健康心理学（中英翻译版）

1、.wd.wdPAGE13 / NUMPAGES13.wdStudy Guide for Health Psychology中英翻译版1.health psychology安康心理学understanding psychological influences心理影响 onhow people staykeep healthyhow to 保持安康why they become ill为何生病how they respond when they get ill生病时的反响2.health 安康Not only have no disease orbenot weak没病或不虚弱also shoul

2、d have a complete state of physicalbody、mentalsoul、social well-being 完整身、心、社会适应3.What are the four factors led to the development of Health Psychology? 四因素changing pattern of illness 疾病不断开展变化the increase in medicalcosts 医疗费用上涨the changing definition of health 安康定义的变化the put forward of theBPSmodel BP

3、S模型的提出4.The mind-body relationship心身关系the relationship between a human body and its unique mind. 身体和独特心灵的关系can be divided into two: Monistic and Dualistic theories 单一理论 双重理论5. Psychosomatic medicine 心身医学The fieldof inquiry that searches forpsychological or emotionalcauses for illness. 调查领域 研究 心理、情绪因

4、素 引起疾病The mind plays an important role in physical illness 心理因素在身体疾病中起重要作用bodily disorders caused by emotional conflicts： 情绪冲突引起的身体疾病 1Ulcers溃疡 2essential hypertension 原发性高血压 3Skin disorders 皮肤病 4Asthma 哮喘6.Biopsychosocial model BPS模型1Its assumption is that health and illness are the results of the

5、interplay ofbiologicalGender性别、 Age年龄、Vulnerability to stress压力的脆弱性 Genetics遗传、Physiology生理机能、Immune system免疫系统、Nutrition营养、Medications药物psychologicalPersonality人格、Personal control 、Stress压力、Coping skills应对技能、Diet饮食、Risky behaviors不安全行为 Self-efficacy自我效能感、Optimistic bias乐观偏差social factors Social sup

6、port、Poverty贫穷 Ethnic background种族背景、Cultural beliefs文化信仰2Advantages of BPS model：模型优点Health and illness arecaused by multiplemanyfactors and produce multiple effects. Emphasizes both health and illness. 强调 安康与疾病Mind and body cannot be distinguished. 身心不分3Clinical implications(临床意义) of BPS model ：1D

7、iagnosis:consider the interacting role of biological, psychological, and social factors in assessingones health and illness. 诊断：考虑生物、心理、社会交互作用 在评估个体安康/疾病时2Treatment: examine thesethree factors治疗：检查三组因素3The significance of the relationship between patient and practitionerdoctor 医患关系的意义7.seven health

8、practices 安康行为sleeping78 hours daily 睡78小时eating breakfast every day 每天吃早饭never or rarely eating betweenmeals 餐间不吃零食being at or near the right height adjusted weight处于或接近标准体重范围never smoking 不抽烟moderate or never drinking 适度或不饮酒regular exercise 规律锻炼8.The Health Belief ModelHBM1HBM is a value-expectanc

9、ytheory. 是一个价值预期理论2Its a theory about healthy behavior. 与安康行为有关the model predicts that whethera person practicesdo a particularhealth habit can be understood by knowing 模型预测一个人是否实践特定安康行为可以从了解他the degree to which the person think a personal health threat 对个人安康威胁程度的看法ifhe think atheparticular health p

10、ractice will be effective起作用 inreducing that threat. 他认为该特定行为是否对减小风险有效3This theory based onthese assumptions: 基于以下假设People desireto avoid illness or get well 人们想防止生病或康复People believe that they can do a specifichealth action to preventavoidhe or she fromillness 人们相信他们能做某一具体安康行动来预防疾病9.What are health

11、behaviors? 安康行为behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health.10.Healthy and unhealthy belief 不干不净，吃了没病。饭后一颗烟，赛过活神仙。饭后百步走，活到九十九。11.Theory of Planned Behavior 方案行为理论1thisviewpointmaintainsthat a persons behavioral intentionsand behaviors can be understood by knowing 该观点认为一个人的行为倾向和

12、行为可以通过了解the persons attitudes about the behaviorOnes positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior 态度：对一个行为积极/消极的评价subjective normsabout the behaviorOnes perception of the social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior 主观标准：对执行/不执行的社会压力感知perceived behavioral control over that actio

13、npeoples perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior.知觉行为控制：对执行行为的能力的感知2Relationship analysis关系分析intention: an indication of a persons willing to perform a given behavior；意图： 说明一个人愿意执行某行为the immediate cause of behavior. 行为的直接原因based onattitudessubjective normsperceived behavioral contro

