外文翻译-超声测距系统设计

1、毕业设计论文英文资料翻译 Ultrasonic ranging system design 系 别 专 业 班 级 学生姓名 学 号 指导教师 中文翻译超声测距系统设计摘要：超声测距技术在工业现场、车辆导航、水声工程等领域都具有广泛的应用价值，目前已应用于物位测量、机器人自动导航以及空气中与水下的目标探测、识别、定位等场合。因此，深入研究超声的测距理论和方法具有重要的实践意义。为了进一步提高测距的精确度，满足工程人员对测量精度、测距量程和测距仪使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于单片机的便携式超声测距系统。关键词：超声波，测距仪，单片机 随着科技的开展，人们生活水平的提高，城市开展建设加快，城市给排

2、水系统也有较大开展，其状况不断改善。但是，由于历史原因合成时间住的许多不可预见因素，城市给排水系统，特别是排水系统往往落后于城市建设。因此，经常出现开挖已经建设好的建筑设施来改造排水系统的现象。城市污水给人们带来了困扰，因此箱涵的排污疏通对大城市给排水系统污水处理，人们生活舒适显得非常重要。而设计研制箱涵排水疏通移动机器人的自动控制系统，保证机器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排污疏通机器人的设计研制的核心局部。控制系统核心局部就是超声波测距仪的研制。因此，设计好的超声波测距仪就显得非常重要了。 微控制器(MCU)是一种单片计算机。这是一种强调自给自足和本钱效益形成鲜明比照的通用微处理器PC。现

3、在使用的大多数的计算机系统是嵌入到其他机器中，如 、时钟、电器、汽车和根底设施。嵌入式系统通常对内存和程序长度的要求很小并且可能需要简单但不寻常的输入/输出系统。例如，大多数嵌入式系统缺乏键盘，屏幕，磁盘、打印机或其他可识别的个人计算机的I/O设备。他们可能控制电动机、继电器或电压和阅读开关、可变电阻或者其他电子设备。通常情况下，人类可读的唯一的I/O设备是一个发光二极管，严重的甚至可以消除这种本钱或权力约束。 与通用CPU相比，微控制器没有一个地址总线或一个数据总线，因为他们整合了所有的内存和非易失性内存相同的芯片CPU。因为他们需要更少的别针，芯片可以放置在一个更小，更廉价的包。在单个芯片

4、上集成内存和其他外围设备并且作为一个单元测试它们会增加芯片的本钱，但往往导致降低作为一个整体的嵌入式系统的净本钱。(即使整合周边设备的一个CPU的本钱略高于一个CPU+外部外围设备，拥有更少的芯片通常允许一个更小、更廉价的电路板，并减少了所需的劳动力来组装和测试电路板)。这种趋势下来设计。单片机是一个单一的集成电路，通常有以下特点：中央处理单元从小型、简单的4比特处理器变为32位或64位处理器。输入/输出接口如串行端口(UARTs)，其他串行通信接口像IC，串行外围接口和控制器区域网络系统互连的外围设备如定时器和监督机构，数据存储器RAM，程序存储器ROM、EPROM、EEPROM或闪存存储，

5、时钟发生器通常是一个一个石英计时晶体振荡器、谐振器或RC电路。许多包括模拟数字转换器，这种集成大大减少芯片的数量和连接的数量而且需要PCB空间使用单独的芯片产生等效系统，而且在1970年代他们的介绍中已被证明在嵌入式系统中是非常受欢送的。 一些微控制器可以使用哈佛架构：指令和数据单独的内存总线，允许访问同时发生。外围设备整合的决定通常是困难，单片机供给商经常用操作频率和系统设计的灵活性对上市时间要求换取从他们的客户和整体较低的系统本钱。制造商必须平衡需要减小的芯片大小和其他功能。3.超声波测距原理 压电式超声波发生器原理 压电式超声波发生器实际上是利用压电晶体的谐振来工作的。超声波发生器内部结

