大二英语跨文化交际课件：Nonverbal-Communication

1、Nonverbal CommunicationTeaching Objectives 1.To identify the definitions of nonverbal communication 2.To know the importance of nonverbal communication3.To understand the various categories of nonverbal communication and their cultural interpretationNonverbal CommunicationNarrowly speaking, nonverba

2、l communication refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.Speaking is just one mode of communication.4SignificanceNonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversation. It accounts for most of the feeling expressed in conversation.It sp

3、ontaneously reflect he speakers sub-consciousness.（P65）We may control our words but the nonverbal behaviors give our true feelings away.Even if we are silent, the nonverbal dimension is always present.Silence is gold.Status Unawareness30%VS.70%93%7%Functions of nonverbal communication（P70-71） Functi

4、onsComplementing Accenting Regulating Contradicting Repeating Substituting Alliance Between Culture and NonverbalMany nonverbal expressions vary from culture to culture, and it is just those variations that make nonverbal misinterpretation a barrier.By understanding important cultural differences in

5、 this behavior, you will be able to gather clues about underlying attitudes and values, because nonverbal communication often reveals basic cultural traits.This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures, while it means zero in France, and means money in Japan.Time language (chronemics)Categories

6、 of nonverbal communication (pg. 95)1Space language (proxemics)234Body language (kinesics)Paralanguage chronemics krunemiks n. 语言时位学Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication.Proxemicspr:ksi:mi:ks空间 关系学kinesics kni:sksn.人体动作学，举止神态学（研究体态语言的学科）；身势学；paralaungue副语言（指手势语等），辅助语言

7、，超语言（如呻吟声、叹息声等）1. Linear VS. Cyclical2. Mono-chronic VS. poly-chronicChronemicsThe study of how people perceive and use time. Linear(直线的，线性的） vs. Cyclical（循环的，环装的）The sense of timeTime is cyclical (past-oriented)Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of

8、 the tides.Time is linear (future oriented)Western cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future.Chinese people pay more attention to the past events or the history.只争朝夕; 前车之鉴; 三生有幸In Islam cultures, people believe that Allah controls the future, so they focus on th

9、e present. A Turkish proverb: “The egg of today is better than the hen of tomorrow.”Americans emphasize more on the future. Never do Americans stop at the past, and they hold that they can and should predict the future and make a precise plan or time schedule.There is a good day coming.Time is money

10、.Monochronic vs. Polychronic1. Monochronic timeMonochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Monochronic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruptions. When unavoidable interrupt

11、ions occur, they are normally met with a sense of stress and panic.2. Polychronic timePolychronic time means being involved with many things at once.Clock time is often arbitrary to polychrons. Interruptions are expected and sometimes even welcome. People and cultures who run on polychronic time mul

12、titask well and often flit from project to project. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks. monochronic time单向记时制:就是指把工作时间和生活分的很清楚，一短时间只会专注一个任务，都是很注重准时的。polychronic time多向记时制:就是指对平常日程比较随意，以一个整体的观念看待时间，可能在拉丁美人，中东人，或非洲人里常见。MonochronicPolychronicDo one thing

13、 at a time Concentrate on the job Take time commitments (deadlines, schedules) seriously Are committed to the job Adhere religiously to plans Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy and consideration Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend Emphasize

14、promptness Are accustomed to short-term relationships Do many things at once. Are highly distractible and subject to interruptions Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are committed to people and human relationships Change plans often and easily Are more concerned with

15、those who are closely related (family, friends, close business associates) than with privacy Borrow and lend things often and easily Base promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships Case-analysisMonochronic and Polychronic CulturesA traveler was catching the t

16、rain in India, he was half an hour late on the way to the station. He was depressed. However, he was told that, “The train will wait for us.” A man was waiting for his Indian friend to pick him up to dinner. They predetermined to meet at 3 pm, but his friend finally showed up at 7 pm. His friend did

17、 not apologize, instead he told him that he gave him the wonderful experience of the whole afternoon. Dr. Tom Brown from NY is practicing medicine in a rural area in Arab. His opening day was booked fully a week ago. But half an hour passed, neither of his first two patients arrived.Why?Why?Why?Why?

