Introduction to Engineering and Technology Concepts[介绍工程和技术概念](-83)

1、Introduction to Engineering and Technology ConceptsUnit NineChapter 3 Course ReviewInstructions for Success:This review is intended for you to follow along in your notebook.Material covered in this extensive review will be included on the final exam.Good luck!ObjectiveStudents will review key concep

2、ts of the Introduction to Engineering and Technology Advanced Path course in preparation for the final exam.Mindjog!On your worksheet, please respond to the following question:“Remembering everything that you have learned, please redefine the term technology.” Unit ReviewDefinition of TechnologyTech

3、nology humans using objects to change the natural and manmade environment (Wright, 2004) .All technology has FOUR basic features (Wright, 2004) .Four Features of TechnologyTechnology is human knowledge.Technology uses tools, materials, and systems.Any application of technology results in artifacts a

4、nd other outputs.Technology is developed by people to modify or control the environment (Wright, 2004).Other Outputs?On the last slide, it was stated that one of the features of technology is the result of other outputs.What does this mean?First, if artifacts are human-made things, then the other ou

5、tputs are the leftovers.These outputs can include things like pollution and scrap (Wright, 2004).Technologys EvolutionWe have already established that technology is dynamic.The earliest piece of technology has been around as long as humanity has walked this Earth 2.5 million years ago! (Wright, 2004

6、).Can you guess what it is?The first piece of technology was A ROCK!Technologys Evolution (continued)How is a rock a piece of technology?While not manmade, a rock makes our life easier.Technology can also be defined as anything that makes a humans life easier.Our decedents used this early technology

7、 for cutting and pounding (Wright, 2004).The TimelineThe evolution of technology can be divided up into seven “ages.” They are:The Stone AgeThe Bronze AgeThe Iron AgeThe Middle AgesRenaissanceThe Industrial RevolutionThe Information Age (Wright, 2004).The System ComponentsAll technological systems a

8、re made up of several components. They include:GoalsInputsProcessesOutputsFeedback and Control (Wright, 2004) ProcessesAll technological systems are characterized by some sort of action.The steps in these actions are called a process.Tech systems use three types of processes:Problem solving, product

9、ion, and management processes (Wright, 2004).Processes (continued)The problem solving process is similar to the scientific method and can be broken down into steps:Identifying a problemDeveloping potential solutions Isolating, refining, and detailing the best solutionModeling/testing and evaluating

10、the solutionCommunicating the final solution (Wright, 2004).Processes (continued)The production process are the actions that are completed to perform the function of the technological system.This can be something as basic as a set of instructions to complete a specific task, like building something

11、(Wright, 2004).Processes (continued)The management process are all of the actions people use to ensure that the production processes operates efficiently and appropriately.Management uses four basic steps:Planning setting goals and different courses of actionOrganizing diving tasks into segmentsActu

12、ating assigning and supervising workControlling comparing system output to the goal (Wright, 2004)Dynamic TechnologiesIt has already been stated that technology is dynamic; constantly changing.For example, what was once the telegraph has become the cell phone. Technology can be said to have three “L

13、evels of Development:”ObsoleteCurrentEmerging (Wright, 2004)Obsolete TechnologiesConsider that certain technologies go through a period of evolution. Think in terms of the printing press, the typewriter, the computer, and now the laptop. Most people no longer have a typewriter in their homes because

14、 it is, for the most part, obsolete. While the typewriter might work just fine, it is not efficient enough for humanities current needs.Obsolete technologies are those that can no longer efficiently meet human needs for products and services (Wright, 2004).Current TechnologiesCurrent technologies ar

15、e the artifacts that you see around you everyday. They are currently efficient enough to meet humanitys needs. Think about cars, mp3 players, cell phones, microwaves, etc. These are all current.Current Technologies include the range of techniques used to produce most of the products and services tod

16、ay (Wright, 2004).Emerging TechnologiesEmerging Technologies are the new technologies that are not widely employed today (Wright, 2004). Emerging Technologies posses of chance of becoming mainstream as time passes.There was a time before the internet, the computer, television, and radio. During this

17、 time these ideas were considered, “high tech.”As needs, desires, and costs changed, these “high tech” artifacts found their way into our everyday lives. Unit ReviewProcesses ReviewThe problem solving process is similar to the scientific method and can be broken down into steps:Identifying a problem

18、Developing potential solutions Isolating, refining, and detailing the best solutionModeling/testing and evaluating the solutionCommunicating the final solution (Wright, 2004).In FactDeveloping design solutions really come down to three steps:Developing preliminary solutions.Isolating and refining th

19、e best solution.Detailing the best solution (Wright, 2004).When developing solutions there is a good bit of imagination involved. Once the imagination has produced potential solutions, they need to be refined to see if they are, in fact, possible.MeasurementMeasurement is the practice of comparing t

20、he qualities of an object to a standard.In earlier times, we used body parts as that standard. Literally, one foot was the size of your foot. Unfortunately, not everyones foot is the same size.Two measurement standards are in use today: U.S. customary and the Metric System (Wright, 2004).U.S. Custom