6、构，它有两个压电晶片和一个共振板。当它的两极外加脉冲信号，其频率等于压电晶片的固有振荡频率时，压电晶片将会发生共振，并带动共振板振，便产生超声波。反之，如果两电极间未外加电压，当共振板接收到超声波时，将压迫压电晶片作振动，将机械能转换为电信号，这时它就成为超声波接收器了。 测量脉冲到达时间的传统方法是以拥有固定参数的接收信号开端为根底的。这个界限恰恰选于噪音水平之上，然而脉冲到达时间被定义为脉冲信号刚好超过界限的第一时刻。一个物体的脉冲强度很大程度上取决于这个物体的自然属性尺寸还有它与传感器的距离。进一步说，从脉冲起始点到刚好超过界限之间的时间段随着脉冲的强度而改变。结果，一种错误便出现了两个

7、拥有不同强度的脉冲在不同时间超过界限却在同一时间到达。强度较强的脉冲会比强度较弱的脉冲超过界限的时间早点，因此我们会认为强度较强的脉冲属于较近的物体。超声波测距原理 超声波发射器向某一方向发射超声波，在发射时刻的同时开始计时，超声波在空气中传播，途中碰到障碍物就立即返回来，超声波接收器收到反射波就立即停止计时。超声波在空气中的传播速度为340m/s，根据计时器记录的时间t，就可以计算出发射点距障碍物的距离(s)，即：s=340t/2。4.超声波测距系统的电路设计 系统的特点是利用单片机控制超声波的发射和对超声波自发射至接收往返时间的计时，单片机选用C52，经济易用，且片内有4K的ROM，便于编

8、程。电路原理图如图1所示。图1 电路原理图4.1 40kHz 脉冲的产生与超声波发射 测距系统中的超声波传感器采用UCM40的压电陶瓷传感器，它的工作电压是40kHz的脉冲信号，这由单片机执行下面程序来产生。puzel： mov 14h, #12h；超声波发射持续200mshere： cpl p1.0 ； 输出40kHz方波 nop ； nop ； nop ； djnz 14h，here； ret 前方测距电路的输入端接单片机P1.0端口，单片机执行上面的程序后，在P1.0 端口输出一个40kHz的脉冲信号，经过三极管T放大，驱动超声波发射头UCM40T，发出40kHz的脉冲超声波，且持续发射

9、200ms。右侧和左侧测 距电路的输入端分别接P1.1和P1.2端口，工作原理与前方测距电路相同。4.2超声波的接收与处理 接收头采用与发射头配对的UCM40R，将超声波调制脉冲变为交变电压信号，经运算放大器IC1A和IC1B两极放大后加至IC2。IC2是带有锁定环的音频译码集成块LM567，内部的压控振荡器的中心频率f0=1/1.1R8C3，电容C4决定其锁定带宽。调节R8在发射的载频上，那么LM567 输入信号大于25mV，输出端8脚由高电平跃变为低电平，作为中断请求信号，送至单片机处理。 前方测距电路的输出端接单片机INT0端口，中断优先级最高，左、右测距电路的输出通过与门IC3A的输出

10、接单片机INT1端口，中断源的识别由程序查询来处理，中断优先级为先右后左。局部源程序如下：receive1：push psw push acc clr ex1； 关外部中断1，right；P1.1引脚为0,转至右测距电路中断效劳程序，left；P1.2引脚为0,转至左测距电路中断效劳程序return： SETB EX1； 开外部中断1 pop acc pop psw retiright： . ； 右测距电路中断效劳程序入口 ajmp returnleft： . ； 左测距电路中断效劳程序入口 ajmp return计算超声波传播时间 在启动发射电路的同时启动单片机内部的定时器T0，利用定时器的

11、计数功能记录超声波发射的时间和收到反射波的时间。当收到超声波反射波时，接收电路输出端产生一个负跳变，在INT0或INT1端产生一个中断请求信号，单片机响应外部中断请求，执行外部中断效劳子程序，读取时间差，计算距离。其局部源程序如下：RECEIVE0： PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0 ； 关外部中断0 MOV R7，TH0 ； 读取时间值 MOV R6，TL0 CLR C MOV A，R6 SUBB A， #0BBH； 计算时间差 MOV 31H，A ； 存储结果 MOV A，R7 SUBB A， #3CH MOV 30H，A SETB EX0 ； 开外部中断0 POP AC

