第八章商务法律合同与协议的翻译

1、 第第 八八 章章商务法律合同与协议的翻译商务法律合同与协议的翻译 知识目标：知识目标：1 1、了解商务法律合同与协议用语与普通商务用语的区别、了解商务法律合同与协议用语与普通商务用语的区别2 2、掌握最佳的合同与协议的翻译方法、掌握最佳的合同与协议的翻译方法能力目标：能力目标：1 1、商务法律合同与协议中习惯用语、句型的学习与掌握、商务法律合同与协议中习惯用语、句型的学习与掌握2 2、独立的进行大段商务法律合同与协议的翻译、独立的进行大段商务法律合同与协议的翻译第一节第一节 导入导入一、商务合同与协议的定义一、商务合同与协议的定义 在英语中，合同一般称为“contract”，协议一般称为 “

2、agreement”。何谓“contract”？1999年中国合同法第二条对 “contract 定义为：“A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing，modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing，that is，between natural persons，legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利

3、和义务的协议。L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典 “A Dictionary of Law”给 “contract” 的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”。 根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。综合起来看，有一个相同点，就是 “Contract is an agreement”，可将合同说成是 “An agreement which binds the parties concerned” 或者将合同说成是 “An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说 “Contracts are

4、promises that the law will enforce”。 何谓 “agreement” ？L.B “A consensus of mind，or evidence of such consensus，in spoken or written form，relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black “Law Dictionary” 有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intent

5、ion between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties，of certain past or future facts or performance” .根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方对某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property，

6、right or benefits，with the view of contacting an obligation，a mutual obligation.” 。根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。第一节第一节 导入导入 contract（合同）和agreement（协议）是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它由（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。L.B Curzon编著的 “A Dictionary of Law” 提到合同一般包括以下几个方面。1. offer an

7、d absolute and unqualified acceptance（要约和绝对接受）2. meeting of minds（意思表示一致）3. intention to create legal relations（建立合同关系的意愿）4. genuineness of consent（同意的真实性）5. contractual capacity of the parties（合同当事人的缔约能力）6. legality of object（标的物的合法性）7. possibility of performance（履行的可能性）8. certainty of terms（条款的确定性

8、）9. valuable consideration（等价有偿）第一节第一节 导入导入 Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：“Although often used as synonyms with contract，agreement is a broader term，e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.。 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。实际使用当中，协议可

9、不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（general provisions）。1999中国合同法第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是：1. title or name and domicile of the parities（当事人的名称或姓名和住址）2. contract object（标的）3. quantity（数量）4. quality（质量）5. price or remuneration（价款或者报酬）6. time limit，place and method of performance（履行期限、地点和方式）7. liabili

10、ty for breach of contract（违约责任）8. methods to settle disputes（解决争议的方法）上述解释说明，contract（合同）和agreement（协议）的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。第一节第一节 导入导入二、尝试把下列中文句子翻译成英文。二、尝试把下列中文句子翻译成英文。1.请注意，付款为保兑的，不可撤销的，允许分装和转船，见票即付的信用证支付。2.你方最好尽早开出信用证以便我方能及时安排装运。3.按照我方

11、第222号销售确认书的规定，你方应于装运日期前一个月寄来信用证。4.我们不知你方可否考虑接受我们提出的货到后凭单付款的支付方式。5.我们所要求的支付方式是十分正常的，我们抱歉对此不能通融。5. The mode of payment we require is quite normal. We regret we cannot accommodate you in this respect.1. Please note that payment is to be made by confirmed, irrevocable L/C allowing partial shipment and t

12、ranshipment, available by draft st sight.2. It would be advisable for you to establish the covering letter of credit as early as possible so as to enable us to arrange shipment in due time.3. According to the stipulations in our Sales Confirmation No. 222, you should send us your letter of credit on

13、e-month proceeding the date of shipment.4. We wonder if you can accept our proposal in regard to payment by D/P on arrival of goods.第一节第一节 导入导入尝试将下列英文句子翻译成中文尝试将下列英文句子翻译成中文6.In consideration of the pleasant business relationship we have had with you for 15 years, we agree to make the concession and t