14、l 基于Behavioral attitudeSubjectivenormsPerceivedbehavioralcontrolIntentionBehavior12.Transtheoretical model of behavior change行为改变的跨理论模型1Precontemplation意图No intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future (next 6 months). 近期没有改变意愿6个月内Includes people who are unaware of the problemand those who

15、 know about the problem but are not considering change. 包括没有意识到问题和意识到但是不打算改变的人 e.g.:I have no plans to change my diet. 2Contemplation沉思People are aware that a problem exists and are seriouslythinking about overcomingit but have not yetmade afirm commitmentto take action. 意识到问题存在，认真思考抑制。但没有坚决信念行动Inte

16、nding tochange within 6 months; open to feedbackand information about how to change. But still have contradiction of costs and benefits of their behavior. 打算6个月内改变，对相关反响和改变的信息开放态度。但仍矛盾于付出收益e.g.:I want to eat a healthier diet. 3Preparation准备Intending to take action in the next month and has unsuccess

17、fully taken action in the past year (combines intention and behavior). 打算下个月行动并且去年没成功结合意向与行为Activelyplanning change and alreadytaking some steps toward action such as reducing frequency of problem behavior. 积极方案改变，已采取一些步骤如降低问题行为的频率e.g.：I have bought and prepared low-fat food. 4Action行动Stage in which

18、 a personchange their behavior, experiences, or environmentin order to overcome their problems. 个人改变行为、经历、环境以抑制问题的阶段Have obviously behavioral changesand commitmentrequires time and energy.有明显行为改变以及需付出时间精力的承诺 e.g.：stop smoking more than 6 months. Im limiting my daily intake of fat. 5Maintenance(维持)Pe

19、ople work to prevent relapsedo the problem behavior againand consolidatethe resultof/during action. 防止复发，稳固成果Keepchange andresisting temptationto relapse. 维持变化，抵抗诱惑Stage extendsfrom 6 months and beyondthe first behavioral change. 阶段从6个月延长，超过最初的行为变化 e.g.：Im able to stay with my low-fat diet.13.What a

20、re fear appeals?Fear appealsare commonly used toplay on a persons emotions in a negative way. 常用的通过消极方式影响人的情感Fear appeals draw attention tocommon fears and/or risks. 引起对常见风险的注意 Then associatethem with not using the product or service or with not performing a certain action. 然后将其与不用某产品/服务/行为相联系 e.g.:

21、Advertising using fear appeals suggest that if the consumer does what the ad recommends, then the suggested harm will not occur. 14.What are educational appeals?Educational appeals make the assumptionthat people will change their health habits if they have the correct information.Self-efficacy and h

22、ealth behaviorsSelf-efficacyreferstothebeliefthatoneisabletocontrolonespracticeofaparticularbehavior.Relationshipbetweenself-efficacyandstart a healthbehaviorchange & maintain the change.济南大学 教育与心理科学学院15.Aerobic exercise有氧运动Aerobic exercise refers to the fact that muscles uses oxygen for energy. 肌肉用

23、氧气供能Aerobic exercise is any exercise that is of moderate intensity and has a long duration. 中等强度、长时运动Jogging, riding a bike, rope jumping, running 16.Teachable moment教育时刻Certain moments are better than others for teaching some behavior. 比其他时候更适合教育某些行为的时机17.What are the benefits of exercise 锻炼的好处1Red

24、uces the riskof dying before ones time.早死fromheart disease.心脏病developing diabetes.糖尿病high blood pressure.高血压 Helps reduce blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure. colon cancer.结肠癌2Reduces feelings of depression and anxiety.减少抑郁焦虑情绪Promotes psychological well-being.促进心理安康Helps c

25、ontrol weight.助于控制体重18.Healthy diet 安康饮食Eating according to the healthy eating pyramid.Fats, Oils, Sweets, sugarMilk, Eggs, Dry Beans, Nuts & Meat, FishVegetable Group &Fruit GroupBread, Rice & PastaGroup19.BMIformula 公式 BMI = Kg / (m)2 体重/身高的平方20.Categories of weight 体重分类The lowest risks for heart

26、disease, diabetes, and some cancers are in people withBMI values of21 - 25.The risks increase slightly when 略微增加BMI values are between 25- 27.The risks are significantwhen 明显BMIs between 27 - 30.The same risks are dramaticwhen 显著BMIs over 30.21.pear-shaped body and peach-shaped body 桃形身材 梨形身材Pear sh

27、ape bodymeansthat the widest part of your body is below your waist, around your hips. No matter you are tall, short, heavy, or thin. 最宽的部位是腰部以下，臀部周围。无论高矮胖瘦Peach shape is small under the big. 下小上大22.Why is diet important? 饮食为何重要Dietary factors are related withmanydisease. 饮食因素与很多疾病有关Dietary habits ar