18、Questions for further discussion 2. Why do you think it is acceptable to be late in these countries?What conclusion can you get from the stories?Monochronic Time: punctuality and promptnessPolychronic Time:More flexible and human-centeredNorthern American, Western and Northern European culturesLatin

19、 American, African, Arab and most Asian culturesExplanationIts insane or irreligious to schedule the future for only God can decree what will or will not occur.Future-oriented VS. present-orientedPractice A. 6: 45B. 7:00C. 7:15D. 7:30 or 8:00Your are invited to a cocktail party tonight at 7:00. When

20、 are you supposed to get there? Why?To an American or Canadian homeTo a German or Sweden homeTo a Latin American homeProxemics1. Body distance2. Body touch3. seating4. Furniture arrangementProxemics refers to the perception and use of space.Body distance1. In the United StatesHall reports that psych

21、ologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2. In IndiaIn India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste(种姓制度 ) may approach other castes. 3. In Arab Arabs of the same sex do

22、 stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.Category Distance Description voiceIntimate0-1.5 feetPrivate for those who are emotionally close. If others invade this distance peo

23、ple feel threatened. whisperPersonal 1.5-4 feetThe lower end is “handshake”the distance most couples stand in public. Soft voice Social 4-12 feetThe lower end is the distance between salespeople and customers and between people working together. Full voice Public 12 feet Situations in a classroom or

24、 delivering a speech. Loud voiceSpacious Compartment分隔What may lead to the different concept of space?The way people arrange and use public spaces also reflects cultural attitudes towards space and privacy. Most Japanese have found a way of coping with the overcrowded public space of the subway syst

25、em. In this environment, filled with people pushing and shoving one another, the Japanese riders each become an island. Each is alone as long as he does not acknowledge any of the other people; the others do not really exist in his space. As pointed out earlier, space becomes a psychological phenome

26、non. Body touchTouch cultureNon-touch cultureThe Arabs virtually envelop each other in their breath.In English-speaking countries, touching sb. casually may cause unpleasant reactions.There is little body touching in public in Asian culture with the exception to babies and children.exceptionsArabs e

27、nvelop each other in their breath.Comfortable and desirableIn Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be to

28、uched and has tendency to become ill if patted. In many international business settings, the handshake has become an accepted touch between businesspeople when they first meet, replacing or complementing(补充) traditional greeting rituals. But the type of handshake varies widely .The handshake with th

29、e bow illustrates that greeting rituals in many cases combine different types of nonverbal communication. As mentioned above, the German and Japanese bow differ .SeatingIn the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. The Chinese often e

30、xperience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. D F E A C BF-A Across the cornerC-B Side by sideC-D Across the table F-A (cross corner) conversations were twice as frequent as those at C-D (face-to-face), which in turn were three times as

31、 frequent as the C-B (side-by-side) type. SeatingIn Korea, seating arrangements reflect status and role distinction. In a car, office, or home, the seat at the right is considered the one of honor. For the Japanese, the most important person sits at one end of the rectangular table, with those neare

32、st in rank at the right and left of this senior position. In China, the most influential person usually sits toward the door. FurnitureFrench space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers.In Germany, where privacy is s

33、tressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinese geomancy is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the na

34、tural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health.The Japanese office layout sends a strong symbolic message: We are in this together. The welfare of the whole is more important than the concerns of individuals. While behind the scenes there may be quite a bit of maneuvering for individ

35、ual recognition, on the surface harmony rules and everyone works for the common good.Office Arrangement Chinese open American partitioned Kinesics2. gesture1. posture3. Facial Expression5. smell4. Eye contactPosturePosture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonver

36、bal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. (cultural)attentive and interested absent-minded or lacking interest US: confortable, friendlyArab/ Thailand: the sole should never be pointed in the direction of another person

37、.Germany/Sweden/China: a sign of rudeness and poor manersGesturesGestures can be emblems or symbols (the “ok” gesture), illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic), or regulators (putting your hand on your chest to calm down.) Gestures are used to add emphasis or clarity to an oral m

38、essage. Symbols (the “ok” gesture)illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic)Common hand gestures“V”Pointing“OK”The beckoningCountingThere are also cultural differences regarding the amount and size of gestures employed during the conversation.Head movementIn most cultures nodding on

39、es head is seen as agreeing and shaking ones head is seen as rejecting, although Bulgarians （保加利亚人 ）do the oppositethey shake their heads when agreeing. A lowered head in Western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian cultures lowering ones head may mean accepting ones place in the hier

