广东工业大学专业英语ppt课件

1、专专 业业 英英 语语王玉洁王玉洁广东工业大学广东工业大学 环境科学与工程学院环境科学与工程学院课程要求出席率课堂积极发言考试安排对课程的了解用英文简单的引见一下本人的专业课程安排研讨论文的构造研讨论文的常用语法、词汇和句型研讨论文的常见错误以杂志要求为例，引见研讨论文的修正按照专业方向讨论文献第一部分第一部分研讨论文的构造研讨论文的构造 研讨论文的构造TitleAuthorsAffiliationAbstract Key wordsIntroductionMaterial and methodResult and discussionConclusionAcknowledgementRefe

2、renceTITLE举例：Synthesis of PHAs from Waster under Various C: N RatiosCloning and Expression the PHA Synthase Gene PhaCI into BacilusSynthesis of Poly-hydroxyalkanoates from Activated Sludge under Various Oxidation-Reduction PotentialsStudy of microfiltration behaviour of oily wastewaterOily wastewate

3、r treatment by means of ceramic membraneAUTHORS AND AFFILIATION按照对论文的奉献排序作者顺序最重要的是第一作者和通讯作者单位：称号，地址，等。参照杂志要求Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 ChinaABSTRACT 摘要：普通都有字数要求内容上要写清楚，本研讨的主要任务和结果。What the research questions in the manuscri

4、pt was/wereHow the research was carried outWhat the main finding or conclusions wereWhat further research could arise from such findingsKEY WORDS关键词：选取本研讨的35个关键词INTRODUCTION引见研讨的背景，前人的研讨成果和遇到的问题，从而引出本研讨的主要内容和目的意义。INTRODUCTION练习：There are many situations in which you may have to explain that your res

5、earch is about: for example: in a research proposal, in a thesis abstract or introduction, in meetings with your supervisor, at seminars or conferences, when talking to friends, and so on. Can you think of other situations in which you have had to explain your research?INTRODUCTION练习Explain your res

6、earch to other studentsOne of the biggest difficulties when you are explaining your research(written or spoken) is to anticipate what the listener/reader will know and what they wont know. You must adjust your language depending on the level of knowledge of your listener/reader and modify your langu

7、age in terms of :How much background information you need to give the listener/reader so that they can understand your specific topicHow much depth you go into when you are explaining your specific topicHow much complex terminology you will useWhether you need to define this terminology for the list

8、ener/readerINTRODUCTIONTake a few moments to think about this and how you would explain your research to the students sitting next to you.Here are some questions to guide you:What is the general field of your research?What is the particular topic within this field that you are interested in?What spe

9、cific questions or problems are you interested in?Why are these questions/problems important?INTRODUCTIONWhen you are listening to other students, pay close attention to anything you do not understand. Help each other by asking for further explanation: “ can you explain . ? “what exactly do you mean

10、 by ?INTRODUCTION练习write an introduction to your researchWrite a brief introduction to your proposed research. The description should be written for someone interested in your topic but does not know much about it. Explain the research area. Explain your specific research gap. If you can, you can ta

11、lk about your methodology and research question as well. Use whatever structure you need for your research, but the style should be a formal, academic written style.MATERIAL AND METHOD引见实验中的资料和方法RESULT AND DISCUSSION研讨论文的中心部分结果：主要论述本研讨的结果，创新点，初次获得了那些成果讨论：针对结果展开讨论，可以援用他人的论述来证明本人的结果WRITING ABOUT DATAT

12、he concept of dataData is a keyword in postgraduate research. A paper without data is not really a paper.However, there are different kinds of data:1. data that is collected: in some kinds of research, data is gathered or collected, using experimental methods, surveys and interviews, observations, e

13、tc.2.data is found or selected：in other kinds of research the data is found. Sometimes, the data is constructed.WRITING ABOUT DATAResults, findings and discussionData rarely comes in a form that can be directly transferred to the printed page and be understood by other people. You have to write abou

