国际贸易实务英语课件汇总整本书电子教案全套课件完整版ppt最新教学教程

1、Chapter 1 OverviewAfter learning this unit, you will be able to: define what is meant by international trade explain the reasons for engaging in international trade identify the benefits of international trade understand various means of trade restrictionChapter 1 Overview Reasons for International

2、Trade Resources reasonsEconomic reasonsAbsolute advantageComparative advantage3. Other reasons1. Resource reasonsThe uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the basic reasons why nations began and continue to trade with each other.1) Favorable climatic conditions and terrainClima

3、tic conditions and terrain are very important for agricultural produces. The difference in these factors enables some countries to grow certain plants and leaves other countries with the only choice to import the produces they consume. For example, Colombia and Brazil have the ideal climate for grow

4、ing coffee beans but other countries dont. Then Colombia and Brazil have the opportunity to export coffee beans and coffee to countries worldwide. Another example is that the US Great Plains states have the ideal climate and terrain for raising wheat. This has made the US a big wheat exporter.2) Nat

5、ural resourcesSome countries are the major suppliers of certain natural resources because the distribution of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard. The Middle East West Europe and Japan need is imported from the Middle East the US oil military consumption in Europe and Asia is la

6、rgely purchased from that area.3) Skilled workersUS, Japan, and western European countries have skilled workers who are able to manufacture sophisticated equipment and machinery such as jet aircrafts and computers, etc. Other countries, since they dont have well-trained engineers and workers, must i

7、mport the equipment from these countries.4) Capital resourcesDeveloping countries need to modernize their industries and economies with advanced machinery, equipment and plant that they are not yet able to manufacture because of the lack of capital. This has given rise to the need for developing int

8、ernational trade.5) Favorable geographic location and transport costsThere are many examples that countries have developed close economic relationships chiefly because they are geographically close to each other. Sino-Japanese trade relationship is to some degree determined by geographic proximity a

9、nd low transport cost. 6) Insufficient productionSome countries cannot produce enough items they need. UK does not have a large enough agricultural population. only 5% of its population is engaged in agriculture and they mainly grow fruits and flowers. UK then has to import 60% of its total agricult

10、ural consumption.2. Economic reasonsIn addition to getting the products they need, countries also want to gain economically by trading with each other. It is made possible by varied prices for the same commodity around the world, reflecting the differences in the cost of production.1) Absolute advan

11、tageAdam Smiths - each country could produce one or more commodities at a lower real cost than its trading partners. It then follows that each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an “absolute advantage”, exporting them and importing other commodities which i

12、t produces at a higher real cost than does another country.Absolute-cost ExampleFrom the example, We can see clearly that Scotland should specialize in the production of cloth on which it has a cost advantage.Days of Labor Required to ProduceCountryCloth (1 bolt)Wine (1 barrel)Scotland30120Portugal1

13、00202) Comparative advantageDavid Ricardo -absolute cost advantages are not a necessary condition for two nations to gain from trade with each other. Instead, trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative cost, that is , the ratios of their real costs, are different for two or mo

14、re commodities. In short, trade depends on differences in comparative cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher ( or lower) in every commodity.Comparative-cost ExampleClearly the United States benefits from specializing in cars, which it produces mo

15、re cheaply than Brazil, and trading with Brazil for some of the computers it produces more cheaply. productU.S.Brazil100 cars2 41,000 computers343) Other reasonsAll in all, in todays complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic

16、 resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities. International Trade Policy Gains from Free TradeGains from Inter-industry specializationEconomies of ScaleIf countries can specialize in certain goods they can benefit from econ

17、omies of scale and lower average costs, this is especially true in industries with high fixed costs or that require high levels of investment. The benefits of economies of scale will ultimately lead to lower prices for consumers. Gains from Free TradeGains from Inter-industry specializationIncreased

18、 CompetitionWith more trade domestic firms will face more competition from abroad therefore there will be more incentives to cut costs and increase efficiency. It may prevent domestic monopolies from charging too high prices. Gains from Free TradeGains from Inter-industry specializationTrade is an e