28、e also related with the development of many cancers. 饮食习惯与很多癌症的开展有关Diet can harm health. 饮食习惯可能损害安康A poor diet may be a big problemcombinewith other risk factors. 不良饮食习惯与其他风险因素结合可能出现大问题Good diet can improve health. 饮食习惯可以促进安康23.Factors associated with obesity 肥胖相关因素 Obesity depends on both the numbe

29、r and the size of ones body fat cell. 肥胖与个体脂肪细胞的数量和大小有关family history: 家族历史Have relationship in both genetic and dietary factors. 与遗传和饮食因素相关social classand culture: 社会地位与文化In developed countries,women of low class are heavier than high class women. And black women are easier to obesity.In developing

30、 countries,obesityman,women and children is rare,possibly because of the lack of food.values: 价值观Thinness is valued in women from developed countries,whichleads people think its important to keep diet and exercise.dieting: 节食24.Set point theory of weight 设定点理论The idea that everyone has an ideal biol

31、ogical weight, which cannot be greatly change. 每个人都有一个理想生物体重，无法很大改变According to the theory, the set pointacts as a温度计regulating heat in a home. 设定点就像家里调节热量的温度计Everyone may have different set point. 因人而异This theory maintain that ones新陈代谢will adjust itself to keep a weight at which it is comfortable.

32、理论说明 新陈代谢调节个体维持舒适体重Many studies want to know if the set point can be changed. But only to find that most overweight individuals cannot thoroughlylose weight. 研究设定点是否能够改变，发现大多数超重者无法彻底减肥25.Treatment of obesity减肥方法Dieting 节食Fasting 禁食Surgery 外科手术Appetite-Suppressing Drugs 食欲抑制药The Multimodal Approach：多

33、种途径结合Control over Eating, Adding exercise, Social Support, 控制饮食、增加运动、社会支持 Controlling Self-talk, Self-monitoring, Relapse Prevention 控制性的自我交谈，自我监视，防止复发26.What are the characteristics of HCB? 危害安康行为的特征1There is a window of vulnerabilityin adolescence. 青春期的易损性弱点2Have the self-presentationprocess. 自我表现

34、的过程3Enhancing the youngersability to cope withstress. 提高应对压力的能力4Thegradualdevelopment of these behaviors. 行为逐渐开展5Substance abuse is predicted. 可预见的物质滥用Conflicts with parents 与家长冲突Low self-control 低自控6Related to the larger social structure与更大的社会构造有关Lower social class personindividual低阶层个人27.Why do pe

35、ople smoke? 为什么吸烟Age 年龄Culture 文化Peerencouragement 同伴鼓励More likely if parents smoke 父母吸烟Personality characteristics(e.g. risk taker) 人格特征如 好冒险Smokers image(e.g.cool, exciting) 吸烟者形象 如 酷，刺激28.Pomerleau and Pomerleaus theory 吸烟理论Smoking as a neurore|gulator 吸烟作为一种神经调节器Nicotine may be a way of regulati

36、ngbehavior and affect. 尼古丁是一种调节行为和情感的方式29.What is stress? 压力 Stress is a negative emotional experience with biochemical, cognitive, behavior changes 消极情绪体验，伴随生化、认知、行为改变 that are toward eitheralteringthe stressful event oradapting to its effects. 改变压力事件或适应影响30.Stressor 压力源stressful event; conditions

37、producing stress 压力事件；产生压力的条件31.Fight and flight response 战或逃1A response to threat in which the body is rapidly motivatedto flee or attack. 身体面对威胁快速激发做出战或逃反响2Stages:阶段Threat 威胁Physical arousal物理唤醒Attack or flee 战或逃3Functions : 功能Adaptive: respond to danger 自适应：应对不安全Mal|adaptive: make emotion and phy

38、siological function a mess 适应不良：搞乱情绪和生理功能32.General adaptation syndromeGAS 一般适应综合征1GAS describe the bodys short-term and long-termreactionsto stress. 描述身体短期/长期对压力的反响2It include 3 stages:Alarm 戒备Resistance 抵抗Exhaustion 疲惫33.Tend-and-befriend 1One of the most basic behavioral differences between men a

39、nd women is how they respond to stress. 男女 根本行为差异之一为压力反响方式2Men often react to stress with a fight-or-flight response. Women are more likely to react to stress with a tend-and-befriend response. 男性：战或逃；女性：照顾与帮助3Females respond to stressful conditionsby protectingtheir young (the tend response) ，by se

40、eking social contact and support from others especially other females (the befriend response). 女性应对压力：保护孩子照顾；寻求社会接触支持其他女性帮助34.Cognitive theory of stress 压力认知理论1Potential stressor (external event) 潜在的压力源外部事件2Primary appraisal初级评估 is this event positive, neutral or negative? 积极、消极、中性and if negative, h

41、ow bad? 假设消极，多惨3Secondary appraisal 次级评估 do I have resources or skillssome waysto handlecope/resolve event? 有没有资源、技能应对If No, then distress. 没有，认了。35. Two windows of vulnerability:The ages of 12 to 21In the late middle age 中年晚期36.Examples of life event and daily hassle 37.What is coping?Its the proce

42、ss people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraisein a situation.人们调整当前情景中他们评估的需求与资源间认知矛盾的过程38.Personality and coping1Negative affectivity 消极情绪 神经质tendency toexperience negative emotions: distress, anxiety, nervousness, fear, shame, anger, and guilt 倾向于

43、经历消极情绪：抑郁 焦虑 紧张 恐惧 羞耻 愤怒 内疚describe themselves as having a greater number ofphysical symptoms 描述自身有很多躯体病症心血管、消化问题、疲劳 And describe their symptoms are more severe and uncomfortable. 并且这些病症很严重和不舒服2Pessimistic explanatory style 悲观解释风格StudyCollege students with negative explanatory stylemeasured in the f

44、irst year had higher levels of depression in third year as compared topositive explanatory style students.Study2800 mid-aged males studied, those high in hopelessness were 2X as likely to die of cancer or 4X as likely to die of CHD than those low in hopelessness.People with positive explanatory styl

45、e have less distress and risk of dying than people with negative explanatory style.3HardinessA personality style thatexplains why some people get sick under stress. three characteristics:commitment：sense of purpose or involvement 承诺：目的感、参与control：belief that one can influence events 控制：相信可以影响事件chall

46、enge：regard changes as opportunities for growth 挑战：视改变为成长时机Hardinessandhealth Studies found hardy people have fewer illnesses and deal with stress more effectively. HhardinessinHstresssituations,Lillnesses;LhardinessinHstresssituations,Hillnesses.4OptimismExpectation of good things will happen and b

47、ad things will not happen, contrasted to pessimism.experience lower levels of depression 更低的抑郁水平 experience fewer infectious diseases 更少的传染病 live longer 活得久5Psychological controlLocus of Control internal LC- control of events lies within us external LC- situations/others control what happens Assessi

48、ng LOC I-E Scale by Rotter high ILC believe have influence on behaviors & decision to influence outcomes, a sense of control less depression in response to major illnesses allows one to remain healthy when experiencing many stressful life events6Type A behavior patterncompetitive achievement orienta

49、tion取向 time urgency紧迫 anger /hostility敌意A Behavior Patterns and Stress 行为模式与压力 Type As respond more quickly, rapidly to stressors, seeing them as threats. 反响快，迅速应对压力，将其看做威胁 Type A people tend to seek out demanding situations which leads to stress. 倾向于寻求苛刻情况 导致压力 Type As have greater physiological re

50、activityto stress , especially males. 对压力有更大生理反响，特别是男性Suggested that Type A behavior may be due to physiological factors. 说明A型可能是生理因素造成Relationship between Type A and general一般 illnesses is weak. Most studies suggest a link with 冠状动脉heart disease. Physiological explanations for relationshipreactivit

51、y levels produce wear & tear on heartchronically长期地 high levels of stress hormones荷尔蒙 injures hearthigh blood pressure strains拉紧 heart Behavioral explanations for relationship:drink more alcoholsmoking patterns are different (inhalation吸入剂)pushing themselves physically beyond appropriate适当的 stopping

52、 point.39.Coping styleConfrontative coping: 对抗式应对 Behavioral or psychological responsestried to change thestressoror how one thinks about it. 行为或心理反响试图改变压力源或改变思考方式Avoidant coping: 逃避式应对 Lead people into activities (such as alcohol use) or mental states (such as withdrawal) that avoid to face with th

53、e stressful events. 通过行为酗酒或心理退缩来逃避直面压力事件Confrontative coping are thoughtbetterto deal with stressful events. 对抗式应对是更好的处理方式 Avoidant coping may be a psychological risk factor or markerfor bad responses to stressful life events. 逃避式应对可能是一种心理风险因素或面对压力事件不良反响的特征40.A classification of coping strategies: p

54、roblem-focused and emotion-focused1Problem-focusedcoping ：关注问题的应对方式Problem-focused coping refersto try to improve the troubled person-environment relationship by changing things.通过改变事实来改良引起麻烦的人-环境关系For example, by seeking information about what to do, by holding back from careless actions, and by face with the personresponsible for ones difficulty.比方搜寻该若何做的信息，不草率行动，面对该负责困境的人Problemfocused Coping used to reduce demands or expand resources w