美国文学史发展概况老师给地复习提纲

1、WORD 式美国文学史复习提纲一、殖民主义时期的文学(The Literature of Colonialth .c17America)一、时期综述，narratives日记1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：journals 游记 2 、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1 ) abouttheir voyage to the new land2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climatesand crops3) about dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invit

2、ation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1) Puritans wanted to makepure their religious beliefs andpractices净化信仰和行为方式2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to churchservices and the authority of the 重建教堂，提供 Bible to theology.简单服务，建立神圣地位3) Puritans looked upon themselves as a people chosen by God, and it follo

3、wed logically that anyone who challengedtheir way of life was opposing Gods will and was notto be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4) Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分 荒唐的地步5) Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wra

4、thful God and to forget his mercy.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton 约翰科登，RogerWilliam 罗杰威廉姆斯他们的不同： John Cotton was much more concerned withauthority than with democracy;William begins the history of religious toleration inAmerica.5、William 的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem froma lack of religious

5、 convictions. Instead, it sprangfrom the ideathat simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout inbelief did not give anyone the right to force beliefon others. Healso felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩 序和教会体制能够

6、直接体现神本身的意旨。专业资料整理. WORD 式6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 安妮布雷兹特里特( 女)sincere belief in God7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of the Puritanpoets was Edward Taylor 爱德华 泰勒(1642-1729)8、 Captain John Smith, his reports of exploration has been regarded as the first distinctly American literature.1 专业资料整理.WORD 式学习指南

7、：1 、 Could you give me a description ofAmerican Puritans?（关于美国清教徒的描绘）Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the first-century church asestablished by Jesus Christ himself. To themreligion was a matter of primary importance.

8、They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a specialinfusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, thegreat F

9、rench theologian who lived in Genevahad preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness.There they meant to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as inHeaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values

10、 that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、 The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes,Germans, French, Spaniards, Italian, and Portuguese.(The Literature of Reason and thRevolution) 18 .c 二、理

11、性和革命时期文学 一、美国的性质：The war for ended in the formation of a Federativebourgeois democratic republic - StatesIndependence the United ofAmerica.最终以联邦的资产阶级民主共和国-美利坚合众国的建立而宣布结束。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 富兰克林 1706-17901) Poor Richards Almanac穷查理历书，an annualcollection of proverbs流行谚语集It soon became the

12、most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklins shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussionof scientific, economic and political ideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是科学、经济和政治等时事方面的问题3) established Americas first circulating library, founded the col

13、lege-University of Pennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借图书的图书馆，还创办了一所大学一一就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学的前身。4) first applied the terms positive andegative to electrical charges.专业资料整理.WORD 式5) As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that wouldlet Americagrow and flourish in asso

14、ciation with England. Heconducted the difficulty negotiations with France that broughtfinancial and military support for America in the war.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。6) ) As an author he had power of expression, simplicity,a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的表达能力，文笔简洁，内蕴幽默，且

15、擅讽刺。”致富之道“的简明总结 The Wayto Wealth ) 7致是自2专业资料整理.WORD 式自是致的详细注脚“The Autobiography”自传，18 世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传最平凡的人 1737-1809 Great Commoner of Mankind 2、Thomas Paine托马斯 佩因,it boldly advocated a著名的政治小册子常识1)famous pamphlet Common SenseDeclaration for Independence,and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis

16、.护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。美国危，The American Crisis) 2The Case of theOfficers of Excise收税官的案子？剜梢增？景？渭眇人的权机土地公平一?牧牡踵？班琏操？禾？眇桔？极？景删情潺?理性时代 his last important treatise一1743-1826 3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯 杰弗逊1 ) drafted the Declaration of Independence in1776起草了独立宣言2 ) University of Virginia佛吉尼亚大学，亲自设计，担任校长3)与清教徒不同

17、，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed bytheir Creator with certain unalienable Rights, thatamong these人人生而平等，are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit ofhappiness.其中包括生命权、造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，- 独立宣言自由权和追求幸福的权利。诗人和政治方面的新闻记者 ,费瑞诺poet and politicaljournalist 菲利普 4、? Philip Freneau perhaps the mo

18、st outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period. 1) has been called the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父2,想象的力量3)作品：1770年，第一部作品呜散惟督舫漠？恪据？,The British Prison Ship 1870 年，第二部作品 英国囚 船同类诗歌中最佳：The Wild Honey Suckle印第安人的坟地，The Indian Burying Ground忍冬花学习指南：dominated the Puritan phase of American writ

