6英语词汇学第六章_同义反义上下义汇总课件

1、Main contents: (semantic field)1.）definition of hyponymy2. ） superordinate and hyponym3. ） relationship between superordinate and hyponym4. ） use of superordinate and hyponym5. ） meronymy semantic field theory 语义场理论 vocab. of a language is not just a listing of independent items, but organized into

2、areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component. ( Jost Trier / German 1930s)words of a semantic field are not synonyms but are joined together by some common semantic componentwords in the same semantic field may have a number of collocations in commonpor

3、k /beef fry,stew, roast,raw3. Hyponymy 词与词之间的上下义关系 (hierarchical classifications) 3.1.Hyponymy-semantic inclusion语义内包） relationship which obtains between general and specific lexical items (between the genus（类概念） and the species（种概念）.Note:*grammatical structure:He likes dogs and other animals.There

4、is no flower more beautiful than a rose.I like all fruits except bananas.She reads books all daymostly novels.Move Walk run jog swim fly3.2. superordinate and hyponym 上义词/下义词 superordinate or upper term: the more inclusive words hyponym, lower term or subordinate: the more specific wordskinship: fat

5、her /mother/brother/cousinprocess of cooking: roast, boil, cook, grill Furniture bed,table,sofa.chair（co-hyponym共下义词）set of terms which are hyponyms of the same superordinate term.3.3. relationship between superordinate and hyponym: relativeLiving (plant ) (animal )(tree flower bush ) (tiger wolf sh

6、eep )(pine oak maple ) ram ewe lamb (white pine/ yellow pine ) 3.4. use of superordinate and hyponym General terms : vague / trite ( thing, go)Specific words add force , clarity,and evoke vivid pictures. walk * meronymy(局部与整体关系） Meronymya term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexic

7、al items. cover/page book X is part of Y. A page is part of a book. Y has X. A book has pages. (hierarchical classifications.) 代表整体的词：holonym代表局部的词：meronym 属于局部的词: co-meronyms共局部词e.g: book: holonym cover/page: co-meronyms 共局部词 Plantleaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shoot Petal stamen 4. synonymy 词与词之间的

8、同义关系 Main contents:4.1.definition of synonymy4.2. sources of synonyms 4. 3. kinds of synonyms # differences between relative synonyms4.4. effects of synonyms4.1. definition of synonymy synonymy : refers to the sameness relation between words. Synonym: -a word that is equivalent in sense to another w

9、ord.4.1. definition of synonymy synonymy : refers to the sameness relation between words. Synonym: -a word that is equivalent in sense to another word.4.2. Sources of synonyms A. historical reason: a) Anglo-Saxon (native) b) French, Latin, Greek (foreign elements) Patterns: doublets: native words /

10、borrowed 成对同义词 homely domestic house mansiontriplets: Anglo-Saxon French Latin rise mount ascendB. geographical reason American/British English dialect: girl lassC. linguistic phenomenon pick up choose fall out quarrelD. figurative meaning star-gazer day dreamer walk of life occupation/professione)

11、euphemism /vulgarism to lie-to distort the fact poor-needy, deprived, underprivileged, disadvantaged strikeindustrial action4.3. Kinds of synonyms plete (absolute/total) synonym b. relative synonym quasi-synonym loose synonyma. complete (absolute/total) synonym (rare) two words identical in meaning,

12、 i.e. interchangeable in all contexts and with identical connotation. e.g.: word-building word formation fricative spirant摩擦音b. Relative synonyms those that denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality. Differences between relative synonyms:A) different in degrees of give

13、n quality, semantic intensity I hate people who tell lies. I detest people who tell lies. B)-different in emotional color economical/stingy intellectual/eggheadC) different in stylistic meaning (level of formality ): fearful / afraid /yellowD)different in collocation or distribution (syntagmatic rel

14、ation) accuseof charge with reproachwith (for)F) different in local color lift/elevator4.4. effect of synonymsa. avoid repetition/achieve precisionThey hide out on the illegal journey in the smugglers, cars, trucks and vans, sometimes stowing away in cardboxes or disappearing behind the loads of wat

15、ermelons and sacks of potatoes.b. satisfy stylistic purpose: cease to think gone to sleep foreverc. emphasis setbacks and reversed. explanationHe was cashiered, that is to say, dismissed.He was murdered, or rather executed.Exercises:1. Comment on the differences between relative synonyms.2.Why do wr

16、iters often use synonyms in their writing? Give one example.Antonymy词与词之间的反义关系 Main contents:5.1.definition of antonymy5.2. kinds of antonyms5. 3. use of antonyms5.1. definition of antonymy antonymy :oppositeness of meaning between words antonym: words that re in opposition5.2. kinds of antonyms a.

17、(classified according to morphological structure) * root antonyms clear/vague large/small *derivational antonyms: prewar/ postwar code/decode * b. (classified according to semantic contrast) a) contraries (相对反义词） b) complementary （互补反义词） c) conversives （换位反义词） d) semantic incompatible/multiple incom

18、patible antonym （多项不兼容反义词）a).contraries(相对反义词） gradable /graded （可分级反义词） - illustrated by such pairs as old/young, big/small, etc. - can be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved., showing the semantic polarity is relative and the opposition is gradual. radical moderate-conservativeloveatt

19、achmentlikingindifferenceantipathy-hate特点：parative/superlative/adverbs wider widest very wide b.- relative /intermediate terms / gradual wetmoistdampish-dryc. One is marked, the other is unmarked (oldyoung) How old is he? How young is he? How tall is he? How big is it? How wide is the road?无标记的词比有标记

20、的词用处广泛There is a lion there.There is a lioness there.b) complementary/contradictory antonyms (互补反义词） ungradable antonyms不可分级反义词 binary antonyms二元反义词 a pair of words whose meanings are entirely contradictory. mutually exclusive and admit no intermediate terms between them. The assertion of one is the

21、 denial of the other. male/female true/false on/off win/lose sloth/diligent go/stay float/sink dead/alive * shut/open ajar *有时也不绝对 He is more female than male. He is more dead than alive. bisexual person present /past / future ?c). conversives / converse antonyms对立反义词 (relational opposites关系对立词) pai

22、rs of words so related that either one presupposes the other.masterservant doctorpatient buysellhusbandwifein front ofbehind host-guest d) semantic incompatible multiple incompatible antonym （多项不兼容反义词） 反义词彼此对立,形成多元对立关系 spring summer autumn winter north south east west Monday Tuesday Wednesday. January February* in the same