19、ngine of growthWorld trade has increased by an average of 7% since the 1945, causing this to be one of the big contributors to economic growth. Gains from Free TradeGains from Intra-industry specializationIntra-industry specialization tends to occur in industries characterized by the existence of im

20、perfect competition. In most cases, intra-industry specialization involved countries exchanging different varieties of the same good. Reasons for Trade Restrictioninfant industry argument -maintains that a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques

21、 are mastered and the operation becomes large enough to enjoy the economies of scale and to be able to compete in the market. Reasons for Trade RestrictionUnfair competition. Foreign firms may receive subsidies or other government benefits. They may be dumping (selling goods abroad at below cost pri

22、ce to capture a market). Balance of payments. Reducing imports improves the balance of trade. Cultural Identity This is not really an economic argument but more political and cultural. Many countries wish to protect their countries from what they see as an Americanization or commercialization of the

23、ir countries. Reasons for Trade RestrictionThe Senile industry argument. If industries are declining and inefficient they may require large investment to make them efficient again. Protection for these industries would act as an incentive to for firms to invest and reinvent themselves. However prote

24、ctionism could also be an excuse for protecting inefficient firms.Different Means of Protection(1) Tariff barriersA tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country. It can be a revenue tariff, which is collected mainly for income purpose, or a protection tariff, which is collec

25、ted in order to protect the domestic market. (2) Non-tariff barriersQuotaThis is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value. The upper limit can be set on global (first come first served) basis or on country basis. An absolute quota is one that cannot be exceede

26、d and a tariff quota is one that requires low or no duties below the limit but high duties or penalty above the limit.Voluntary Export RestraintsVoluntary export restraints enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume. In many c

27、ase, it is not really a “voluntary” measure taken on the part of the exporting country but rather than a measure to avoid harsher punitive actions taken by the importing country.Import licenseAn import license is a permit for import, which can be independent or combined with quotas.Product standardM

28、any non-tariff trade barriers of ingenious new ones are constantly being developed to restrict trade. Some are technical standards, such as antipollution regulations that require automobiles to meet certain exhaust emission standards. Others may be ostensibly be introduced for reasons of health, saf

29、ety, sanitary or national security but are actually intended to restrict trade.Government Procurement PolicyThis policy requires that a specified percentage of purchases by a government be made from domestic firms rather than foreign firms. It can be a non-tariff barrier to imports, if the purchasin

30、g processes are biased against foreign products, as they often are. In many countries the governments buy relatively few imported products and instead they buy mostly . Chapter 2 Trade TermsAfter learning this unit, you will be able to: understand the nature and the role of trade terms know the majo

31、r rules governing the use of trade terms provide a brief explanation of thirteen terms under the Incoterms2010compare and contrast the use of FOB, CFR and CIF list the determining factors when choosing IncotermsChapter 2 Trade Terms Definition of International Terms FOB LONDON CIF JIUJIANGThe trade

32、terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation of English letters to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods. Definition of International TermsTr

33、ade terms are key elements of international contracts of sale, since they tell the parties what to do with respect to:Delivery termscarriage of the goods from the seller to the buyer and division of costs and risks between the parties;Price termsstipulating what are included in the price the buyer p

34、aid to the seller, e.g. cost, freight, insurance, export and import clearance fees, etc;Delivery obligationswhat documents should the seller provide, e.g. bill of lading insurance policy, etc.The Role of Trade TermsThe objective of trade terms is to help the seller and the buyer to settle mentioned

35、issues. Predefined trade terms have been developed in form of abbreviations which already allocate the obligations of seller and buyer so that the parties do not need to consume much time for discussing the conditions in each issue. THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TRADE CONVENTIONS1、Warsaw-Oxford Rules(W.O.Rul

36、es)1932 华沙牛津公约2、Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 1941美国对外贸易定义修订本 3、International Rules For the Interpretation of Trade Terms国际贸易术语解释通则 It has been amended and modernized in 1953,1967,1980,1990, 2000 and 2010.2010年通则 四组术语(共11种)Group EDepartureEXW -Ex works( named place)All modes of tra

