高水平科学研究论文写作

1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式 单击此处编辑母版文本样式第二级第三级第四级第五级*科学研究、论文写作和公开发表 黄海军，北京航空航天大学 ，上海交通大学电学之父法拉第 (Michael Faraday，1791-1867)：The secret is comprised in three words Work, finish, publish. His well-known advice to the young William Crookes, who had asked him the secret of his success as a scientific investigator, as

2、quoted in Michael Faraday (1874) by John Hall Gladstone, p. 123 发表论文的重要性主要内容一、辅助材料二、怎样写好学术论文三、投稿四、怎样改稿五、积极参加审稿六、选题和创新一、辅助材料周耀旗写好英文论文诀窍单爱党在上海交大的作者培训讲义陈吉泉等论文写作与发表程序施一公如何提高英文的科研写作能力鲁白如何在顶级科学杂志上发表论文经典句子集合（以上材料来自公开网站）二、怎样写好学术论文科技论文就是要“八股文”！科技论文不能写成散文！ 标题摘要引言正文 结论致谢文献附录唐诗宋词很规范，谁写得好，一目了然！就容易评出谁是高手。你搞一套，我搞一

3、套，交易成本太高！科技论文不是散文，它有固定的格式，是为了便于验证和交流。How prepare well Introduction?How formulate the model ?How design the experimental settings, including data collection and handling ?How analyze the computational results, including Tables and Figures ?Finally, concluding the paperAppendixReferences如何写学术论文标题：概括全文

4、要旨要吸引人，抓眼球 不宜过长、过短：合适的长度 中文1015个字；英文1218个词；切忌抽象空泛、要一语中的；切忌罗嗦冗长；尽量不用缩略语；不用、少用专业特殊符号如何写学术论文摘要：概述方法、结果不要在这里大段叙述工作的意义；不要写得太短；要突出工作进展和贡献；尽量不要引用文献；尽量避免引述公式、方程。Equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting in a many-to-one mass transit systemAbstract This paper analyzes the equilibrium proper

5、ties of the morning peak-period commuting pattern on a many-to-one transit system with in-vehicle crowding effect and schedule delay cost in a monocentric city. Commuters are assumed to choose their optimal time-of-use decision from various stations/home locations to a single destination/workplace b

6、y trading off the travel time and crowding cost against the schedule delay cost. An equivalent mathematical programming model is proposed to characterize the equilibrium state, in which no commuter can reduce his/her total commuting cost by unilaterally changing his/her departure time or train servi

7、ce. Solution of the model yields many insights including the following: 1) commuters living closer to the destination choose trains also chosen by those living farther from the destination; 2) the train arriving at the time desired by everyone is utilized by commuters from all stations; 3) the farth

8、er a station is from the workplace, the longer is the peak-period departure duration from that station; 4) finally, a saturated time period exists for each station during which the departure rate of commuters is identical and maximal.Camera Location Optimization for Traffic Surveillance in Urban Roa

9、d Networks with Multiple User ClassesAbstract New sensor technologies (e.g., surveillance cameras, loop detectors) enable the synthesis of disaggregated vehicle information from multiple locations. This paper studies the camera location problem for traffic surveillance in urban road networks with mu

10、ltiple user classes. All users are differentiated by their own acceptance degree of camera monitoring and make their route choices in a logit-based stochastic user equilibrium manner. A bi-level programming model is proposed to formulate the problem and solved by the sensitivity analysis based branc

11、h and bound method. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the model application and show the effectiveness of the solution method.如何写学术论文引言：继往开来的陈述 工作的缘起和意义、前人的思路和成果、本人的发展（包括方法和主要成果）。篇幅约占全文的1/5切忌忽略前人的进展；切忌忽略本人工作的继承性和创造性；对本论文的研究目的和意义、研究方法和所得结果得创新之处等要逐一说明；切忌重复摘要中的叙述；切忌过于简短。从前言看出作者的涉足深度和学术观点1.

