PostgraduateEnglish

1、高等院校专业外语课程Postgraduate Medical EnglishPostgraduate Medical EnglishUnit 1 Unit 1 Medical English Research Paper Unit 1StandardThe Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical JournalsPublished by the International Committee of Medical JournalEditors1.1 Title1.1.1 Requirements: a. Expl

2、icit (Innovative) b. Convenient for Index c. Concise (20/14 Words) Unit 11.1.2 Structures for Titles名词短语：名词短语： a. 名词名词+介词短语：介词短语： 用食管镜检查预测曲张静脉出血用食管镜检查预测曲张静脉出血 Prediction of varicose hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy b. 定语定语+名词：名词： 原发性肝癌二级预防的随机分组前瞻性研究原发性肝癌二级预防的随机分组前瞻性研究 Randomized Controlled prospec

3、tive study of secondary prevention for primary liver cancer C. 名词名词+分词短语：分词短语： 霍金病放射治疗引起的甲状腺癌霍金病放射治疗引起的甲状腺癌 Thyroid Carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkins disease Unit 1(2) 动名词短语：动名词短语：心房纤颤患者中风的防御心房纤颤患者中风的防御Preventing Stroke in Patients with atrial fibrillation(3) 介词短语：介词短语：原发性肝癌的临床诊断探讨原发性肝癌的

4、临床诊断探讨On clinical diagnosis of primary liver carcinoma(4) 陈述句型：陈述句型：人类人类 hR24L 基因参与基因参与DNA切除修复和重组修复的研究切除修复和重组修复的研究Human hR24L gene is involved in DNA excision repair and recombination repair(5) 疑问句型（疑问句型（Review）：）：家族性高胆固醇血症患者何时开始治疗为宜？家族性高胆固醇血症患者何时开始治疗为宜？When should patients with familial hypercholes

5、terolemia be treated? Unit 1Practice：1. 尚未解决的问题：酗酒者得冠心病更少吗？尚未解决的问题：酗酒者得冠心病更少吗？2.胃切除后的回流与回流病胃切除后的回流与回流病 Unit 1Practice：1. Unsolved Issue：Do drinkers have less coronary disease?2. Reflux and reflux disease following gastric resection Unit 11.1.3 Subtitle If your title is too long, you can use subtitle

6、 and apply : or - in between. Some examples: 1) 突出病例数量：突出病例数量： Original: A retrospective study of 180 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 180 consecutive cases Unit 1 2) 突出研究重点：突出研究重点： Original: The chest X-r

7、ay appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis Revised: Aorto-arteritis : chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance 3) 突出研究方法：突出研究方法： Original: A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis Revised: Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: a follow-up study 4) 突出研究时

8、间：突出研究时间： Original: One year clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosis Revised: Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: one year clinical experience Unit 1 翻译：静脉曲张内镜疗法：一年期临床经验翻译：静脉曲张内镜疗法：一年期临床经验 Practice ： 1）慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状）慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状 2）中国烧伤护理综合研究：）中国烧伤护理综合研究：2010-2014 Unit 1 Practice ： 1）C

9、hronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric pain 2）A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 2010-2014 Unit 11.1.4 标题中心词标题中心词 The Core of the title：名词、名词短语、动名词短语：名词、名词短语、动名词短语 Examples： 1) 针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能的影响针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能的影响 找到中心词？找到中心词？ Unit 1 中心词：中心词：Effect The acupuncture effect on le

10、ft ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris 2) 氟烷麻醉治疗损伤新生儿肺功能氟烷麻醉治疗损伤新生儿肺功能 中心词？中心词？ Unit 1 中心词：中心词：Halothane anesthesia Halothane anesthesia impairs pulmonary function in newborns 1.1.5 Concise Title 1) Abbreviation: Use standard ones e.g. DNA/AIDS/LC100 (绝对至

11、死浓度绝对至死浓度)/HBsAg(乙型肝炎表面乙型肝炎表面抗原抗原)2）省略冠词：）省略冠词： a. 标题首：标题首： Treatment of gram-negative shock b. 疾病或药品名称前：疾病或药品名称前：Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: Unit 1 c. 省略开头词：省略开头词：Natures of/ Study of/Evaluation of Preliminary evaluation of clinical significance in the. 3）形容词选择：）形容词选择： a. 定量：定量： increased/

