煤矿工作面的安全性分析(外文资料及中文翻译).

1、外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Safety Analysis on Fully Mechanized Mining FaceLiyun WUYuzhong YANGSchool of Energy Science & Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo,454003,Henan,ChinaAbstract：The safety of fully mechanized mining face was analyzed with man-machine-environment system engineering theory and m

2、ethodologyThe causes and countermeasures of human errors are put forwardThe relationship between casualty accident and workersstuff and fatigue is analyzedCasualty accident is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using ETA and FTA methodsGrey correlative analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis are

3、used to analyze environment factorsFinally, the safety of fully mechanized mining face in Xinzhuang coal mine is evaluated with grey entropy synthetic evaluation modelThe problems existing in fully mechanized mining face are pointed outKeywords：safety analysis; man-machine-environment system enginee

4、ring; fully mechanized mining face1IntroductionMan-Machine-Environment System Engineering is a new and developing comprehensive frontier science which came into being at the beginning of 1980sIt analyzes and researches man, machine, environment of the system, which are the three main factors in the

5、system, and their relationship between them so that the whole system is in the condition of safety and high efficiency in the light of systemFully mechanized mining has been the mainstream technology in coal mining for the sake of its safety and high efficiency with the advancement of science and te

6、chnologyAt the same time, it is also the approach for coal mines to enhance its output and economic benefitHowever, the underground working face accidents happen frequently1,which has heavily affected and restricted the safety and the production of coal minesAs a result, it is significant to deeply

7、research and analyze the safety of man-machine-environment system in fully mechanization mining face2Analysis of human factorMan is the main body, the key to create wealth and to attain the aim in the man-machine-environment systemOn the other hand, man is also the main factor to induce accidentsThe

8、 combination of mans unsafe behavior and unsafe machinery that is usually formed by man induces accident to happen21Causes of human errors and control of them211causes of human errorsThe author considers that a human error means the man didnt finish the prescriptive function or didnt finish the pres

9、criptive function in time under the prescriptive conditionsAs a result, man, machine or environment of the system suffers loss to some extentThe following causes inducing human errors are analyzed through investigating some coal mines(1)Safety awareness is so dim that workers usually act against rul

10、es(2)Character of workers is giddy-brained(3)Physiological factorSome weaknesses of human in physiology are the root of human errors(4)Mental obstacle(5)Stuff of workers is low(6)FatigueUnusual state and other special conditions(7)Defects of machine(8)Environmental factors212Control of human errorsO

11、n the basis of analyzing and grasping the causes of human errors, we can take some countermeasures to decrease human errorsFirstly, the safety management system, which takes man as the center, should be establishedSecondly, on the basis of management system, it is important to make man safetyThese c

12、ountermeasures mainly include safety law education, safety knowledge education, safety skill education, safety idea education, typical accident education, biorhythm and safety measuresThirdly, all works should be standardFourthly, working environment should be improved greatlyFifthly, it is importan

13、t to design good interface for decreasing human errorsSixthly, safety culture should be spark plugged in enterprises22 Analysis of human fuzzy reliabilityAccording to the theory of Hinesburg and Maslow, the hierarchy figure of human fuzzy reliability is established as Figure1Fuzzy reliabilitySociali

14、ty needSelf-fulfillment needRespect needSafety needPhysiology needSalaryWorking conditionSense of obiligationSense of successPolicy managementwelfarePromotion Fig1 the hierarchy figure of human fuzzy reliabilityAccording to the theory of analytic hierarchy process2,we can calculate weight Wi of ever

15、y indexAnd then we invite some experts to evaluate the real value Di of every index, thus we can calculate fuzzy reliability of some one or some colony with the following formula (1)The authors calculate the fuzzy reliability of workers in fully mechanized mining face of Xinzhuang coal mineFirstclas

16、sify all the 146 workers to 5 groups according to their ageSecondly, calculate the fuzzy reliability of every groupThe results are：0988,0994,0993,0995 and 099Finally, calculate the fuzzy reliability of the whole groupThe result is 09924Mental factors, physiological factors and environmental factors

17、are considered in the model of fuzzy reliabilityThis makes some progress in the aspect of human reliabilityThere are some defects in this model yet23Relationship between accidents and human factors231Relationship between mining accident and stuff of workersThe relationship between mining face death

18、accidents and flesh wound accidents from 1999 to 2004 taking place in Xinzhuang mine and workersage, length of service, cultural degree are explored with the method of figure analysisTaking the death accident as an example, Figure 2 to Figure 4 shows that death accidents in mining face decrease with