21、ary SystemThis system was developed in England from the 1100s to the 1500s.Some aspects of this system were based on body parts, for instance an inch and a thumb being the same thing.Despite using logic and common understanding, the system is confusing in that numerous terms are used to describe the

22、 same measure.For instance, 12 inches equals a foot but 36 inches equals three feet or one yard.Also confusing are the inconsistencies in computing fractions and multiples of different base measurements. (Wright, 2004). ConsiderConsider that we have developed standards for seven physical qualities,

23、including:Size and shape the length, area, or volume of an object.Mass the amount of matter in an object.Temperature how hot or cold an object or place is.Time How long an event lasts The other qualities are number of particles, electrical current, and light intensity (Wright, 2004). Material Resour

24、cesMaterials form the foundation for all production activities. Without material resources, production is not possible (Wright, 2004).There are three types of natural resources that can become the inputs to a production. These materials are:Genetic MaterialsFossil Fuel MaterialsMinerals (Wright, 200

25、4). Unit ReviewSix Simple MachinesMachines are artifacts that transmit or change the application of power, force, or motion. Simple Machines work on the two basic principles of the lever and the inclined plane. The Six Simple Machines are:The LeverThe Wheel and AxleThe PulleyThe Inclined PlaneThe We

26、dgeThe Screw (Wright, 2004)Quick ReviewIn the last chapter, we defined energy as the ability to do work.The concept of technology is anything that makes our lives easierit does the work for us to a certain extent.Therefore, without energy, humans could not work on the development of technology that

27、in turn could not work to benefit our needs (Wright, 2004).Quick Review (continued)We also stated that energy is in two forms: kinetic and potential.Kinetic energy is energy that being used. Potential energy is energy that is being stored.Think of a batteryalone the battery has the potential to be t

28、ransformed and used. When placed in a device that runs on battery power, the energy becomes kinetic (Wright, 2004).Its the LawFinally, we noted that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, energy can only be converted from one form to another. Its general forms are as follows:Mechanical Ra

29、diantChemicalThermalElectrical Nuclear (Wright, 2004)SourcesNow that we have defined the different forms of energy, there needs to be an understanding of exactly what source we are using to harness it.There are three:ExhaustibleRenewableInexhaustible (Wright, 2004)Energy ConversionSo far, we have de

30、fined and discussed energy forms and sources.What we have said is that energy is transformedand it is through these four ways:Inexhaustible Energy ConvertersRenewable Energy ConvertersThermal Energy Converters Electrical Energy Converters (Wright, 2004) Unit ReviewWhat is Construction?The Mindjog as

31、ked you to consider the components of your home. Did you think of things like lumber, piping, the foundation, and the like?What is construction anyway?Construction is a production activity that produces structures such as buildings or roadways (Wright, 2004).What is Involved?What steps are taken whe

32、n constructing a building?Preparing the SiteSetting FoundationsBuilding the FrameworkEnclosing the StructureInstalling UtilitiesFinishing the Exterior and InteriorCompleting the Site (Wright, 2004)What is Transportation?The Mindjog asked you to consider the different ways you could get from Point A

33、to Point B. Did you mention a car, plane, or boat?What is transportation anyway?Transportation is all acts that relocate humans and their possessions.Transportation Technology provides movement using technical means to extend human ability (Wright, 2004).Goals of CommunicationEvery communication mes

34、sage is designed to deliver a certain impact.Communication can meet one or more of the three basic goals:Inform Persuade Entertain (Wright, 2004).Types of CommunicationOne way to look at communication is in the terms of sender and receiver. The most familiar type of communication is people communica

35、ting with people. It is referred to as “human to human.”There is also “machine to human.” It is used to display machine operating conditions. Think about when computer displays errors.If youve ever sent anything through a computer or set a thermostat, youve used, “human to machine.” There is also “m

36、achine to machine.” Humans create programs and put them into computers, and the computer directs and controls an apparatus (Wright, 2004). Unit ReviewAgricultureWhen you hear someone say, “agriculture,” what do you think of?Do you think of rows of corn, fields of wheat, and cows roaming the grounds?

37、Agriculture is people using materials, information, and machines to produce food and natural fibers (Wright, 2004).Essentially, agriculture can described as “farming.”BiotechnologyBiotechnology and agriculture are two related studies. One aspect of biotechnology considers the practices that improve

38、propagation, growing, and harvesting activities (Wright, 2004).More directly, biotechnology uses biological agents in processes to produce goods or services (Wright, 2004).These agents are microorganisms, enzymes, or animal and plant cells (Wright, 2004).MedicineMedicine can be described as the diag

39、nosing, treating, and prevention of diseases (Wright, 2004).Disease is any change that interferes with the appearance, structure, or function of the body (Wright, 2004).There are many professionals that treat disease and injury: physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, medical