14、rust it will suit your requirements.7.We have always been doing business on L/C basis, and you have never raised any objection. We are at a loss to understand why you now wish to have a change in payment terms.8.We wish to emphasize that we accommodated you in this respect as an exceptional case, ju

15、st to show goodwill for the development of future business with you.6. 考虑到我们之间长达十五年令人愉快的业务关系，我们同意做出让步，考虑到我们之间长达十五年令人愉快的业务关系，我们同意做出让步，相信这将满足你方的要求。相信这将满足你方的要求。7. 我们一贯以信用证方式做业务，你方从来未提出异议。我们不理解为什么你方现在提出我们一贯以信用证方式做业务，你方从来未提出异议。我们不理解为什么你方现在提出要改变支付方式。要改变支付方式。8. 我们愿强调指出，我们在这方面破例照顾你们是为了表达我们与你方发展业务的良好愿望。我们愿强调

16、指出，我们在这方面破例照顾你们是为了表达我们与你方发展业务的良好愿望。第一节第一节 导入导入9.As requested we are opening with our bank, the bank of China two separate L/C each for 5,000 metric tons, thus facilitating your delivery of the goods we ordered at Vancouver and Boston separately.10.Our terms of payment are by confirmed irrevocable le

17、tter of credit in our favour available by draft at sight reaching us one month ahead of shipment remaining valid for negotiation in China for a period of further 21 days after prescribed time of shipment and allowing transshipment and partial shipments.10. 我们的支付方式是保兑的、不可撤销的、以我方为受益人的、凭即期汇票支付的我们的支付方式是

18、保兑的、不可撤销的、以我方为受益人的、凭即期汇票支付的信用证，在装船期前一个月寄达我方，于规定的装船期后二十一天在中国议付有效信用证，在装船期前一个月寄达我方，于规定的装船期后二十一天在中国议付有效，允许转船及分批装运。，允许转船及分批装运。 9. 根据要求，我们请我们的中国银行分别开立两份信用证，每份根据要求，我们请我们的中国银行分别开立两份信用证，每份5000公吨。公吨。这样便于你方分别在波士顿和温哥华装运我们的订货。这样便于你方分别在波士顿和温哥华装运我们的订货。第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 1 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT (SALES)EMPLOYMENT A

19、GREEMENT is made and entered into on day of _(month), (year), by and between: (hereinafter referred to as the “Company”), a coporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of , with its registered office located at , and (hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with

20、nationality of_(Passport No. ) residing at_.第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析雇佣合同雇佣合同本聘用协议于_年_月 日签订，双方当事人为：依_ 州法律组织设立的 公司（以下简称本公司），主营业地为 ,与 国籍的 (护照号码： )（以下简称雇员），居住于 。译文译文第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 2 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFinancial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following finan

21、cial institutions that are established and operated in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the Peoples Republic of China:(1) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2) branche

22、s of foreign bank in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3) banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4) finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (he

23、reinafter referred to as foreign finance companies); (5) finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析金融机构金融机构 本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：（一）总行在中国境内的

24、外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行） （三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行） （四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司） （五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）译文译文第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 3 Proof of delivery, transport documentor equivalent electronic message The Seller must at his own expense prov

25、ide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.This document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill or an inland waterway document) must cover the contracted goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enabl

26、e the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer (the negotiable bill of lading) or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport documen

27、t is issued in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraphs may be replaced by an equivalent data interchange (EDI) message. 第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析交货凭证

28、，运输单据或有同等作用的电子讯息交货凭证，运输单据或有同等作用的电子讯息 卖方应自付费用，毫不延迟地向买方提供表明载往约定目的港的通常运输单据。 此单据（如可转让提单，不可转让海运单或内河运输单据）必须载明合同货物，其日期应在约定的装运期内，使买方得以在目的港向承运人提取货物，并且，除非另有规定，应使买方得以通过转让单据（可转让单据）或通过通知承运人，向其后手买方出售在途货物。 如此运输单据有数份正本，则应向买方提供全套正本。 如买卖双方约定使用电子方式通讯，则前项所述单据可以由具有同等作用的电子数据交换（EDI）讯息代替。译文译文第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 4 TRADE C