19、 the rise of agethe increase of length of service, the upgrade of cultural degree from the general tendencyFig2 Age distribution of death tollFig3 Length of service distribution of death tollFig4 Culture degree distribution of death toll232Relationship between mining accidents and fatigueFatigue wil

20、l make peoples feeling enginery weakened, it will also make peoples hearing and visual acuity declining, reaction time to complex stimulation is larger than usual, accuracy is lower than usualTherefore fatigue is very harmful to mining safetyThe causes of mining workers fatigue mainly focus on the f

21、ollowing(1)Working time is long and resting time is insufficient(2)Influence of environment factors such as illumination, yawp and task space etc(3)High task intensity(4)Unskilled workers(5)Tedious task(6)Some mental causesOn the basis of grasping the causes of underground workers fatigue, we can ta

22、ke some measures to prevent or relieve fatigueIn general, countermeasures are mainly as following(1)Innovate working schedule to arrange working time and resting time rationally(2)Pick out adaptable persons(3) Improve working environment(4)Eliminate mine workers mental fatigue(5) Enhance the level o

23、f mechanization and automation3Analysis of machine factorsMachine is an important factor in Man-machine-environment systemThe effect of machine is more and more important with the advancement of mechanizationAt the same time, accidents induced by machinery are more than ever31Event tree analysisEven

24、t tree analysis is an important method for system safety analysis3It can ascertain different states of system and their probability of occurrenceThe event tree chart for normal production in fully mechanized mining face is constructedAt the same time, system states and their probability of occurrenc

25、e are calculatedOn the basis of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis for this event tree, the corresponding countermeasures to decrease system failures are put forward32Fault tree analysisFault tree analysis is an important method for system safety analysis4Its content mainly includes solv

26、ing the minimum cut set, the minimum track set, probability of occurrence of top eventStructural significance, probability significance and critical significance of fault treeFault tree chart of scraper conveyor in fully mechanized mining face is established and the qualitative analysis and quantita

27、tive analysis of the fault tree are carried outAccording to analyzing results, some countermeasures to prevent accident from happening are put forward4Analysis of environment factorsIn man-machine-environment system, environment is a fundamental factor influencing system safetyIt is the soil where u

28、nsafe behavior of workers and unsafe state of machinery are produced41Grey correlative analysis between, mining accidents and environmental-factorsOn the basis of analyzing qualitatively the influence of main environment factors to coal mining safety, the relationship between mining accidents and en

29、vironment factors such as temperature, humidity, illumination, yawp and gas is analyzed with the method of grey correlative analysis5First, make the original data standardizedSecondly, calculate the correlative coefficientFinally, work out grey correlative degreeThe calculation result indicates that

30、 grey correlative degree between mining accidents and gas is the largestTherefore, gas is preponderant factor influencing mining accidents in Xinzhuang coal mine42Fuzzy clustering analysis of mining laces environmentClustering analysis is a method to classify objects according to some conditions or

31、attributes of the objectsIt is widely used in production and daily life Environmental factors in mining faces are complex and uncertainSo how to classify is fuzzyFirst, make the original data standardizedSecondly, establish fuzzy relationshipFinally, classify objects with the method of fuzzy cluster

32、ing analysis6All the mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mine are classified with this methodThe result indicates that the environment of fully mechanized mining face is the bestThe result also tells us how to improve the coal mining environment and where is the emphasis to strengthen managementThis help

33、s to decrease environmental influence to mining accidents and to improve mining safety43Countermeasures to improve underground environmentAfter analyzing qualitatively and quantitatively the influence of underground environmental factors to mining accidents, we can distinguish the primary from the s

34、econdaryWe can take some measures such as strengthening ventilation, installing air conditioner, eliminating noisy devices etc to improve underground environment so as to improve mining safety and ensure workers safety and sustained efficient production5Grey entropy, synthetic evaluation on safety o

35、f mining faces51Grey entropySuppose a finite discrete sequence X=xi | i=1,2,n,grey entropy of sequence X is defined by (2)If xi=0,let xi ln xi=052Balanced degreeGrey entropy is the measure to balance degree of elements in discrete sequence X in terms of grey entropy increase theorem7The greater grey

36、 entropy is the more balanced the discrete sequence isFor a discrete sequence with n elements the maximum entropy is a constant ln n which is only relevant with the number, of elements in sequence when all elements are equalThus, balanced degree of sequence can be defined by B=H(X)/Hm (3)Where Hm is