12、C POP PSW RETI对于一个平坦的目标，距离测量包括两个阶段：粗糙的测量和精细测量。 第一步：脉冲的传送产生一种简单的超声波。 第二步：根据公式改变回波放大器的获得量直到回拨被检测到。 第三步：检测两种回波的振幅与过零时间。 第四步：设置回波放大器的所得来规格输出，假定是3伏。通过脉冲的周期设置下一个脉冲。根据第二部的数据设定时间窗。 第五步：发射两串脉冲产生干扰波。测量过零时间与回波的振幅。如果逆向发生在回波中，决定要不通过在低气压插入振幅。 第六步：通过公式计算距离y。5.超声波测距系统的软件设计 软件分为两局部，主程序和中断效劳程序。主程序完成初始化工作、各路超声波发射和接收顺序

13、的控制。定时中断效劳子程序完成三方向超声波的轮流发射，外部中断效劳子程序主要完成时间值的读取、距离计算、结果的输出等工作。6.结论 对所要求测量范围30cm200cm内的平面物体做了屡次测量发现，且重复性好。可见基于单片机设计的超声波测距系统具有硬件结构简单、工作可靠、测量误差小等特点。因此，它不仅可用于移动机器人，还可用在其它检测系统中。 思考：至于为什么接收不用晶体管做放大电路呢，因为放大倍数搞不好，集成放大电路，还带自动电平增益控制，放大倍数为76dB，中心频率是38k到40k，刚好是超声波传感器的谐振频率。英文翻译Ultrasonic ranging system designABST

14、RACT：Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering. Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, id

15、entification, location and so on. So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personnel for the ranging precision, the bound and the usage, a portabl

16、e ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords：Ultrasound r, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor With the development of science and technology, the improvement of peoples standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. urban dra

17、inage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good build

18、ing excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system. comfort is very important to peoples lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culve

19、rt and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2

20、.The SCM describes A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip.It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). The majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machi

21、nery, such as telephones, clocks, appliances, vehicles, and infrastructure. An embedded system usually has minimal requirements for memory and program length and may require simple but unusual input/output systems. For example, most embedded systems lack keyboards, screens, disks, printers, or other

22、 recognizable I/O devices of a personal computer. They may control electric motors, relays or voltages, and read switches, variable resistors or other electronic devices. Often, the only I/O device readable by a human is a single light-emitting diode, and severe cost or power constraints can even el

23、iminate that. In contrast to general-purpose CPUs, microcontrollers do not have an address bus or a data bus, because they integrate all the RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Because they need fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package. Integrating t

24、he memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. (Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU + external periph

25、erals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board). This trend leads to design. A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit, commonly with the following features:central processing unit - ranging

26、 from small and simple 4-bit processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors input/output interfaces such as serial ports (UARTs) other serial communications interfaces like IC, Serial Peripheral Interface and Controller Area Network for system interconnect peripherals such as timers and watchd

27、og RAM for data storage ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit many include analog-to-digital converters This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and PC

28、B space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips and have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s. Some microcontrollers can afford to use a Harvard architecture: separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing ac

29、cesses to take place concurrently. The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The Microcontroller vendors often trade operating frequencies and system design flexibility against time-to-market requirements from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manufacturers have

30、to balance the need to minimize the chip size against additional functionality.3. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement 3.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, th

31、e internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When its two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, u

32、ltrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver. The traditional

33、 way to determine the moment of the echos arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. The intensity o

34、f an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the objects nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echos starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable error may occ

35、ur Even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.3.2The principle of ultrasonic distance measu

36、rement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultra

37、sound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t /2. 4.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design System is characterized by single-chip microcomp

38、uter to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 circuit principle diagram4.1 40 k

39、Hz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate. puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firi

40、ng continued 200ms here: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wave nop; nop; nop; djnz 14h, here; ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the d

41、rive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location. 4.2 Reception and processing

42、 of ultrasonic Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator cen

43、ter frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing. Ra

44、nging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source

45、of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows: receive1: push psw push acc clr ex1; related external interrupt 1 jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuit jnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin

46、to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routine return: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1 pop acc pop psw reti right: .; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routine Ajmp Return left: .; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routine Ajmp Return 4.3 The calculatio

47、n of ultrasonic propagation time When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver cir

48、cuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source

49、code is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0; related external interrupt 0 MOV R7, TH0; read the time value MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time difference MOV 31H, A; storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A, # 3CH MOV 30H, A SETB EX0; open external interrupt 0 POP ACC

50、POP PSW RETI For a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and. a fine measurement: Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave. Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation , until the echo is detected. Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes. Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Set