40、archy. In contrast, tilting the head upward in Western cultures is interpreted as being arrogant, as illustrated in the expression, His nose was in the air.”V for victorySth. dirty or obscencePoint to objects and peopleUS: okAsia: rudeGermanJanpaneseUS: OKJapan and Korea: moneyLatin American countri

41、es and Germany: obsceneTunisian:tjnznI will kill you.Arabs: (a baring of teeth)extreme hostility Nodding the headIn north America (up and down): I agreeJapan: I am listening.down: I agreeIn the Middle Eastup: I disagreeShaking the headSriLanks, Nepal, and India: agreementmost countries: refusal or d

42、isapprovalAustralia and Nigeria: “up yours.”Most of the world: goodParts of America and Europe:A liftGerman:The number 1Japan:The number 5Sign of telling sb to come closerAmerican: wave goodbyeAmericanChineseFacial ExpressionsWords are often accompanied by distinct facial expressions. In many cultur

43、es, when people are surprised, they may open their eyes wide and open their mouths. When they like something, their eyes may beam, and they may smile. When they are angry, they may frown and narrow their eyes. While many facial expressions carry similar meanings in a variety of cultures, the frequen

44、cy and intensity of their use may vary. Latin and Arab cultures use more intense facial expressions, whereas East Asian cultures use more subdued(克制的) facial expressions. anger fear joy sorrow contempt surprisedisgustSmilingPeople in all cultures smile at times; however, the meaning of a smile may v

45、ary. Depending on the culture, it can indicate joy and amusement, but it can also indicate embarrassment.In an attempt to appear open and friendly, people in the United States smile a lot. Everyone smiles at everyone. To other cultures, the American smile often appears insincere and frozen. In Japan

46、, men dont smile in public, and women are not supposed to show their teeth when they smile.The Germans recognize that the world is not necessarily a pleasant place. Life is doing ones duty, and duty does not lend itself to smiling.Koreans consider it inappropriate for adults to smile in public. For

47、many other cultures in East Asia, the smile often is not an expression of pleasure but of embarrassment.SmileAmerican: a sign of happiness or friendly affirmationJapanese: mask an emotion or avoid answering a questionKorean: too much smiling a shallow person Thailand: the land of SmilesSadnessMedite

48、rranean cultures: exaggerate signs of grief or sadnessmen crying in publicAmerican: suppress the emotionsJapanese: hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disappointmentlaughing or smilingChinese: control emotionssaving faceEye ContactThe study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.In

49、 the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive. (oglinggl) In the United States it is customary to look at the speakers mouth when listening but make intermittent (间歇的 ) eye contact with the eyes of a listener when speaking

50、. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is also considered rude. A speaker rivets the listener with sustained, unbroken eye contact, but a listener does not make eye contact or look at the speakers face consistently in China.In most cultures, men do not stare at women. In Fra

51、nce and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. Eye contactNorth Americans: direct eye contact a sign of honestyIf not, a sign of untruthfulness, shame or embarrassmentChinese: avoid long direct eye contact to show politeness, or respect, or obedienceJapanese: prolonged eye contact is cons

52、idered rude, threatening and disrespectful.Latin American and Caribbean people: avoid a sign of respectSmellingThe study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. A persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message.Filipino: natural smellAmericans: artificial smellMost A

53、sians: an extensionThe Bad Smell1. Do people have the same idea about fragrance?2. vocal qualifiers3. vocalizationParalanguage1. voice qualityParalanguage lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words.Summary Just like verbal language, body language is part of cul

54、ture. It plays an important role in daily communication. So, it is very important to understand and use it correctly. Vocal qualifiersThe term vocal qualifiers(声音区别符号 如音量、音调、节奏、音速、共鸣、口气等)refers to volume音量, pitch音高, and overall intonation or melody of the spoken word. Does the speaker vary the volum

55、e between loud and soft; in other words, does he speak softly or does he shout? Does the speaker raise or lower his voice at the end of a sentence? Does she speak evenly? Does the speaker vary the speed of what she says?Vocal qualifiers differ from culture to culture. Ending sentences with a high pi

56、tch in American English may indicate self-doubt and uncertainty. In French, on the other hand, sentences tend to end on a higher pitch than in either German or English. The French speaker may be very certain of what she is saying, yet a listener from a U.S. or German cultural background may have a different impression.Listen between the linesVocalization发声法All cultures use nonword noises such as aham, urn, er, sucking in ones breath, or clicki