12、decreased/reduced Reduced metabolic rates in rates. b. 修饰性：修饰性：improved/impaired/altered Altered pulmonary fluid balance induced by Unit 11.1.6 介词搭配介词搭配 （1） in a. 与病人结合与病人结合 乳腺癌患者的甲状腺功能状态乳腺癌患者的甲状腺功能状态 b. 与疾病结合与疾病结合 疑似胰腺病患者的声图分析疑似胰腺病患者的声图分析 Unit 11.1.6 介词搭配介词搭配 （1） in a. 与病人结合与病人结合 乳腺癌患者的甲状腺功能状态乳腺癌患者

13、的甲状腺功能状态 Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer b. 与疾病结合与疾病结合 疑似疑似胰腺病患者的声图分析胰腺病患者的声图分析 Analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease Unit 11.1.6 介词搭配介词搭配 （2）due to 等同于等同于caused by （because of/owing to are less preferred） Infections due to group C streptococci in man (3)

14、after (可用可用following 替换替换) Postoperative syndromes after liver surgery (4) during/in: During+ treatment/experiment (5) as: 表现为肺动脉高压的瘤栓表现为肺动脉高压的瘤栓 Unit 1 Tumor emboli presenting as pulmonary hypertension1.1.7 标题书写格式标题书写格式 （1）只有第一个首字母大写（副标题首字母也大写）只有第一个首字母大写（副标题首字母也大写） (2) 每个单词首字母大写（虚词，连词，介词小写）每个单词首字母大

15、写（虚词，连词，介词小写） (3) 所有字母大写所有字母大写 （常见于期刊广告、短信等等）（常见于期刊广告、短信等等） Base on the requirements of the journal Unit 1 1.1.8 标题页标题页 （1）Contents： 标题、所有作者姓名、单位、部门名称、稿件联系人信息、标题、所有作者姓名、单位、部门名称、稿件联系人信息、 资助、设备药品来源等资助、设备药品来源等 (2) 常用句型：常用句型： a. to be supported by b. Funded/granted/sponsored by c. Grant support + Organi

16、zation d. Sources of funding + Organization e. to thank sb for sth f. sb/sth be acknowledged Unit 1 收稿日期收稿日期 Received + time 出版日期出版日期 Accepted for Publication + time 1.1.9 名词与介词搭配名词与介词搭配 (1) 探讨：探讨：discussion of/on, approach to, probe into, investigation of/on An approach to subclinical liver cancer

17、(2) 影响：影响：effect/influence of/on Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes (3) 意义：意义：Significance/importance of/in 血清肌浆球蛋白临床评价对于诊断急性心肌梗死的意义血清肌浆球蛋白临床评价对于诊断急性心肌梗死的意义 Unit 1 (3) 意义：意义：Significance/importance of/in 血清肌浆球蛋白临床评价对于诊断急性心肌梗死的意义血清肌浆球蛋白临床评价对于诊断急性心肌梗死的意义 Significance of clinical assessment of serum

18、 myosin in the diagnose of acute myocardial infarction (4) 总结：总结：experience of Myocarditis among children: an eight-year clinical experience (5) 研究：研究： Study on/of/in Wilsons disease: A clinical and pathological study of 10 cases Unit 1 (6) 关系、对比、对照：关系、对比、对照：relationship/ correlation/association of

19、A and B/of A with B/between A and B （其他词性）（其他词性） Correlation between cardiovascular disease and smoking (7) 特征、特点、方法：特征、特点、方法：Property/characteristics/feature/method of/for/in sth/doing sth Biological properties of the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines SW620 (8) (药物药物)治疗：治疗： A治疗治疗B；A in the tr

20、eatment of B; treatment of B with A; use of A in the treatment of B; A in/for B Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension Unit 1 Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia with high dose methotrate (8) (非药物非药物)治疗：治疗： A治疗治疗B；A in the treatment of B; treatment of B by A; A in/for B 左心室部分切除术治疗晚期原发性扩张心肌病左

21、心室部分切除术治疗晚期原发性扩张心肌病 Partial left ventriculectomy in the treatment of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy (9) 诊断：诊断：A诊断诊断B；A in B；A in the diagnosis of B; diagnosis of B by/with A; detection of B by A 胆结石超生诊断胆结石超生诊断 Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of gallstones Unit 1 Practice (1) 慢性肾衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法慢性肾衰竭的甲