12、 IntroductionThe growing traffic congestion in large cities worldwide has led to economic inefficiency, social disruption, excessive energy consumption and increased levels of pollution. It is generally recognized that the mitigation of these problems requires efficient provision and utilization of

13、public transportation systems. This has become an important issue of long standing interest to economists and transportation scientists. In the end of 1960s, scholars started to derive the optimal interstation spacings of a rapid transit system which transported the population of an area to one cent

14、ral point, aiming at minimizing the total travel time (Vuchic and Newell, 1968) or maximizing the number of passengers (Vuchic, 1969). . .The latest studies concerning the transit system modeling, analyses and management can be found in a review paper by De Cea and Fernandez (2000) and a book by Vuc

15、hic (2005).Only very limited attention has been paid to the problem of commuters departure time choice for urban mass transit services. Sumi et al. (1990) presented a stochastic model for optimizing the commuters departure time and route choices in a mass transit system. They assumed that departure

16、time is mainly dependent on the systems operational features and the travelers appointed time of arrival at the destination. Alfa and Chen (1995) examined a public transportation system with multiple origins and destinations and proposed an algorithm for calculating the peak-hour departure time of c

17、ommuters, where commuters ride on the first coming bus in a random order. Recently, Kraus and Yoshida (2002) and Kraus (2003) provided economic analyses about the commuters time-of-use decision, the optimal pricing and the service in an urban mass transit system. In their analyses, apart from the fa

18、re component, .The above studies considered the capacity constraints of transit systems and assumed that if the number of commuters waiting at a transit stop exceeds the number of vacant seats on the forthcoming transit run, then some commuters will have to wait for the next run. However, this assum

19、ption is not always valid in some metro systems. .There exists a common feature in such large cities as Beijing, Hong Kong, London, New York, Moscow and others, that during peak period, some commuters continue to board the trains although they have to stand in seriously crowded vehicles. In Beijing,

20、 for transporting more commuters the authority even deliberately cuts down the number of seats for each transit vehicle. The number of seats provided in each train of the Beijing No. 13 railway line is 96 only, but the maximal number of passengers allowed to board is 944 (the physical capacity). . W

21、e also observed that commuters are not willing to wait at platforms for a period that is longer than two scheduled headways, but change their arrival times at platforms when the in-vehicle crowding is extremely serious. It is thus interesting to develop a modeling approach that can consider the stan

22、ding-up phenomena and the in-vehicle crowding effect.Huang et al. (2004) introduced a crowding cost function for modeling urban mass transit services, i.e., In this paper, we investigate the equilibrium properties of the peak-period commuting in a mass transit system with multiple origins and a sing

23、le destination. . Note that the model proposed in this paper is formulated from the commuters point of view, i.e., based on minimizing their own travel costs. Another modeling approach that keeps to the stand of transit operators point of view can be found in Vuchic (2005). The paper is organized as

24、 follows. Section 2 introduces the problem setting and formulates an equivalent mathematical programming model. In Section 3, we .他们是这么开头的！这是名家制作参考文献的风格:两本数学书,剩下就是他最看重的几篇论文,几乎都是大学者发表在著名刊物上的. 所以,有时侯,被名家引用和评论,可能快速提高新人的影响力.如何写学术论文正文：成果的全面铺叙 实验、观测的设施、过程；建模的假定、表述；研究方法；演绎过程；结果分析。切忌忽略工作的前提条件；切忌过于细腻、拖沓；切忌混淆

25、本人和前人的工作；切忌单纯公式或图表陈述，忽视分析、深化，要从中抽出结论性的东西；指出前人工作不足时要尽量客气。如何写学术论文结论：综述本文成果并展望未来工作切忌简单地重复摘要和引言中的语言；切忌武断、草率、目空一切；展望中保护自己的知识产权。致谢：感谢资助单位和帮助过你的主要人员。6.ConclusionsWe have developed an equilibrium model of peak-period commuting for a mass transit line with multiple origins and a single destination in a monoc