19、ing.Politics was the next great suject to command Theology1、theattention of the best minds.神学主宰了清教徒时期的美国文学，给当时人们思想的影响也最深，其次才是政治。by training and taste ye romantic、 Freneau wasneoclassical 2费瑞诺接受的是古典主义的教育，但inessential spirit.其本质上却是属于浪漫主义的。sNotes on the Jefferson the beginning of literaryindependence:

20、3 、弗吉尼亚笔记State of Virginia巴特拉姆的旅行散文s Travels Bartram th .c 19 (The Literature of Romanticism)三、浪漫主义文学专业资料整理.WORD 式一、 文学特征：1、 Environment:1) shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境3专业资料整理.WORD 式2) array of ideas inherited from the romantictraditions of Europe欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点:表现形式pluralistic 多元

21、化， manifestations varied多样，individualistic个人主义，conflicting 矛盾3) Romanticism 的特点： romantics frequently sharedcertain general characteristics: moralenthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism andintuitive perception, and a presumption that浪漫主义之he natural world was a source of goodness and man s so

22、cieties a source of corruption. 间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉 感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。4、Transcendentalism超验主义1) As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason,individual expression over the restraints of law andcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，

23、超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。2) They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。3) They believe in the transcendence of oversoul, anall-pervading power for goodness from which all things comeand of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。4)

24、 it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the humanmind. ck to nature, “sinkGoyourselfba back intoits influence and you ll become spiritually whole again. The natural implication of all this was, of course, that thinin nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a sy

25、mbol of the spiritual. This in turn added tothetradition of literary symbolism in American literature.5)代表人物：Emerson 爱默生 :believed that man was a part ofabsolute good 人性本善Thoreau 梭（ 索）罗:beheld divinity in the“ unspotted innocence ”自 of 然 nature 才是神.圣的 “洁 白无瑕”5、Literary forms文学形式： Novels, short stori

26、es,and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americasprincipal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。6、Imaginative literature想象类文学专业资料整理.WORD 式7、the wilderness cameto function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8、The desire for an escape from

27、society and a returnto nature became a permanent convention of Americanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。专业资料整理.WORD 式9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America s language. In 1828 Noah Webster publishedAnAmerican Dictionary of the English Language ” .American character types s

28、peaking local dialects appeared inpoetry and fiction with increasing frequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特 征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。10、At mid- century a cultural reawakening brought a flowering “of New England . Ledby Hawthorne, Emerson, andThoreau. New England f Transcendentalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义。二、代表作家：1

29、、? Washington Irving 华盛顿 欧文 the first great belletrist第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contributionthe firstgreat prose stylist of American romanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家Sketch Book ”见闻札记，thefirst modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。Irving restored the

30、waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了 没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识 融入了这种体裁。 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain ”西班牙征月艮记，“A History of New York”纽约外史 美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ”睡谷的传说 使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家“Bracebridge Hall ”雷斯布里奇田庄 ，“Talks of a

31、 Traveller ”旅客谈，“The Alhambra ”阿尔罕伯乔治华盛顿拉Life of George Washington后作品2、？ James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯 芬尼莫 库珀contribution: launched two kinds of immensely开创popular stories - the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga了两种流传极广的小说体裁，海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说。frontier saga边 11 传奇/卜说：“ LeatherstockingTales”皮裹腿故事集，包括 “T

32、he Deerslayer ”杀鹿者、“The Lastof the Mohicans ”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder ”探路人、“The Pioneers ”拓荒者、“ThePrairie ”大草原,regard as “the nearest approach yet to anAmerican epic,被认为”是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。the central figure in the novels : Natty Bumppo. /卜说的中心人物：纳蒂.班波Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and orde

33、r 专业资料整理.WORD 式第二部小说 “The Spy”间谍，海上传奇小说 “ThePilot ”领航者3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉 卡伦 布莱恩特 poet诗人5专业资料整理.WORD 式 as Irving had shown that American prose had cone ofage, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers thatAmerican poetry was ready to demand serious attention. 当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证 实了美国的

34、诗歌达到相当高的水平。 He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet. 第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。3) “To a Waterfowl ”致水鸟the most perfect brief poem in thelanguage用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗the peak of his work 巅峰之作“ Thanatopisis ”死之思考4、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爰伦坡true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic, and a write

35、r of fiction 编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说家Grahams Magazine格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）和伯顿创办的绅士杂志Gentleman sMagazine“The Fall of the House of Usher ”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven ”乌鸦the title poem of acollection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ”述异集，first collection of擅长描写short stories.第一部短篇小说集。often use grotesque or fantastic events.