14、t it. This often involves three steps:1. reporting results2. summarizing findings3. discussing result and findings.WRITING ABOUT DATAreporting resultsThe concept of results may apply more readily to research where the data are processed in order to produce numerical or statistical outcomes. In this

15、kind of research, the results are often reported in the form of tables or graphs.The important point to remember here is that tables and graphs do not speak for themselves. You usually have to summarize the key information in words. Failing to do this is a common weakness in postgraduate paper.WRITI

16、NG ABOUT DATAsummarizing findings If your data have “results, your “finding are generalization about the phenomenon based on those results. Imagine you have administered a test to100 boys and 100 girls. Your result may be that :The average scores were 67 marks for the boys and 89 marks for the girls

17、 out of 100 marks.Your finding would be that:The girls performed better on this test than the boys.Two common failings are:1. skipping over the results to go directly to the findings 2. reporting only the results.Note that when you have both results and findings, it is usual to report the results fi

18、rst and then summarize the findings that are relevant to them, before you move on to the next set of results. In qualitative and text based research, there are often no obvious result and your finding often consist of statements that emerge from or describe the data.Imagine you have interview 20 boy

19、s and 20 girls on their experience of taking a test.Your finding here may be that the boys report greater anxiety than the girls.In this kind of research, writers often report findings and then provide evidence for them from their data.WRITING ABOUT DATAdiscussing result and findings Discussion is a

20、n important concept in postgraduate research and many theses have a section with this title.Discussion means stepping back from your results and findings and attempting to explain them in the context of :1. the results and finding in other studies2. the conditions in which the research took place.CO

21、NCLUSIONS总结：对本人的研讨任务的一个总结，可以提出后续的研讨方向以及预备处理哪些问题。Summarize your researchSpell out your contributionState the limitations of your studySuggest potential areas of future researchCONCLUSION-PURPOSE OF THE CONCLUSIONFor more papers, the conclusion section should:Show how the research gap has been filledS

22、tate to what extent the research has been successfully conductedIn doing so, youAnswer the “so what? QuestionJustify the importance of your study and its contribution to the field.CONCLUSION- MOVES OF THE CONCLUSIONTo achieve the above purposes, the conclusion usually contains five elements in the f

23、ollowing order : 1. Restatement of the studys purposeRecapitulate the main points b stating again(i) the situation in the field before your study was carried out, i.e. the problems and gaps(ii) the studys purpose; and(iii) your research questionCONCLUSION- MOVES OF THE CONCLUSION2. summary of the ma

24、jor findingsPresent succinctly your answers to each of your research questionsState your prove hypotheses, if anyCONCLUSION- MOVES OF THE CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION- MOVES OF THE CONCLUSION3. Significance and implications of your studyStress how your findings have improved the situation by addressing the

25、gaps and dealing with the problems.Make it cleat to what extent you have filled the gaps or alleviated the problems.Refer to previous research for comparison or support.Explain any unexpected outcomes and results which contradict previous finding.Articulate the contributions of your findings to your

26、 field.Discuss the applicability of your methodology and finding to other contexts, and the generalisability of your results.Do not over exaggerate your achievements.4. Limitations of your studyBe critical of your studyState the weaknesses of all aspects of your study, e.g. methodology and generalis

27、ability.Acknowledge any mistakes made, and the problem and weaknesses that remain.Show that you are a reflective researcher. It is better that you point our your limitations than have the examiners point them out for you.CONCLUSION- MOVES OF THE CONCLUSION5. Recommendations for further researchState

28、 the need for further researchMake concrete and constructive suggestions about further lines of investigationProvide brief justifications CONCLUSION- MOVES OF THE CONCLUSION第二部分第二部分研讨论文的常用语法、词汇和句型研讨论文的常用语法、词汇和句型 时态的用法The past simple must be used to refer to the processes or findings of a single comp

29、leted study or a series of studies.Woods(2001) conducted a survey of 200 HK residents. 100 were males and 100 were female.Lee(1) analyzed and compared the DNA structure of .时态的用法Both the past simple and the present simple can be used when referring to what was written in a paper rather than describi

