《化学专业英语》课件chapter7

1、Chapter 7. Nomenclature for Organic Compounds and Groups Nomenclature for saturated hydrocarbons （i）The first four members of the alkane series: methane (CH4) , ethane (C2H6), propane (CH3CH2CH3), butane.7.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Alkanes (paraffin hydrocarbons) CnH2n+2 烷烃Prefix: C5:

2、 penta, C6: hexa C7: hepta, C8: octa 9: nona, 10: decaHow to use the prefix: to label the number of branches, atoms other than hydrogen to label the number of substitutes, groups. e.g. 2-chloropentane 2-氯戊烷1-cholro-3,3-dimethylpentane 1-氯-3，3二甲基戊烷（ii）Alkane with more than four carbon atoms b. Cyclol

3、kanes (alicyclic hydrocarbons or cycloparaffin) CnH2n(环烷烃)1,2-dichlorocyclohexane : 1,2-二氯环己烷 C. Primary (伯碳 the C joined to only one other carbon ), Secondary(the Carbon atom joined to two other Carbon atoms),tertiary, quarternaryd. Normal hydrocarbons (unbranched) :正。,n-hexane(正已烷)异-iso e. substit

4、uent: methy, ethyl, n-propyl正丙基, isopropyl tert-butyl, cyclopropyl,2. Nomenclature for unsaturated hydrocarbonsa.Alkenes (olefins) CnH2n and alkynes (acetylenes)CnH2n-2For the alkene with one double bond:name of saturated hydrocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “ene”e.g. ii) For the alkene with two double bond

5、: name of saturated hydrocarbon + “adiene”e.g. iii) For the individual alkyne:Name of saturated hydrocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “yne” e.g. iv) For the alkyne with two triple bond:Name of saturated hydrocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “adiyne” e.g. v) For the alkyne with three triple bond:Name of saturated hydr

6、ocarbon(“ane” dropped) + “atriyne” vi) Common system of nomenclature “ane” ending of is replaced by “ylene” e.g. b. Aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsi) Benzene cycle as parent body: name of substituent + benzenee.g. ethylbenzene ii) The positions of substituents: Ortho- 邻-，正

7、-，原- :ortho-aminotoluene 邻甲苯胺 ortho-aluminic acid 原铝酸 Meta- 间-，偏-： meta-aminotoluene 间甲苯胺 meta-aluminic acid 偏铝酸Para- 对-para amino salicylic acid iii) Benzene as substituentPhenyl group : diphenylmethane:二苯基甲烷Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons : two or more aromatic rings fused togethere.g. 1,4-dimeth

8、ylnaphthalene 1,4 二甲基萘3. Nomenclature for functional groupshalo- 卤基hydroxyl (-OH), alkoxy (-OR)Amino-(-NR3), carbonyl(羰基),carboxyl(羧基)，nitro(-NO2), sulfonic acid (磺酸)7.2 Functional Groups with Covalent Single Bonds1.Nomenclature for functional groups with single bondsAlkyl or aryl halides (RX or ArX

9、)methyl bromide (bromomethane) 溴甲烷Methyl iodide (iodomethane) 碘甲烷Propylene dibromide(1,2-dibromopropane)1,2二溴丙烷 halogen can be substituents or parent body.b. Alcohols (ROH) and phenols(ArOH)i) As parent body: name of substituent + name of parent body E.g. methyl alcohol : methanolIi) As a single mol

10、ecule name of the longest hydrocarbon chain(“e” dropped) + “ol”c. Ethers (ROR)Diethyl ether (ethoxyethane)7.3 Functional Groups with Covalent Double Bonds Aldehyde (RHO )Ketone (RCOR/)d. Amines (RnN)MethylamineTrimethylamine (CH3)3N Carboxylic acid: RCOOHAcyl halide: RCOOXAcid anhydride: RCOOCOR/Ami

11、de : RCONH2Ester: RCOOR/1. Nomenclature for functional groups with double bondsa. Aldehydes (RCHO) and Ketones(RCOR)Formaldehyde : methanal 甲醛 methanol:甲醇 b. Carboxylic acids(RCOOH)Formic acid: methanoic acid 甲酸Acetic acid: 乙酸C. Ester (RCOOR/)Name of R/ (from alcohols) + name of R ( from acid )e.g.

12、methyl formate 甲酸甲酯 ethyl acetate : 乙酸乙酯d. Acyl halides (RCOX) and Crboxylic Acid Anhydrides(RCOOCOR/)for the acyl: name of carboxylic acid (“ic” dropped) + “yl”e.g. 乙酸 乙酰基ii) For the acyl halides:Name of acyl + anionic name of the halogene.g. 乙酰氯: acetyl chloride iii) For the anhydride:Name of acid (+ name of acid)+ anhydridee.g. acetic butyric anhydride 乙丁酸酐e. Amides (RCONH2)i) from acyl to amide : replacing “ yl