36、哥特式和幻想类的小说。5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫 沃尔多 爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。 Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义,independence of mind 思想独立,and self-reliance 自强.作品：第一本书“Nature论自然、“Essays随笔录、“The American Scholar 美国学者 ，ourintellectual Declarati

37、onof Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣！K。his most important works are Representative“ Men ”代表and a English Traits ”英国人、 aPoems 诗集Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotismvanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball.人形的约束没有了。- 论自然6、Henry Da

38、vid Thoreau 亨利戴维 梭罗Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many ofEmerson s theories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。 In Walden ”沃尔登成名作，“Civil Disobedience平民反抗essay随笔教义：I would not haveanyone adopt my mode of living, each should find outhis own way, not his neighbor s orhis专业资料整理.WORD 式parents.我不希望人们接受我

39、的生活模式，每一个都应该 发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。7、？ Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔 霍桑background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne,who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。 The House of the Seven Gables ” 七尖角阁房，是霍 桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。6专业资料整理. WORD 式he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the h

40、arshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰 人的迫害过于残酷。“The Custom House ”海关大厦D “Mosses from an Old Manse ”古厦青苔、“The MarbleFaun ”玉石神像特点 unique gift was for thecreation of strongly symbolic stories which touch thedeepest roots of man smoralnature.独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意 义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德

41、品质。 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly inhisshort stories.在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。 to make a story exist in its own right but at thesame time appear as a moral symbol.杰生之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为当时人们的道

42、德参考。6) “The Scarlet Letter红字女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对 罪过。弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 - 欲望，只要快乐 - Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我-分辨对错，受约束，符合现实-Hester女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧师女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth andredeem by her own of process “The Scarlet Letter ” analysis 分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hy

43、mn on the moral growth ofthe woman when sinned against.Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her lifeeventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with herfellowmenSymb

44、olic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is atoken of sha me, “ Adultery but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellowvillagers changes it to“ Able ” letter.LaterAinappthearsstory, the in the sky

45、, signifying“ Angel ” . There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A mayepresent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “ original sin, ” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied withhimself, he lives a stranger among his adm

46、irers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct herlife and win a moral victory, 专业资料整理.WORD 式Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy fo

47、r manis to be true, honest,and ever ready to show one s worst to the outsideworld.8、? Herman Melville 赫尔曼 麦尔维尔作品： two simple, romantic narratives:Typee”泰比、Omoo sort ”欧穆two philosophical novels: Mardi ”玛地、 “Pierre ”皮埃尔（时间顺序：玛地白鲸-皮埃尔）一-伯德Billy Budd”比利西兰尼、”班内托 “ two celebrated short novels: Benito Cere

48、no- 最后音日作品7专业资料整理.WORD 式 “Moby Dick ”白鲸，a tremendous chronicle ofwhaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。Summury: Ishmael, a schoolmaster, wanted to change his life and decided to sign on a whaling ship. On the way, hemade a friendly friend Queeq

49、ueg, then they signed onthe same ship - Pequod. The Captain Ahab was a person withone leg, and he was curious about catching the monsterMoby Dick neglected other spersuasion. Ahab asked for newsabout Moby Dick from other ships. Two shipmenbers managed to stop his crazy action, but failed. Even the b

50、adweather and the prophesy of Fedallah can tstop him.A few days later, Ahab found Moby Dick himself and the menfought against it for several days. At last, all the people died except Ishmael. The book is steeped in symbolism.本书达到I 了 象征主义手法的创作高峰。The voyage itself is a metaphor for“ search anddiscover

51、y, the search for the ultimate truth of experience .Moby Dick : mystery of the university; power of the grant nature; evil of the world.Pequod : is the microcosm of the human society; is the ship of American soul.Whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption as we

52、ll as purity, innocence and youth.主人公：Ishmael伊什米尔，取自圣经。 在书中说:to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme.写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。故事人物：Captain Ahab. 船长阿哈比；Queequeg 捕鲸人奎因奎格, was a friendlyperson ； the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahabagainst the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universea

53、nd itsawesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitti ngsymbol for his theme was the “ gliding great demon of the seas oflife.阿”哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时 还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔 “ Moby Dick ”: one of the major themes in Melvilleis alienation, which he sensed existing in th

54、e life of histime ondifferent levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “ search and discovery, the search for theultimate trut experience. He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sens

55、eAhab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to MobyDick .9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利 沃兹沃思,朗费罗poet 诗人专业资料整理.WORD 式 it would be hard, also, to overestimate theimportance of his anthology “The Poets andPoetry of Europe ” .His ownpoetry became a means of teaching readers of his daysomething of the possible range of poetic subjectmatter andtechniques, ancient, medieval, and modern.我们欧洲诗人及诗歌不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。8 专业资料整理.WORD 式殊荣：After his death, he became the onlyAmerican to