30、ng the process or findings of the research.Legg(2004) described the effect of drug addiction on the learning ability of adolescents.Smith and Jones(23) point out that Shakespeare was not an atheist, rather a religious man.时态的用法The present simple is generally used to indicate a current debate.However

31、, at the moment there is no agreement on this matter. Chan(2005) contends that Disneyland will bring economic benefit to HK, while Lee(2005) believes that it will not.时态的用法The present perfect is used to refer to a whole area of study.Studies into second language acquisition have tended to focus on a

32、dults and adolescents rather than children(24).A number of studies have demonstrated the need for more research into the area of economic growth on the Mainland (Leung 2003).时态的用法The present perfect is used to show the currently accepted state of affairs when it is contrasted with what was previousl

33、y accepted.Ngs(2004) study found that trainee nurses do not cope well with being confronted with death for the first time. However, Lee(2005), in a study of 50 HK trainee nurses, has found that a number do in fact cope well.常用词阐明观念的动词：SupportOpposeAmendComplicateQualify常用词动词的选择：Smith statesSmith cla

34、imsSmith has demonstratedSmith observesSmith insistsSmith assumes动词用法Verbs that reports others views1. making a claimassert, argue, believe, claim, contend, emphasis, insist, maintain, state, suggest2. expressing agreementAcknowledge, agree with, confirm, endorse, reaffirm, support, verify3. express

35、ing disagreement of doubeChallenge, deny, question, reject4. making recommendationsAdvocate, call for, encourage, implore, recommend, suggest, urge动词用法Verbs that report the methods others used:Analyze, survey, examine, explore, investigate, study, measure, attempt, try to determinebyVerbs that repor

36、t others finding:Smith found, discover, observe, note, demonstrateSmiths finding show, indicate, establish词组和动词Clamp down onClamp down oncurbcurbGet rid of eradicateLook forseekSend in (e.g. a proposal)submitCome to (e.g. a conclusion)draw/reachAsk forrequest/solicitLook up (e.g. A web article)retri

37、eveKeep an eye on (e.g. an activity)monitorHold back (e.g. A progress)hamperMeet with (e.g. difficulty)encounter词组和动词Not take/not follow (e.g. an advice)Not take/not follow (e.g. an advice)disregarddisregardPut in actionimplementCome up with(e.g. an alternative)proposeMake something(e.g. anxiety) li

38、ghteralleviateTurn down (e.g. a possible idea)rejectSettle for (e.g. a research approach)adoptDeal with(e.g. a problem)handlePut forward(e.g. an issue)raiseArrive at (e.g. a consensus)reachSet up (e.g. the scope of research)establishDESCRIBING DATA 数据的描画A basic task of research students is to descri

39、be their main data clearly and accurately. Note that the description of data collected is often written in the past tense and in a factual tone.REFERRING TO TABLES AND FIGURESWhen describing your findings, you should bear in mind that your reader can see the graph either on the same page or the foll

40、owing page ( or in the appendix). Start your description by referring to the graph (which you can call Figure 4 or Table 2,etc).The following expressions are often used to refer to graphics:(i) It can be seen from Table X that(ii) As is shown in Figure Y,(iii) As the findings in Figure W reveal/show

41、/indicate(iv) The effects of on are shown in Figure 3.(v) According to Table Z,REFERRING TO TABLES AND FIGURESNote that the verbs in clauses (i)-(iv) are in the present tense. This means that sentences that refer to charts and describe the results therein can contain two tenses, for example:Table 2

42、shows that catalytic amidation(酰胺化) of unactivated sp3 C-H bonds was achieved.It is shown in Fig.3 that OVX altered the trabecular architecture in rat tibia.连词The position of some connectivesIf you really wish to signal the addition of further information by using connectives such as furthermore, mo

43、reover and besides, you do not have to put them mechanically at the beginning of a sentence. You can put them in other sentential position.连词AlternativesInstead of using one- or two-word connectives such as moreover and furthermore, you may use longer but clearer alternatives, such as-another point