40、technologists, dentists, dental hygienists, and pharmacists (Wright, 2004). GoalsThe aforementioned health care professionals respond to health care in three ways:Diagnosis performed by conducting interviews, physical examinations, and medical tests.Treatment involves applying medical procedures to

41、cure disease.Prevention actions taken to keep people from contracting a disease (Wright, 2004).Technology in MedicineIn the past, physicians depended on people to describe their symptoms. Today, many different types of diagnostic devices exist. For our discussion, we will examine three:Routine Diagn

42、ostic EquipmentNoninvasive Diagnostic EquipmentInvasive Diagnostic Equipment (Wright, 2004).Treatment TechnologiesTreatment of illnesses can also require drugs, specialized equipment, or both.A drug is a substance used to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease. It can be used to prolong the life of p

43、atients with incurable conditions.Other areas of technology include developing life support equipment, artificial body parts, medical computer systems, blood chemistry sensors, therapeutic instruments, and medical imaging and treatment systems (Wright, 2004). Optical TechnologiesOptical Technologies

44、 consider the reaction to visible light waves (Wright, 2004).Optical properties include color (waves that are reflected), optical transmission (ability to pass light waves), and optical reflectivity (ability to reflect light waves) (Wright, 2004).Think about microscopes, lasers, fiber optics, bar co

45、de readers, and scannershow do they play a role in our lives (Wright, 2004)?Fiber OpticsStill, the aforementioned techniques are limited by the distance the information can be sent.Fiber optics are channels that guide light waves through internal reflection over some distance.Internal reflection mea

46、ns that when the light waves strike the outer edge of the fiber, they are reflected back towards the center.Optical communication of this type is called guided optical transmission, which began development in the 1960s (Wright, 2004).Fluid Power SystemsFluid Power Systems use either liquids or gases

47、 to transfer power from one place to another (Wright, 2004).Systems that use air are called pneumatic systems.Liquids are used in hydraulic systems (Wright, 2004).Electrical EnergyIn the Chapters dealing with energy, we said that electrical energy is associated with electrons moving along a conducto

48、r (Wright, 2004).In a previous chapter, we discussed that atoms have electrons and that electrons have a negative charge. ElectronsInsulatorWhen the electrons do not move within the atom, binding them in such a way, the result is an insulator.An insulator is a poor conductor of electricity. Items th

49、at are considered insulators include wood, plastic, glass, and so on (Brian, 2004). ConductorConductors, such as metals, allow the electrons to move within the atom. When the electrons move, it becomes easier for electricity to flow though the material. As the electrons move, they transmit electrici

50、ty from one point to another (Brian, 2004).ComputersWhen a lot of people think of technology they immediately visualize a computer with internet connection.Computers are used in all areas of life and are especially good when used for communication.A computer is a machine that performs a number of ta

51、sks controlled by a set of instructions (Wright, 2004).Computer MemoryRead only memory (ROM) is memory that can be read by the computer but cannot be changed (Wright, 2004).Random-access memory (RAM) is memory that can be read or changed by the computer and the user.In addition, data can be stored o

52、utside of the computer by external storage devicesThese can include CD-ROMs, hard drives, flash drives, etc (Wright, 2004).NetworksWhile computers alone can be used to do a specific task, they can be connected into networks. In this case, a computer is connected to other computers. There are two typ

53、es:Local Area Network (LAN) used in a single building or site, it connects several personal computers to a special computer called the sever. The sever is used to store programs and data for the network.Wide Area Network (WAN) covers large geographical areas. The largest WAN is the internet (Wright,

54、 2004).The InternetThe term internet means interconnected networks. The internet is a computer-based global information system.No one really owns it because much of its creation and initial workings emerged from research that was federally funded. It is a collection of large and small independent ne

55、tworks called intranets.These intranets link hundreds of computers, with the internet allowing them to share information (Wright, 2004). Unit ReviewThree FactorsWhen purchasing technology, think about these important factors:Function how well will the product meet your needs? How well does it work?

56、Is the product durable and easy to maintain? How well will it do the job you have in mind?Value Does the performance of the product match its price? Do other products meet your needs as well but cost less? Is it worth the selling price (Wright, 2004)?Maintaining TechnologyHaving your product work pr

57、operly when called upon often requires maintenance.Preventive maintenance is designed to prevent breakdowns, such as oil changes.Understand that no technology will work all the time or last forever. Repairing technology is the process of putting a product back into good working order (Wright, 2004).

58、ManagementTechnology is purposeful; it is developed to meet a problem or opportunity.However, it must be managed.Therefore, technology is a product of managed human activity.Management can be defined as the act of planning, directing and evaluating an activity.Management involves authority and respo

59、nsibility (Wright, 2004).Areas of IndustryThere are several areas of industry:Research and Development activities that might result in new or improved products and processes.Production develop methods for producing products or services and the activities that produce the desired outputs.Marketing th

60、e activities that encourage the flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumer.Industrial Relations activities that develop an efficient work force and maintain positive relations with the workers and the public.Financial affairs activities that obtain, account for, and disburse funds