22、状旁腺切除疗法38例调查例调查 (2) 35例恶性高血压治疗总结（经验）例恶性高血压治疗总结（经验） Unit 1 Practice (1) 慢性肾衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法慢性肾衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查例调查 Survey of 38 cases of parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure (2) 35例恶性高血压治疗总结（经验）例恶性高血压治疗总结（经验） Treatment for malignant hypertension: An experience of 35 cases Switch Unit 1 Practice (1) 心

23、脏病患者血小板功能的研究心脏病患者血小板功能的研究 (2) 静脉造影术诊断门诊患者静脉血栓形成静脉造影术诊断门诊患者静脉血栓形成 Unit 1 Practice (1) 心脏病患者血小板功能的研究心脏病患者血小板功能的研究 Platelet function studies in heart disease or？ (2) 静脉造影术诊断门诊患者静脉血栓形成静脉造影术诊断门诊患者静脉血栓形成 Diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the outpatients by venography or ？ Unit 1 1.3 Abstract and Key Words

24、 Four Parts: Objective/Method/Result/Conclusion 1.4 Introduction: 对于背景、研究内容以及目的的简明介绍：对于背景、研究内容以及目的的简明介绍： Example： 幽门螺杆菌（幽门螺杆菌（Hp）被认为被认为是成人慢性胃炎中最普遍的是成人慢性胃炎中最普遍的B型胃炎型胃炎 的主要病因。的主要病因。B型胃炎病变部位一般型胃炎病变部位一般在在胃窦和幽门；而胃窦和幽门；而A型胃型胃 炎炎是是典型的自身免疫性胃炎，主要典型的自身免疫性胃炎，主要发生于发生于胃底。现已胃底。现已发现发现，Hp 的阳性慢性胃窦炎与十二指肠溃疡的阳性慢性胃窦炎与十二

25、指肠溃疡有密切关系有密切关系，并，并能引起能引起胃萎胃萎 缩，后者缩，后者系系胃癌前兆。胃癌前兆。 Unit 1 Translation： Helicobacter pylori is considered to be the main aetiological agent of the most common form of chronic gastritis in the population-type B gastritis. Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum and pylorus, whereas type A gastritis

26、, the classic autoimmune gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus, H pylori positive chronic gastric of the antrum has been found to be closely related to duodenal ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy, a precursor of cancer. Unit 1 1.4.1 Tense Principles: (1)背景、现状、待解决问题、报告病例等常用一般现在或者现背景、现状、待解决问题、报告病例

27、等常用一般现在或者现 在完成在完成 时，时，谓语动词大多用被动语态谓语动词大多用被动语态。 Example: 然而然而，我们，我们认为认为这种队对这种队对HCM过分悲观的观点过分悲观的观点可能有误可能有误，因为，因为 有关于该病自然病史有关于该病自然病史 的资料的资料几乎均来自几乎均来自少数第三极中心。这类少数第三极中心。这类 中心对于病情的介绍在传统上中心对于病情的介绍在传统上偏重于偏重于重症、病危患者。重症、病危患者。 Unit 1 Translation: However, we believe that this rather ominous perception of HCM is

28、likely to be skewed since available natural history data for this disease have been derived almost exclusively from a few tertiary centers in which the patterns of the referral have traditionally been biased toward those patients judged as severely affected or at high risk. Unit 1 1.4.1 Tense Princi

29、ples: (2)资料来源、收集方法、研究起止时间、研究结果以及直接引用资料来源、收集方法、研究起止时间、研究结果以及直接引用原文献等常用过去式或过去完成原文献等常用过去式或过去完成 时，谓语动词大多用被动语态。时，谓语动词大多用被动语态。 Example: 1）从）从2007年年1月到月到2014年年7月，月，138例患者因感染性心内膜炎并发例患者因感染性心内膜炎并发症而症而接受接受心瓣膜置换心瓣膜置换术术。 From January 2007 to July 2014, 138 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement because of

30、complications of infective endocarditis. Unit 1 Example: 2）一例）一例16年前隐患霍金病年前隐患霍金病接受放射治疗接受放射治疗的的22岁男子岁男子患有患有放疗放疗诱诱发的发的甲状腺癌。甲状腺癌。 In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated for 16 years previously for Hodgkins disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma developed. (3) 说明研究的内容和目的常用一般过去时。说明研究的内容和目

31、的常用一般过去时。 本研究的目的本研究的目的是通过是通过详尽的心脏解剖详尽的心脏解剖检查检查，研究研究急性斑块破裂与急性斑块破裂与用力导致的冠状动脉猝死之间的联系。用力导致的冠状动脉猝死之间的联系。 Unit 1Translation： The purpose of the study was to examine the association between acute plaque rupture and exertion-related sudden coronary death in a series of carefully studied autopsy hearts. (4)