44、is that -a further consideration is that -a further point is that连词Look at the two sets of examples below.1a. Chinas industrial base is rapidly growing in strength. Her money markets are also attracting large amounts of investment capital. Furthermore, tourism is being promoted once more as a way of

45、 earning foreign currency.1b. Chinas industrial base is rapidly growing in strength. Her money markets are also attracting large amounts of investment capital. A further important point is that tourism is being promoted once more as a way of earning foreign currency.连词2a.There are a number of differ

46、ences between the English language in America and that in Britain. One such difference is the vowel sound in words like fast, cant and dance. Furthermore, the treatment of the r after vowels is also different.2bThere are a number of differences between the English language in America and that in Bri

47、tain. One such difference is the vowel sound in words like fast, cant and dance. A second divergence is in the treatment of the r after vowels.连词The use of in additionIn addition can be used when adding another fact to what has already been mentioned, a fact being something more objective rather tha

48、n some idea or concept which is quite abstract or subjective. It is often used within a sentence rather than between sentences. For example:This room has facilities and in addition there is internet connection.If you use “in addition in between sentences, you should try to refer back to the previous

49、 sentence.The university offers over fifty courses to all undergraduate students. In addition to catering to undergraduate students, the university also runs three English courses for postgraduate research students.In/By contrast In/By contrast are used to express a situation that is very are used t

50、o express a situation that is very different from on just presented.different from on just presented.e.g. e.g. Students from local cities study perhaps ten Students from local cities study perhaps ten hours a week. In contrast, immigrant students hours a week. In contrast, immigrant students work ex

51、tremely hard, averaging twenty to thirty work extremely hard, averaging twenty to thirty hours of study a week.hours of study a week.连词连词In/By contrast In/By contrast indicates how different one thing or person is indicates how different one thing or person is from another thing or person mentioned

52、earlier.from another thing or person mentioned earlier.(as an adv) By/In contrast, the use of public (as an adv) By/In contrast, the use of public transport has been increased.transport has been increased.(as an adj) This is in contrast to the decrease in (as an adj) This is in contrast to the decre

53、ase in use of private cars.use of private cars.On the contraryOn the contraryMany students think that “in/by contrastMany students think that “in/by contrast and “on and “on the contrarythe contrary are the same, but they are not. On the are the same, but they are not. On the contrary is usually use

54、d to state that a preceding idea contrary is usually used to state that a preceding idea is false.is false.They are not rude. On the contrary, they are They are not rude. On the contrary, they are extremely well mannered.extremely well mannered.The first sentence stats that X (they are rude) is not

55、The first sentence stats that X (they are rude) is not true. The second sentence, introduced by on the true. The second sentence, introduced by on the contrary, expresses an entirely opposite opinion, Y. it contrary, expresses an entirely opposite opinion, Y. it implies that X is entirely false.impl

56、ies that X is entirely false.连词连词On the contraryOn the contraryYou use this expression when you have just said You use this expression when you have just said that X is not true and are going to explain how that X is not true and are going to explain how the opposite of X is true.the opposite of X i

57、s true.e.g. I am not rejecting the theory; on the contrary, e.g. I am not rejecting the theory; on the contrary, I am suggesting a hypothesis that calls for more I am suggesting a hypothesis that calls for more substantial research for further exploration of substantial research for further explorat

58、ion of the theory.the theory.On the other hand is mostly used to introduce On the other hand is mostly used to introduce the second of tow conflicting points of view from the second of tow conflicting points of view from the same person/people/community.the same person/people/community.e.g. Harry is

59、 hesitant about his research e.g. Harry is hesitant about his research procedure. He wants to analyze the secondary procedure. He wants to analyze the secondary data before the primary data because he has data before the primary data because he has experience in this approach; on the other hand, exp

60、erience in this approach; on the other hand, he is aware that it is more appropriate to start he is aware that it is more appropriate to start with primary data for this research.with primary data for this research.连词连词On the other hand can be used to introduce the On the other hand can be used to i