26、entric city. From the equilibrium solutions, we clearly show the following general properties of the equilibrium departure time . We have extended the model to the case with seats in vehicles .The equilibrium analysis of peak-period commuting can be further extended along several lines. It is meanin

27、gful to incorporate elastic demand, variable train service frequency and fare pricing and so on for generality. Acknowledgements The research described in this paper was substantially supported by an award (70429001) for National Outstanding Young Scientists, grants (50578006, 70521001) from the Nat

28、ional Natural Science Foundation of China, and a project (2006CB705503) from the National Basic Research Program of China. The authors would like to thank anonymous referees for their helpful comments and valuable suggestions which improved the content and composition substantially.如何写学术论文参考文献引用足够数目

29、的文献（一般论文：1020篇），且必须在文章中提及；注意文献的代表性、经典性、新颖性。每种刊物都有自己对参考文献的编辑格式要求，要严格满足这些要求。不要把作者名字搞错了，如果连参考文献都编辑不好，审稿人会认为你不严谨、不严肃、马虎，那么他也会这样对待你的论文，懒得看全文，随便写几句直接拒稿！附录：重要的、须陈述的演绎过程（包括公式推演、重要程序等）。常用的连接词：However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast,

30、similarly, unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, for example, compared with, other results, thus, therefore用好这些连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。(摘自网站)交代有时间顺序的事件或文献，最早的文献可用 AA advocated it for the first time. 接下来可用 Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC如果还有，可用 More r

31、ecent studies by DD如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA put forward thatIn contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面观点错误)，如果只表明两种观点对立，用 In contrast BB如果两种观点相近,可用AA suggest Similarly, alternatively, BBor Also, BB or BB also does表示因果或者前后关系可用Consequently, therefore, as a result表明递进关系可用 fur

32、thermore, further, moreover, in addition写完一段英文，最好首先检查是否较好地应用了这些连接词。 第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involvesThe second problem relates toThe third aspect deals with清晰地把观点逐层叙述。也可以直接用First, Second, Third, Finally当然，Furthermo

33、re, in addition等可以用来补充说明。 例：我对学生论文的第一轮意见附件论文我只修改了摘要、前言和2.1 Notations，后面改不下去了。主要问题：1. 写作太随意，基本上都是中式英文！要写就得全部重新写。你应该熟读英文原文，模仿和学习别人怎么写的，不能自己想当然造句子。没有什么逻辑，经常是随便冒出一句，这样的论文投给刊物肯定是拒绝。2. 算例结果既没有展示算法的优越性，也没有展示所研究问题的特殊性。3. 分析total network cost没有意义。4. 分析不同theta下的结果也没有意义。5. 要展示的是：不同beta值下，最多能够监控到的流量有多少，最佳的camer

34、a location会有什么变化。不考虑beta的结果是怎样，考虑了beta的结果是怎样。显然，不考虑beta，问题就和Yang & Zhou一样。6. 我对那些曲线都是直线有怀疑。7. 做两个试验，比如：beta1=0.5, beta2=0.1, alpha是beta1的需求比例，让alpha从0增加到1,看可以监查的流量如何变化，camera location如何变化；然后，让alpha=0.5,beta2=0.1,让beta1从增加到，看可以监查到的流量如何变化。Beta值越大，说明这些人越在意camera,越倾向于选择没有或少含camera的路径。在引出beta参数时，要详细解释这层意

35、思，整个研究的亮点也就在这里。 图2和图3的y坐标应该是Flow monitored.8. 最后是，把论文格式整理好，每一个细节处理好。为什么将光标移到每一个数学符号末尾时就下塌？常见的低级问题标点符号：This is a table .It should be使用宋体：This is a table.语法错误：单双数不分，句子不完整，不会用the，不会用介词。硬从中文直接翻译，凑字数【先模仿着写，要有耐心】不会用MathType Equation输入数学公式和参数正文中的参数、符号不用MathType Equation输入，直接写，不斜体。这是因为懒惰！不知道向量一般要黑体正文里引用文献，同