37、nsport including multimodalGroup FMain Carriage UnpaidFCA-Free Carrier( named place)DittoFAS-Free Alongside Ship(named port of shipment)Sea and inland waterway transport onlyFOB-Free On Board(named port of shipment)DittoGroup CMain Carriage PaidCFRCost and Freight (named port of destination)DittoCIF

38、Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)DittoCPTCarriage Paid To (named place of destination)All modes of transport including multimodalCIPCarriage and Insurance Paid To (named place of destination)DittoGroup DArrivalDATDelivered at Terminal (named terminal at port or place of destina

39、tion)DittoDAPDelivered at Place (named place of destination)DittoDDPDelivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)DittoDifference between Incoterms 2000 and Incoterms 2010 The newly published 2010 version takes into account issues such as developments in cargo security and the need to replace pape

40、r documents with electronic ones. It made several important changes to the previous version, such as a reduction in the number of terms to 11 from 13. The DAF, DES, DEQ, and DDU designations have been eliminated, while two new terms, Delivered at Terminal (DAT) and Delivered at Place (DAP), have bee

41、n added. INCOTERMS 2010 also attempt to better take into account the roles cargo security and electronic data interchange now play in international trade.A Brief Explanation of the Terms in Incoterms 2010A Brief Explanation of the Terms in Incoterms 2010Explanations of Group EEXW EX WORKS (named pla

42、ce of delivery) The term means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the sellers premises or another named place (i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.The Sellers only responsibility is to ma

43、ke the goods available at the Sellers premises. The Buyer bears full costs and risks of moving the goods from there to destination. So this term represents the minimum obligation for the seller.Under EXW term it is not guaranteed that the goods will be exported. It should not be used when the buyer

44、cannot carry out the export formalities directly or indirectly. The buyer may keep the goods in the exporting country and re-sell to a third party.Explanations of Group FFCA FREE CARRIER (named place of delivery)“Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person

45、 nominated by the buyer at the sellers premises or another named place. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point. If the parties intend to deliver the goods at the sellers premises, they

46、 should identify the address of those premises as the named place of delivery. If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at another place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery.FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. Howe

47、ver, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.FASFREE ALONGSIDE SHIP (named port of shipment) The term FAS means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the na

48、med port of shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the loading point at the named port of shipment, as the costs and risk

49、s to that point are for the account of the seller and these costs and associated handling charges may vary according to the practice of the port.Where the goods are in containers, it is typical for the seller to hand the goods over to the carrier at a terminal and not alongside the vessel. In such s

50、ituation, the FAS rule would be inappropriate, and the FCA rule should be used.FOBFree on Board (Named port of Shipment) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver the goods when they have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear

51、 all expenses and risks of or damage to the goods from that point.Such as FOB Shanghai or FOB HamburgTHE SELLERS RESPONSIBILITIES1、deliver the goods at the time stipulated in the contract，provides sufficient notice2、obtains the export licenses and authorizations and carry out all export formalities

52、and procedures3、assume all risks of loss or damage to the goods until they have passed the ships rail 4、provides the buyer with a proof of delivery or a transport document (such as B/L ,inspection documents)The most important is deliver the goods on time and notice to the buyer.Explanations of Group

53、 CCFR COST AND FREIGHT (named port of destination)It shares every features with FOB on the nature of delivery, the passing of the risk and obligation of custom formalities except that The seller must arrange and bear the cost of transporting the goods to the named port of destination. However, the s

54、eller is not obliged to take out an insurance policy for the goods.Explanations of Group CCIF COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT (named port of destination)Under the CIF term, the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to a named port of destination, and must also procure marine

55、 insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.CIF is the same as CFR except that the seller is responsible for effecting insurance, paying the premium. The insurance required under a CIF contract has to cover minimum conditions.Explanations of Group CCPT CA

56、RRIAGE PAID TO (named place of destination)This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs for carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destinatio

57、n. The risk of los of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to the events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CPT requires the selle

58、r to clear the goods for export. This term may be used for any mode of transport and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.Explanations of Group CCIP CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO (named place of destination)CIP to CPT is similar to CIF to CFR. This means that the selle

59、r has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.The buyer should note that under CIP the selle

60、r is only required to obtain insurance on a minimum coverage.This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used for any mode of transport and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.Explanations of Group D DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL (. named