核生物，但是在大约15亿年前，真核细胞出现了。2022/7/1636共四十八页4. The changing face of planet earthChanges in land masses, the seas, an

35、d climate have greatly affected the evolution of life on the earth. 大陆板块，海洋和气候的变化对地球生命的进化有深远的影响。The basic parts of the planet include a light, solid crust over a hot, semisolid mantle and an inner, partially molten core. 地球的最基本的组分包括坚硬(jinyng)的地壳，半流体的地幔和熔解态的地核2022/7/1637共四十八页Massive segments or plate

36、s of the crust move over the mantle in the process of continental drift.大板快地壳(dqio)挤压地幔形成大陆漂移。Over the past 500 million years, continental drift hassculpted the earths crusts to produce the form anddistribution of present-day continents.在过去的亿年里，大陆漂移雕塑了地壳的外观，从而形成了现在的大陆。2022/7/1638共四十八页Climatic change

37、s that greatly affected living organisms accompanied these plate movements; the period was marked by occasional waves of mass extinctions of living creatures.伴随板块运动，气候改变(gibin)对生物有深远影响，在特定时期的生物大灭绝就是这个时期的见证。2022/7/1639共四十八页 Organisms were also affected by periods of glaciation that followed variation

38、s in the earths orbit and in the output of energy by the sun. 生物也受冰河期影响(yngxing)，在冰河期，地球轨道和太阳能的输出都发生了很大变化。2022/7/1640共四十八页5. taxonomy: categorizing the variety of living thingsBiologists use the binomial system of nomenclature developed by Linnaeus to categorize the varieties of life on the earth. 生

39、物学家利用林奈提出(t ch)的双名法对地球上的生物进行分类。 The system assigns each type of organism to a genus and species. 该系统可以将每种生物划分到属和种2022/7/1641共四十八页Organisms are then further classified into higher taxonomic categoriesfamily, order, class, division (plants), phylum (animals), and kingdom.然后将生物(shngw)进一步划分到更高级类别中，即科，目，纲，门，界。2022/7/1642共四十八页Evidence from many subfields of biology, such as biochemistry and comparative anatomy, helps define species and higher taxa (taxon). 来自于生物化学和比较解剖学等许多生物学领域(ln y)的证据有助于划分物种和更高级的分类单位And whereas species were originally defined in terms of morphological traits, today bio