36、时有Mike G. H. Bell (2002)和Bell (2003)不按照刊物的具体要求引用文献和编辑参考文献。也是因为懒惰！找一篇拟投刊物的论文，对照做不就可以了？不严格按照拟投刊物的要求准备图和表。绝大部分国际刊物都使用标准的双线表，不是所有的框架线都显示出来。mi123456789101112131411/142/143/144/145/146/147/148/149/1410/1411/1412/1413/14121/132/133/134/135/136/137/138/139/1310/1311/1312/131131/122/123/124/125/126/127/128/1

37、29/1210/1211/1211141/112/113/114/115/116/117/118/119/1110/11111151/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/101111161/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/911111171/82/83/84/85/86/87/8111111181/72/73/74/75/76/71111111191/62/63/64/65/6111111111101/52/53/54/51111111111常见的低级问题10. 正文中出现的参考文献，末尾References里没有，反过来如此 11. 公式编排混乱。小段、

38、节以(1) (2)开起12. 大量的单词拼写错误13. 论文题目大、空、泛14. 关键词随意确定。有的刊物规定第一个关键词必须从它的关键词库中选定15. 乱用斜体字和黑体字。 要选择合适刊物，投你的论文引用的那些论文所出现的刊物了解本专业的国际国内的相关期刊内容是否适合刊物的“口味”了解主编和编委所从事的研究工作了解刊物的审稿方式了解刊物的出版周期、数量、是否检索了解刊物是否收取版面费准备一封投稿信三、投稿BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICSSCHOOL OF MANAGEMENTProfessor Wayne K. TalleyTR

39、-Part E, Editor-in-ChiefDepartment of EconomicsCollege of Business and Public AdministrationOld Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0221, USASeptember 20, 2004Paper Submission for Possible Publication in Transportation Research Part EDear Professor Talley,Attached please find the paper “Equilibri

40、um bus riding behavior in morning rush hour and system configuration for providing bus services” by Hai-Jun Huang, Qiong Tian, Hai Yang and Zi-You Gao. We would like to submit this paper to Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review for possible publication. This manuscript

41、is not copyrighted. It has not been submitted/refereed elsewhere for publication at the same time.The attached file was prepared by Word. I wonder if we have to submit the 4 hard copies besides this electronic version. I will do at once if required.Thank you very much for your consideration.Sincerel

42、y yours,Hai-Jun HuangProfessor of Transport Operations ResearchSchool of Management, Beijing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsBeijing 100083, P.R. Chinacc. Q. Tian, H. Yang and Z.Y. GaoCover letterProf. Stefan NickelEditor-in-Chief, Computers & Operations ResearchChair of Operations Researc

43、h and Logistics, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrcken. 7 April 2011Dear Prof. Stefan Nickel, We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled Discretised Route Travel Time Models based on Cumulative Flows” by Long, Huang and Gao for possible publication in Computers & Operations Research.

44、 The computation of route travel times is a fundamental work in solving dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) problems, which impels us continuously to develop accurate and efficient methods. Different to most literatures related to route travel time models, this article develops new formulations of disc

45、retised route travel time models based on both route cumulative flows and link cumulative flows and investigate their typical properties such as first-in-first-out (FIFO), continuity, monotonicity. FIFO ensures the authenticity of route travel time models, while, continuity monotonicity determine th

46、e existence and the uniqueness of solutions to their related DTA problems, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy and the computational efficiency of route travel times derived from cumulative flow curves are unknown until this study. The main contributions of this paper are: (1) two categories of dis

47、cretised route travel time models are formulated based on route cumulative flow curves and link cumulative flow curves, respectively; (2) the properties such as FIFO, monotonicity, continuity of each route travel time model have been clarified and proved; and (3) numerical methods are developed to e

48、valuate the accuracy and computational efficiency of each type of route travel time models. We claim that the paper is original and unpublished, and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. If you have any enquires, please feel free to send us an email ( ). Thank you f

49、or your consideration.Sincerely,Dr. Jiancheng Longcc.Prof. Hai-Jun HuangProf. Ziyou Gao贡献大，投高档刊物，贡献小，投低档一点的刊物。要相信自己，瞄准国际高水平刊物投稿国际刊物一般不收版面费科学研究的重要成果一定要投给国际刊物，这是参加“奥运会”，投给国内一级刊物是参加“全运会”，投给地方刊物是参加“省运会”！要仔细阅读所投刊物的投稿指南，严格按照要求准备论文，作者署名、地址、联系方式、摘要、关键词、章节、段落、参考文献，连字体、公式编排、表点符号都要仔细。跟绣花一样！如何投稿四、怎样改稿要认真应对审稿人的意

50、见，准备完整的论文修改报告，一条一条回答审稿人提出的问题。别忘记谢谢审稿人，甚至在论文末尾开辟一段专门感谢审稿人修改尽可能在规定的时间内完成敢于回驳不正确的审稿人意见。不轻易放弃。一篇论文是你很长时间研究和思考的结晶，到了收获的时候了，要非常仔细地准备论文、认真修改稿件。轻易地放弃，等于所有的前期投入化为乌有Report on the revision of the paper“Equilibrium properties of the morning rush-hour commuting in a many-to-one mass transit system” by Qiong Tian

51、, Haijun Huang and Hai YangRe-submitted to Transportation Research Part BRef. No.: B05-1091. Overall Firstly, we appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions of the referees, which have been considered in our amendment of the manuscript. Secondly, we must apologize for our typing errors, grammat

52、ical errors, and unclear descriptions in the earlier version of the manuscript. The changes that we have made to the manuscript are summarized as follows.(1) All of the comments of the referees have been positively taken into account. (2) The model is extended to the case with constraint on the numb

53、er of seats in train vehicle, for considering the asymmetric property of transit service. The newly added subsection 3.2 is for this.(3) An example for demonstrating the model extension is provided.(4) Some terms have been clarified.(5) The inappropriate descriptions and grammatical errors that were

54、 noted by the referees have been corrected. Our detailed responses to the comments of the referees are given below. 2. Detailed responses For the sake of presentation, the comments of the referees are numbered and duplicated in italics, and our responses are given in plain. 2.1 Responses to the comm

55、ents made by the first referee Comment (1)This paper provides an interesting mathematical study of the equilibrium properties of commuters in a mass transit system with many origins and a single destination during the morning rush hour. The claimed theorems are elegantly proven. The mathematics is r

56、eliable as far as the reviewer can see. However, there is a fundamental flaw in the modeling assumption for transit services that seemingly leads to some counter-intuitive results, which may not truly reflect the realistic situation. The authors need to rectify this problem in their mathematical mod

57、el, before the paper can be considered for publication in Transportation Research Part B.ResponsesThanks very much for this criticism. In the revised version, we highlight such a phenomenon observed in Beijing “According to our observation made in Beijings mass transit system, when all seats are occ

58、upied, commuters still continue to board although having to be stand-up in the vehicle, except the in-vehicle crowding effect is extremely serious. In fact, for transporting more commuters during the rush hour, Beijings authority deliberately cuts down the number of seats for each transit run. For e

59、xample, the number of seats provided in the Beijing No. 13 railways each run is 96 only, but the maximal number of passengers allowed to be contained is 944 (the maximum physical capacity). So, most people have to be stand-up during the peak period. We also observed that basically no commuter wait a

60、t platforms for the time of more than two headways. Commuters will change their arriving times at platforms when the in-vehicle crowding effect is extremely serious. Therefore, we have to develop a new model different from existing ones for depicting the unique commuting behavior in Beijings mass tr