32、由由determine/demonstrate/discuss等动词引出的宾语从句的谓语等动词引出的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，动词用一般现在时， 如：如： 本研究本研究旨在以旨在以前瞻性前瞻性试验试验测定测定两种治疗方法的结果两种治疗方法的结果是否有是否有显著性显著性差异。差异。 The aim of our study was to perform such a prospective trial to determine whether there is a significant difference in the results of both treatments.。 Unit

33、 1 (5) 提及今后的结果和价值时，常用一般将来时，提及今后的结果和价值时，常用一般将来时， 如：如： 随着随着人们人们对于对于甲状腺球蛋白水平与临床的相关性甲状腺球蛋白水平与临床的相关性认识的提高认识的提高，测定甲状腺球蛋白的测定甲状腺球蛋白的必要性必要性也在提高也在提高。 As greater clinical correlation is obtained, the usefulness of thyroglobulin determination will increase.1.4.3 引言部分的常用句型：引言部分的常用句型： 1）表示不同观点和意见）表示不同观点和意见 (有无有无t

34、here be)： Studies have differed in their conclusion on/about/regarding There have been different reports regarding/on There has been considerable professional debate/controversies on/about Unit 11.4.3 引言部分的常用句型：引言部分的常用句型： 3）表示待解决的问题：）表示待解决的问题： Sth was found/reported/mentioned by sb Little research h

35、as been done on Relatively little knowledge is available related to Sth is/remains controversial/ unexplored/ unclear/ unsolved 4）表示研究的重要性：）表示研究的重要性： Has practical significance/implication for. Has been the focus of much interest and debate Unit 11.4.3 引言部分的常用句型：引言部分的常用句型： 5）表示内容和目的：）表示内容和目的： The pu

36、rpose/objective/aim/goal of this study/research was to This study aimed to/at. This study was designed/ undertaken/ carried out to 1.5 材料与方法材料与方法 : Research design/Research Objective/Methods/Statistical Analysis 1.5.1 Research Design: Unit 1 1.5.1 Research Design: Example: 采集采集每个实验对象的血清标本，每个实验对象的血清标

37、本，用于测定用于测定Hp的的IgG抗体。血清标抗体。血清标 本在本在采用采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）之前之前，一直，一直保持保持在在-20C 的环境中。的环境中。根据根据制造商的制造商的介绍介绍（敏感性（敏感性96%，特异性，特异性93%） ，以以 10ug/ml为为抗体临界效价，将受试者抗体临界效价，将受试者分为分为阳性和阴性。最近，意大阳性和阴性。最近，意大 利的另一项多中心研究也利的另一项多中心研究也采用采用了一种了一种IgG抗体测定，抗体测定，与与单一吉姆萨单一吉姆萨 （Giemsa）染色组织学标本）染色组织学标本比较比较，敏感性为，敏感性为98%，特异性，

38、特异性78%。 Unit 1 1.5.1 Research Design: Translation: We obtained a serum sample for evaluation of IgG antibodies to H pylori from each participant. Serum samples were stored at -20C befor assessment by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A cut off antibody titre of 10ug/ml was used to classify

39、subjects as positive or negative, as recommended by the manufacturer (sensitivity 96%, specificity 93%). The same IgG antibody assay has been recently used in another multicenter Italian study and showed a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 78% when compared with a single Giemsa stained histolo

40、gy specimen. Unit 1 1.5.2 Research subjects: Example: 研究对象征集研究对象征集是通过是通过报纸广告和给医生去信报纸广告和给医生去信完成的完成的。入选标准：。入选标准：（1）年龄）年龄55岁以上；（岁以上；（2）失眠）失眠持续持续至少至少6个月；（个月；（3）觉醒时至少）觉醒时至少 有一种失眠引起的有一种失眠引起的负负效应效应 （如疲倦、无力、心情烦躁）。排除标（如疲倦、无力、心情烦躁）。排除标 准为准为：（：（1）失眠与某种疾病或药物失眠与某种疾病或药物不良作用不良作用直接相关；（直接相关；（2）有）有 重症抑郁症重症抑郁症或或其他严重精神