29、ONTRACT BETWEEN THEGOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OFCHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OFTHE REPUBLIC OF The government of the Peoples Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as China) and the government of the Republic of . (hereinafter referred to as ), in pursuance of the trade and payments agreemen

30、ts signed between the two governments on 14th September, 1999, have ,through friendly negotiations on the trade for the first agreement year (2000) between China and, entered into the following agreements; Article 1 The Peoples Republic of China shall, according to its requirements, import from. Com

31、modities enumerated in list “A” for a total amount of $(U.S. dollars) Article 2 The Republic of shall, according to its requirements, import from China commodities enumerated in list “B” for a total amount of $ (U.S. dollars)第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 4 Article 3 List “A” and list “B” as mentioned above

32、are parts of this contract, which have no restriction on exchanges of commodities that are not in the lists.Article 4The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the importers and exporters in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides and prices shall be fixed in accor

33、dance to both sides and the prices shall be fixed in accordance with world market prices. Article 5 In accordance with the stipulation mentioned in Article 16 of the Trade and Payment Agreement referred to above , the credit line shall be $.(U.S. dollars) This contract shall become operative from th

34、e date on which the trade and trade agreement comes into force and shall be valid for one year. Done in duplicate in Beijing on the 14th day of September 1999 in the English and Chinese languages, both texts being equally authentic.For the Government For the GovernmentOf the Peoples Of the RepublicR

35、epublic of China of. (Signature) . (Signature)第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析 中华人民共和国政府和共和国政府中华人民共和国政府和共和国政府 贸易合同贸易合同 中华人民共和国政府(以下简称中国)和共和国政府(以下简称国).根据1999年9月14日签定的两国政府贸易和支付协议，就第一个协定年度(2000年)的贸易进行了友好协商, 达成如下协议;第一条第一条中国根据需要从国进口附表 “A” 所列的商品,总值为美元。 第二条第二条共和国根据需要从中国进口附表“B”所列的商品，总值为美元。第三条第三条附表“A”和附表“B”为本合同的组成部分，对未列入上述附表

36、内的商品的交换，无限制之意。第四条第四条两国进出口公司所交换的商品的质量和价格应为双方都能接受，并按照国际市场价格定价。第五条第五条根据上述贸易和支付协定第16条规定，透支额为美元。本合同将于贸易和支付协定生效之日起实施，有效期为一年。本合同于1999年9月14日在北京签定，一式两份，用中文和英文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。中华人民共和国政府代表中华人民共和国政府代表 共和国代表共和国代表 （签字）（签字） （签字）（签字）译文译文第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 5 Employee Non-disclosure Agreement For good consideration,

37、and in consideration of being employed by _ (company), the undersigned employee hereby agrees and acknowledges:1. That during the course of my employment there may be disclosed to me certain trade secrets of the company; the said trade secrets consisting but not necessarily limited to:a) Technical i

38、nformation: methods, processes, formulas, compositions, systems, techniques, inventions, machines, computer programs and research projects. b) Business information: customer lists, pricing data, sources of supply, financial data and marketing, production or merchandising systems or plans.2. I agree

39、that I shall not during, or at any time after the termination of my employment with the Company, use for myself or others, or disclose or divulge to others including future employees, any trade secrets, confidential information or any other proprietary data of the Company in violation of this agreem

40、ent.3. That upon the termination of my employment from the company:a) I shall return to the Company all documents and property of the Company, including but not necessary limited to: drawings, blueprints, reports, manuals, correspondence, customer lists, computer programs, and all other materials an

41、d all copies thereof relating in any way to the Companys business, or in any way obtained by me during the course of employment. b) The Company may notify any further or prospective employer or third party of the existence of this agreement, and shall be entitled to full injunctive relief for any br