37、 the maximum grey entropy53Grey correlative degreeGrey correlative degree is the measure to adjacent degree between the reference sequence and relative sequenceIt can be calculated by correlative coefficients8The correlative coefficient can be calculated by the following equation (4)Where is disting

38、uished coefficient, it is in the range from 0 to 1Usually it is 05Grey correlative degree can be expressed as (5)Where is grey correlative degree between the reference sequence and the relative sequence54Model of multi-level grey entropy synthetic evaluationIf the evaluation indices lie in different

39、 levelsWe should apply the model of multi-level grey entropy synthetic evaluationMulti-level evaluation model is similar to single level evaluation modelThe second-order evaluation results from the first-order evaluation matrixThe evaluation result matrix can be obtained by weight vector and the eva

40、luation matrix in view of the significance difference of indices in the first levelIt can be expressed by W=A (6)where is the balanced adjacent degree matrix55Synthetic evaluation on mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mineTable 1 shows evaluation indices and original data of mining faces in Xinzhuang co

41、al mineAt first, the second-order synthetic evaluations are carried out respectivelyThe process of evaluation is omittedThe evaluation results are shown in Table 2Table 1 Original data of mining facesmanmachineenvironmentEvaluation indexe1e2Average age/aLength of service/aAverage length of education

42、/aAverage professional trainingTime/d26.56.79.311229.35.98.8115Perfect rate/%Rate for maintenance/%Failure rate/%97.92.08.198.12.39.4Temperature/Humidity /%Yawp/dB(A)Illumination/IxGas/%27.692901020.526.29595830.3Table 2 the second-order evaluation resultsEvaluation indexBalanced adjacent degreee1e2

43、ManMachineEnvironment 0.580.290.550.530.280.64The second-order evaluation results form the first-order evaluation matrixThe weights of first-level indices call be calculated by AHPAccording to Eq.9,the synthetic evaluation results can be expressed as following (7)According to evaluation rules, el is

44、 better than e2We can draw some useful conclusions from the evaluation on mining facesDuring the second-order evaluation, we can find out some problems existing in man、machine and environment of mining faces6ConclusionThe article analyzes deeply man、machine and environment of fully mechanized mining

45、 face systemSome useful conclusions are drawn outThe existing problems are pointed outThe corresponding countermeasures are put forwardThese conclusions have been applied in Xinzhuang coal mineFurthermore, safety of fully mechanized mining face has been improved greatlyReferences1State Administratio

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50、g ,JING GuoxunGrey comprehensive judgment on colliery transportation systemProgress in Safety Science and Technology Volume 4：Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology,2004,2006-2021中文翻译：综采工作面的平安性分析吴丽云 杨宇中河南理工大学能源科学与工程学院，焦作，454003，河南，中国摘要：综采工作面的平安性分析采用了人 - 机 -

51、环境系统工程的理论和方法。提出了人为错误的原因和对策。对伤亡事故和工人素质与疲劳之间的关系进行了分析。伤亡事故的定性和定量分析使用了预计到达时间和自由贸易区的方法。灰色关联分析和模糊聚类分析用于分析环境因素。最后，辛庄煤矿综采工作面的平安评价采用灰熵综合评价模型。指出了综采工作面存在的问题。关键词：平安性分析，人 - 机 - 环境系统工程，综采工作面1 绪论人 - 机 - 环境系统工程是在20世纪80年代初出现的一个新的开展全面的前沿科学。它分析和研究系统中的人，机，环境，这是系统的三个主要因素，它们之间的关系是整个系统在系统的平安性和高效率的前提条件。综采一直是煤炭开采中的主流技术，主要是因

52、为它的平安性和高效率的科技进步。同时，它也是煤矿提高其产量和经济效益的方法。然而，井下工作面事故却频繁发生1，这已严重影响和制约了煤矿的平安和生产。结论是，重要的是要深入研究和分析完全机械化的综采工作面的人 - 机 - 环境系统的平安。2 人为因素的分析人是主体，在人 - 机 - 环境系统中是创造财富和到达目的的关键。另一方面，人也是诱发事故的主要因素。人的不平安行为和机械的不平安状态的组合，通常是由人导致事故发生。2.1 人为错误的原因和控制人为错误的原因笔者认为，一个人的错误意味着人没有完成指令性功能，或者没有在规定的时间和条件下完成指令性功能。结果使人，机器或系统环境在一定程度上蒙受损失