41、病其他严重精神病；（；（3）小型智力测验低于）小型智力测验低于23分，表分，表 明有认知障碍。明有认知障碍。(注意形容词注意形容词) Unit 1 1.5.2 Research Subjects: Prospective subjects were recruited through newspaper advertisements and letters to physicians. Inclusion criteria were (1) age 55 years or older; (2) insomnia duration of at least 6 months; (3) a comp

42、laint of at least one negative effect during waking hours (fatigue, impaired functioning, mood disturbances). Exclusion criteria were (1) evidence that insomnia was directly related to a medical disorder or adverse effect of medication; (2) presence of major depression or other severe psychopatholog

43、ic conditions; (3) cognitive impairment as suggested by a score lower than 23 on the mini-Mental State Exam. Unit 1 1.5.3 Research Procedures: Example: 在研究的开始，在研究的开始，用用西门子奥斯丁生产的骨分析器对骨质进行西门子奥斯丁生产的骨分析器对骨质进行测量测量， 测量单位为测量单位为g/m。 扫描扫描桡骨远端和中段以及跟骨，平均变量系数桡骨远端和中段以及跟骨，平均变量系数 分别为分别为1.5%，2.0%和和1.3%。2012年至年至2014

44、年，对同一人群年，对同一人群进行进行 第二次第二次测量测量，并，并用用双能源双能源X射线液体容气计对股骨近端和腰椎射线液体容气计对股骨近端和腰椎 （1-4）进行了）进行了测量测量，平均变量系数分别为，平均变量系数分别为1.2%和和1.5%。 Unit 1 1.5.3 Research Procedures: Bone Mass Density at the entry into the study was measured in grams per square centimeter, using Osteo Analyzer (Simen-Osteon, Wahiwa, Hawaii). W

45、e scanned the distal and mid radius and calcaneus with mean coefficients of variation of 1.5% for the distal radius, 2.0% for the mid radius and 1.3% for the calcaneus. During a 2nd examination of the cohort (2012-2014), measurement of the BMD of the proximal femur and lumbar spine (L-1 to L-4) were

46、 Made using dual-energy X-ray absorption meter with mean coefficients of variation of 1.2% and 1.5%, respectively. Unit 1 1.5.4 Statistical Analysis: Example: 用用卡方检验卡方检验评估评估抽样偶然性与差异比例的关系的程度，抽样偶然性与差异比例的关系的程度，P值小于值小于0.05 有统计学意义。为了探讨儿童有统计学意义。为了探讨儿童Hp阳性的可能性，我们阳性的可能性，我们用用了两种方了两种方 法法了解了解待定协变量的相对权重。首先，待定协变

47、量的相对权重。首先，采用采用一种多变量模型，将一种多变量模型，将 儿童儿童作为作为分析单位，其自身特性分析单位，其自身特性 （年龄和性别）及其家庭特性（年龄和性别）及其家庭特性（人口调查，亲属感染）（人口调查，亲属感染）为为因变量。儿童因变量。儿童Hp检验结果检验结果 （阳性和阴（阳性和阴 性）与个体协变量间的关系，可以性）与个体协变量间的关系，可以用用95%置信区间差额比置信区间差额比表示表示。 Unit 1 1.5.4 Statistical Analysis: We assessed the extent to which differences in proportions were

48、due to chance alone using X square test, and P values below 0.05 were considered significant. We used two approaches to explore the relative weight of specific covariates on a childs likelihood of being H pylori positive. Firstly, we used a multivariate model with children as the unit of analysis an

49、d their own characteristics (age and sex) as variables. The associations between childrens H pylori test result (positive vs negative) and individual covariates were expressed as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Unit 1 1.5.6 材料与方法部分的时态材料与方法部分的时态: 1. 回顾性描述多用一般过去时，多用被动语态。回顾性描述多用一般过去时，多用被动语态。

50、 例子：例子： 本项目对于冠心病猝死的男性心脏本项目对于冠心病猝死的男性心脏进行进行前瞻性前瞻性研究研究。2009年年1月至月至 2013年年5月马里兰州的医学人员在咨询服务中月马里兰州的医学人员在咨询服务中对对这些患者的心脏进这些患者的心脏进行过行过研究研究。 Unit 1 1.5.6 材料与方法部分的时态材料与方法部分的时态: 1. 回顾性描述多用一般过去时，多用被动语态。回顾性描述多用一般过去时，多用被动语态。 Example： Hearts of men who died of sudden coronary death were studied in a prospective fa

51、shion (research). These hearts were seen (studied) in consultation with the medical examiner in the state of Maryland between Jan 2009 and May 2013. Unit 1 1.5.6 材料与方法部分的时态材料与方法部分的时态: 2. 试验或者研究发生前的动作或情况用过去完成时。试验或者研究发生前的动作或情况用过去完成时。 例子：例子： 877例胃癌患者中，有例胃癌患者中，有9例例原已确诊为原已确诊为恶性贫血。恶性贫血。 Among 877 patients

52、 with gastric cancer, pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 9 patients. Unit 1 1.5.7 材料与方法部分的常用句型材料与方法部分的常用句型: 1）选择受试者标准：）选择受试者标准： Inclusion/Entry criteria were Exclusion criteria included . Were selected based on/ entered into the study. 2) 表示研究对象分组：表示研究对象分组： were randomized into were

53、 divided/grouped/ stratified/seperated/ classified into 3) 材料来源：材料来源： was from/was provided by/was purchased from/was obtained from Unit 1 1.5.7 材料与方法部分的常用句型材料与方法部分的常用句型: 4）借鉴别人的研究法：）借鉴别人的研究法： was isolated by the procedure of. was prepared according to the method described by was carried out as prev

54、iously described. was determined by/ measured by 5) 表示实验标本制备：表示实验标本制备： Samples of were obtained/taken from was collected/harvested inconditions. was fixed with/stained with Sections（切片）（切片） were cut on aultramicrotome(超薄切片机超薄切片机). was sectioned at a thickness of Unit 1 1.5.7 材料与方法部分的常用句型材料与方法部分的常用句型

55、: 6）表达稀释、培养：）表达稀释、培养： was diluted to. was incubated withatforhours was suspended to/at a concentration of. 7) 表示年龄与性别：表示年龄与性别： above/more than the age of under/below the age of between the age of A and B/have an age range of A to B years with a mean age of years/ with an average age of years male-to

56、-female ratio/ with female-male ratio/ Unit 1 1.5.7 材料与方法部分的常用句型材料与方法部分的常用句型: 8）表达诊断：）表达诊断： was diagnosed as . was diagnosed with was diagnosed on the basis of. miss diagnosis of/was misdiagnosed as 9) 表示治疗：表示治疗： be treated by/with/be treated for/was ontherapy/ be treated on an outpatient/inpatient

57、basis 10) 表示实验动物：表示实验动物： was fasted/starved 12 hours prior to operation was anesthetized with was sacrificed with Unit 1 1.5.7 材料与方法部分的常用句型材料与方法部分的常用句型: 11）表达比例倍数：）表达比例倍数： A is 3 times as long as B/ A is 3 times longer than B A increases 3 time (增长了几倍？增长了几倍？) ratio of A to B/ A to B ratio/ A:B ratio

58、 12) 表示表示 数值：数值： a total of/ a series of/ a period of/ a maximum of/ an incidence of/ a mortality of/ an accuracy of/ a dose of/ an average duration remission of (平均持续缓解时间平均持续缓解时间) Unit 1 1.6 结果结果 1.6.1 内容与写法：内容与写法： Results is the core of a paper/ Related to introduction/ Including results both supp

59、orting and not supporting hypothesis/ Graphs Error and failure should be demonstrated. Examples: 手术发现手术发现 发现发现29名患者（名患者（83%）患）患有有胆结石，胆结石，6名（名（17%）有有非结石性胆囊炎。非结石性胆囊炎。17名患名患 者（者（49%）有有急性胆囊炎，其中急性胆囊炎，其中3人人有有坏疽性病变。坏疽性病变。18名患者名患者有有慢性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎或 只只有有亚亚急性炎症。急性炎症。4人（人（11%）患有患有胆总管结石。一名儿童，结石已胆总管结石。一名儿童，结石已磨穿磨穿胆总

60、胆总 管，管，形成形成脓肿。脓肿。13名名接受接受紧急胆囊切除，紧急胆囊切除，1人胆囊切除人胆囊切除 （合计（合计40%）。本组的）。本组的 手术指证包括：手术指证包括：12人人有有不同程度的脓毒症，不同程度的脓毒症，另外另外两人为胆结石胰腺炎。两人为胆结石胰腺炎。 Unit 1 1.6 结果结果 1.6.1 内容与写法：内容与写法： Translation: Operative findings Gallstones were found in 29 patients (83%) and acalculous cholecystitis in 6(17%) Seventeen patient