42、each.c) This agreement shall be binding upon me and my personal representative and successors in interest.第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析员工保密协议员工保密协议出于各方考虑，并鉴于被（公司）雇佣，我（签署本协议的员工）同意并接受：1受雇期间可能被透露有关公司的商业秘密；上述商业秘密包括但不限于：a) 技术信息：方法，程序，公式，成分，系统，技术，发明，机器，电脑程序和研究项目。b) 商业信息：客户名单，价格资料，供应来源，财务数据和市场，生产或销售体系或计划。2我同意在受雇期间，或与公司终

43、止关系后的任何时间，遵守本协议规定，不为自己或其他人使用或向他人包括公司将来的雇员透露任何商业秘密，保密信息或其他任何与公司相关的资料。3一旦终止与公司的雇佣关系：a) 我应归还所有公司的文件和财产，包括但不限于：图纸，蓝图，报告，手册，信件，客户名单，电脑程序和其他任何与公司业务有关的，或在雇佣期间取得的材料及复印件。 b) 公司可以告知任何将来的或可能的雇员或第三方本协议的存在，并有权就任何违约行为采取禁止令措施。c) 本协议对我及我的代表和有关继任人有效。译文译文第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 6 EXCLUSIVE AGENCY CONTRACTIn considerati

44、on of the exclusive rights granted herein, Party A shall not, directly or indirectly, sell or export the commodity stipulated in Article 4 to customers in Singapore through channels other than Party B; Party B shall not sell, distribute or promote the sales of any products competitive with or simila

45、r to the above commodity in Singapore and shall not solicit or accept orders for the purpose of selling them outside Singapore. Party A shall refer to Party B any enquiries or orders for the commodity in question received by Party A from other firms in Singapore during the validity of this agreement

46、.1. Market ReportIn order to keep Party A well informed of the prevailing market conditions, Party B should undertake to supply Party A, at least once a quarter or at any time when necessary, with market reports concerning changes of the local regulations in connection with the import and sales of t

47、he commodity covered by this agreement, local market tendency and the buyers comments on quality, packing, price, etc. of the goods supplied by Party A under this agreement. Party B shall also supply party A with quotations and advertising materials on similar products of other suppliers.2. Advertis

48、ing and ExpensesParty A shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity in connection with the commodity in question in Singapore within the validity of this agreement, and shall submit to Party A all audio and video materials intended for advertising for prior approval.第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析Sample 6

49、 3. CommissionParty A shall pay Party B a commission of 5% on the net invoiced selling price on all orders directly obtained by Party B and accepted by party A. No commission shall be paid until Party A receives the full payment for each order.4. Transactions Between Governmental BodiesTransactions

50、between governmental bodies of Party A and Party B shall not be restricted by the terms and conditions of this agreement, nor shall the amount of such transactions be counted as part of the turnover stipulated in Article 5.5. Industrial Property RightsParty B may use the trade-marks owned by Party A

51、 for the sale of the Washing Machines covered herein within the validity of this agreement, and shall acknowledge that all patents, trademarks, copy rights or any other industrial property rights used or embodied in the Washing Machines shall remain to be the sole properties of Party A. Should any i

52、nfringement be found, Party B shall promptly notify and assist Party A to take steps to protect the latters rights.第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析独家代理协议独家代理协议 基于本协议授予的独家代理权，甲方不得直接或间接地通过乙方以外的渠道向新加坡顾客销售或出口第四条所列商品，乙方不得在新加坡经销、分销或促销与上述商品相竞争或类似的产品，也不得招揽或接受以到新加坡以外地区销售为目的的订单，在本协议有效期内，甲方应将其收到的来自新加坡其他商家的有关代理产品的询价或订单转交给乙方。 1.