53、。接下来通过调查一些煤矿对诱导人为错误发生的原因进行了分析。1平安意识过于淡薄，工人通常违反规那么行事。2工人的性格轻率。3生理因素，人类在生理上的一些弱点是人为错误的根源。4心理障碍。5工人素质较低。6疲劳，不寻常的状态和其他特殊情况。7机器的缺陷。8环境因素。 人为错误的控制在对人为错误原因分析和把握的根底上，我们可以采取一些措施，以减少人为错误。第一，应建立以人为中心的平安管理制度。其次，在于管理制度的根底上，它对人的平安是非常重要的。这些对策主要包括平安法制教育，平安知识教育，平安技能教育，平安思想教育，典型事故教育，生物节律和平安措施。第三，所有的工作都应该标准化。第四，应大大改善工

54、作环境。第五，重要的是设计良好的界面，减少人为错误。第六，平安文化应该是企业所倡导的。2.2 人的模糊可靠性分析根据Hinesburg和Maslow的理论，建立人的模糊可靠性的层次结构图如图1。模糊可靠性社交需要自我实现需要尊重需要平安需要生理需要薪水工作环境义务感成功感管理策略福利升迁图1 人类模糊可靠性的层次结构图根据层次分析法2的理论，我们可以计算衡量Wi各项指标。然后我们邀请一些专家来评估实际值Di各项指标，因此，我们可以用以下公式计算某一个或某些群体的模糊可靠性。 1作者充分计算了辛庄煤矿综采工作面上工人的模糊可靠性。首先，根据年龄把所有的146名工人分成5组。然后，计算各组的模糊可

55、靠性。结果是：0988，0994，0993，0995和099。最后，计算整个集团的模糊可靠性。结果是09924。模糊可靠性模型被认为是心理因素，生理因素和环境因素。这使得人在可靠性方面取得了一些进展。在这个模型中也存在一些缺陷。2.3 事故和人为因素之间的关系 煤矿事故与工人素质之间的关系 从1999年至2004年在辛庄煤矿的采煤工作面死亡事故和轻伤事故之间的关系可以用关于工人年龄，工龄，文化程度的图表分析方法中探索。以死亡事故为例，图2到图4显示，随着年龄的增加采煤工作面的死亡事故减少。随着工龄的增加，总的趋势是文化程度提高。 图2 死亡人数的年龄分布 图3 死亡人数的工龄分布 图4 死亡人

56、数的文化程度分布 煤矿事故和疲劳之间的关系疲劳会使人的感觉机能减弱，它还会使人的听力和视力下降，复杂的刺激的反响时间是比平时大的，精度是比平时低的。因此，疲劳对于煤矿平安生产是十分有害的。采矿工人疲劳的原因主要集中在以下几个方面。1工作时间很长，休息时间不够。2照明，噪声和任务空间等环境因素的影响。3高工作强度。4非技术工人。5单调乏味的任务。6一些心理原因。在找出煤矿工作者疲劳原因的根底上，我们可以采取一些措施，以防止或缓解疲劳。在一般情况下，对策主要有以下几点。1创新工作时间表，合理安排工作时间和休息时间。2挑选出适应性强的人。3改善工作环境。4消除煤矿工人的精神疲劳。5提高机械化和自动化

57、水平。3 机器因素分析机器是人 - 机 - 环境系统中的一个重要因素。机器的影响在机械化中的地位越来越重要。与此同时，机械所引起的事故也比以往更多。3.1 事故树分析事件树分析是系统平安性分析的一种重要分析方法3。它可以判断系统的不同区域以及其发生事故的概率。综采工作面的正常生产中的事件树图已经被构建。同时，系统状态和其发生事故的概率也能被计算出。在对事件树进行定性分析和定量分析的根底上，提出减少系统故障的相应对策。3.2 故障树分析故障树分析是进行系统平安性分析的一种重要方法4。其内容主要包括解决最小割集，最小的轨道集，顶事件发生的概率。结构的意义，概率的意义和故障树的关键意义。建立了综采工作面刮板输送机故障树图并进行了故障树的定性分析和定量分析。根据分析结果，提出了一些防止事故发生的对策。4 环境因素分析在人 - 机 - 环境系统中，环境是影响系统平安的一个根本因素。是工人的不平安行为和机械的不平安状态产生的土壤。4.1 煤矿事故和环境因素之间的灰色关联分析在定性分析了主要环境因素的影响，如温度，湿度，光照，噪声和气体和煤矿平安之间的关系的根底上进行了煤矿事故和环境因素之间的灰色关联分析法5。首先，原始数据的标准化。其次，计算相关系数。最后，制定出灰色关联度