新编英语语法教程Subordination_I

1、Subordination INominal & adverbial clauseWarm-up nPeas are harvested in the spring.nThey can not tolerate hot weather.nPumpkings need hot weather to mature.nThey are harvested in the fall.nCoordination: and, but nSubordination: because (the former, the latter)Subordination means putting a gramma

2、tical unit in a lower rank or position. A grammatical unit functions as a constituent of another unit of equal or lower rank of structure is called a subordinate construction, which might be a finite clause, a non-finite clause, a verbless clause, or a phrase.Subordinator nSimplenComplexnCorrelative

3、nMarginalSimple subordinatornOne-word subordinator:nafter, although, as, because, before, directly, for, if, immediately, lest, once, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when(ever), whereupon, while/whilstEg: Ill call you immediately (directly) I get the news. She laughed at him, whereupon he

4、walked out.Complex subordinatornMulti-word subordinator:nthat: given (that), in the event that, now (that), provided (that), so thatnas: according as, forasmuch as / inasmuch as/ insomuch as (seeing that/since fm)Eg: Everyone contributes according as he is able. (“取决于取决于”fm）nas if, as though, in cas

5、eCorrelative subordinatornTwo correlative words:nasas, asso, barely/hardly/scarcelywhen, morethan, no soonerthan, not soas, so(such)that, thethe, whetherorMarginal subordinatornSome free lexical combination:neven if, if only, just as, only if, for the reason that, in spite of the fact that, regardle

6、ss of the fact thatSubordinate clauses adverbial relative/attributiveSubordination subject object predicative appositive complementnominal Nominal clausen在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Nominal Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据

7、它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句和同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词 n引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：n连接词：连接词：that, whether, if 不充当从句的任何不充当从句的任何成分成分n连接代词：连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.n连接副词：连接副词：when, where, how, why n不可省略的连词：不可省略

8、的连词：1. 介词后的连词介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won. 名词性名词性that-从句从句 1) That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从从句在句中能充当主句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语形容词宾语n他还活着全靠

9、运气。他还活着全靠运气。n约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。n事实是近来谁也没有见过他。事实是近来谁也没有见过他。n近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。人不安。n你对工作满意我感到很高兴。你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2) That-从句作主语通常用从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如：nIt is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.nIts a pity that you should

10、have to leave.Itthat: collocation n a. It + be +形容词形容词+ that-从句从句 It is necessary that It is important that It is obvious thatn b. It + be + -ed 分词分词+ that-从句从句 It is believed that It is known to all that It has been decided thatnc. It + be +名词名词+ that-从句从句 It is common knowledge that It is a surpri

11、se that It is a fact that nd. It +不及物动词不及物动词+ that-分句分句 It appears that It happens that It occurred to me that名词性名词性wh-从句从句 1) 由由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。从句。Wh-词包括词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词等连接副词n主语主语: How the book wi

12、ll sell depends on its author.n直接宾语：直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.n间接宾语：间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.n表语：表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.n宾语补足语：宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. n同位语同位语: I have no idea when he will retur

13、n.n形容词宾语：形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.n介词宾语介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.2) Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，做形式主语，而将而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.It remains unknown when they are going to get married. if, whether引导的名词从句引导的名词从句 1）

14、yes-no型疑问从句型疑问从句n主语：主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. n宾语：宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.n表语：表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.n同位语：同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. n形容词宾语：形容词宾语： Shes

15、doubtful whether we shall be able to come. n介词宾语：介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.2）选择性疑问从句）选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或或whetheor not构成，例如：构成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. I dont care whether you like the plan or n

16、ot.n在下列情况下，在下列情况下，whether 不能被不能被if 取代：取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首引导主语从句并在句首: Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 2. 引导表语从句引导表语从句: The point is whether we should lend him the money. 3. whether从句作介词宾语从句作介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.4. 从句后有从句后有or

17、not Whether he will come is not clear.否定转移否定转移 1) 将将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中。主句中。 I dont think I know you. I don t believe he will come.nNote： I hope you werent ill. 2) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I dont rem

18、ember having ever seen such a man. Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strangers on the street. 3) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. She had not been married

19、many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.Adverbial clausenTimenPlacenMannernCausenResultnPurposenConditionnConcession Time n时间状语从句通常由时间状语从句通常由when, whenever, until, etc 引导。引导。Eg: Until we know the facts, we cant do anything about it. The students rushed out of t

20、he classroom as soon as the bell rang. Whenever you have problems, just come to me. Place n地点状语从句通常由地点状语从句通常由where, wherever, everywhere引导。引导。Eg: Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. Everywhere they went, the visitors were warmly welcomed. Manner n方式状语从句通常

21、由方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。引导。1）as 引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时结构中位于句首，这时as从从句带有比喻的含义，意思是句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如正如”，“就就像像”，多用于正式文体，例如：，多用于正式文体，例如：As water is to fish, so air is to man. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our mi

22、nds.2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛仿佛似的似的”，“好像好像似的似的”，例如：，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. He looks as if (as though) he had been

23、hit by lighting.nas if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. He cleared his throat as if to say something. The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.Cause nbecause, since, as和和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，

24、回答因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用的或已为人们所知，就用as或或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由）由because引导的从句如果放在主句后，则引导的从句如果放在主句后，则可以用可以用for来代替。来代替。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is abs

25、ent today. nTextbook: P354-357Purpose nthat, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. Result nso th

26、at / suchthat:ncompare：so vs. such such a foolsuch a nice flowersuch nice flowerssuch a lot of peopleso foolish so nice a flower so nice flowersso many peopleCondition nif, unless, as/so long as, on condition that:nif 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种句两种: chapter 34nunless (affirmative sentenc

27、es) = if not Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. =If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. Concession 1) though, althoughAlthough its raining, they are still working in the field.Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. though: Though everyone desert you, I will not.1.

28、hypothetical meaning Clever though he was, he failed the exam.2. inversion2) as, though 引导的前置句引导的前置句 as / though引导的让步从句表语或状语可引导的让步从句表语或状语可以提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提以提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。前）。 Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Child as /though he was, he knew what was the

29、right thing to do.3)ever if, even though“即使即使” Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror “不管不管都都” Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5) no matter +疑问词疑问词 = 疑问词疑问词+后缀后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. no matter what no matter who no matter when no matter where no matter which no matter how nNote: no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。句。Right or wrong? No matter what you say is of no use now. Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given.while vs. when vs. as 1）as, when 引导