53、 商情报告 为使甲方充分了解现行市场情况，乙方承担至少每季度一次或在必要时随时向甲方提供市场报告，内容包括与本协议代理商品的进口与销售有关的地方规章的变动、当地市场发展趋势以及买方对甲方按协议供应的货物的品 质、包装、价格等方面的意见。乙方还承担向甲方提供其他供应商类似商品的报价和广告资料。 2. 广告费用 乙方负担本协议有效期内在新加坡销售代理商品做广告宣传的一切费用，并向甲方提交所用于广告的声像资料，供甲方事先核准。 3. 佣金 对乙方直接获取并经甲方确认接受的订单，甲方按净发票售价向乙方支付5%的佣金。佣金在甲方收到每笔订单的全部货款后才会支付。 4. 政府间交易 在甲、乙双方政府部门之

54、间达成的交易不受本协议条款的限制，此类交易的金额也不应计入第五条规定的最低业务量。 5. 工业知识产权 在本协议有效期内，为销售有关洗衣机，乙方可以使用甲方拥有的商标，并承认使用于或包含于洗衣机中的任何专利商标、版权或其他工业产权为甲方独家拥有。 一旦发现侵权，乙方应立即通知甲方并协助甲方采取措施保护甲方权益。译文译文第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析（一） 文章分析 商务法律合同与协议中倾向于使用长词，生词，罕见词等，加之句子拖沓，结构复杂，因此，译者在动笔翻译之前应仔细阅读原文，理清文章的脉络。汉译时，应注意使用专门的词汇。此外，根据上述函件不带感情色彩的文体特点，译文应尽量避免使用口语词，在

55、这其中要注意两点： 第一，翻译时要注意用词的精确，而无须过多的关注用词多样化问题。因此，一个词在同一篇，同一段落，甚至同一个句子中往往会重复多次，而很少用代词或同义词替代。翻译时，切忌一词数译。当然，在不引起歧义的情况下，如有必要，也可做适当调整。 第二，法律等文书措辞谨慎缜密，汉译时，对于某些词的处理不可草率从事，而该用多维的专业知识，根据上下文内容，仔细分析推敲，把握其中的真实含义，作出精确的词义选择。对于某些从表面看起来无关紧要的字眼，也要认真对待，不可随意丢弃或胡乱引申。更不能急于求成而草草从事。涉外合同按繁简不同，可以采取不同的书面形式。 总之，商务法律合同与协议的翻译要保持原文的格

56、式、体列和程式。为保持原文的风格和体列，有助于反映原文的风貌，防止理解有误，应把汉语的句子翻译的更长一些。此外对于其中包含的专有商务词汇，译者在翻译之前可参考一些词典和书籍。这一点尤为重要。三三 译文分析译文分析第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析（二） 词句分析例（1）1. 本段文字是合同的开场白（Commencement），内容在说明当事人的姓名或名称、国籍或注册地国及住所地或主营业地、订约日期包括各自在合同中的简称。 2. 要表示合同是由哪些当事人所订立，英文中通常会说“This Agreement is made by and between”，用“by” 来表示合同“由谁订立”，“betw

57、een”来表示“谁与谁之间的订立”。如果当事人不只两个，也可以用“by and among”来代替。3. 合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍，在自然人的情况下可以用“a nation of ”或“an individual with the nationality of”来表示，如果是法人组织多半使用“organized and existing under the laws of ”这样的字眼，其中“organized”也可以用“incorporated”来代替。4.“registered office”是指一个公司的“注册所在地”，它和“principal office”或“principle

58、 place of business”即“主营业地”并不一定位于同一个地方。第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析例（2）1. hereinafter的英文释义为“later in the same Contract”，中文译词为“以下，在下文”。一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。2. Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that

59、are established and operated in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the Peoples Republic of China.本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构。（1）此句中，“financial institution”的翻译为“金融机构”，“foreign capital”应译为“外国资本”。（2）“in accordance with”意思为“依照，按照”， 与它意思

60、相近的词组“in conformity with”意思为“同一致”。e. g. I shall be glad if you will forward fifty tons of coal, in accordance with your sample.请按照贵公司提供的样品，供应我公司50吨煤炭，谢谢。e.g. These doucuments are not in conformity with the requestment of L/C.这些单据与信用证要求的不一致。第二节第二节 翻译例析翻译例析3. subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign c