雅思语法班讲义

1、第一课时 冠词一.基础知识记忆.1.单数可数名词绝不能单独使用,其前不是加冠词a/an/the或ones,就必须将名词的单数形式改为复数形式.2.表泛指意义的复数名词或不可数名词(即物质名词或抽象名词)前面千万不要添加任何冠词.3. 固定短语中有无冠词,要分得清清楚楚,明明白白.二.定冠词的使用.1.世界上独一无二的天体、河流、海洋、湖泊、山川等与地理知识有关的名词前. e.g. the Changjiang River the East Lake / the Pacific Ocean the Urals.2.形容词same前.3.序数词最高级前面.4.by far前置修饰比较级时.e.g.

2、 This book is by far the better than that one.c.f. This book is better by far than that one. This book is even better than that one.5.强调两者之间的比较且作主语、定语时.e.g. The older of the two brothers is my desk-mate. Which is the bigger country, Canada or Australia? Which is bigger, Canada or Australia?6. 表示“越越”

3、意义时.e.g. The sooner, the better.7.句型“动作动词+ sb.+介词+the+具体身体部位名词”结构中.e.g. Bob hit John on the head. The gentle light struck the baby in the face. The little boy took the elephant by the nose across the street.8.发明的事物名称前(即invent之后的名词)或濒临灭绝的动物单数名词前. e.g. Bell is generally considered to have invented the

4、 telephone. As we all know, the tiger is in danger of dying out.9.介词by后表示“按计算”与度量衡单位有关的具体表时间、长度、体积、面积等名词前.e.g. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by time. In England, cloth is sold by the yard instead of by the meter. In England,

5、cloth is sold by length.10.与某些形容词连用表示一类人.e.g. the rich11.乐器名词前.e.g. I like playing the guitar and my sister likes playing the piano.12.由普通名词构成的专有名词前.e.g. The peoples Republic of China and the United States are two great countries.13.方位、方向名词前.e.g. China is in the east of Asia, the largest continent o

6、n the earth, and on the west of the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world.14. 再次指代上文中已提过的名词前. e.g. I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well.15.双方心中都知晓、明白的名词前.e.g. Pass me the book, please.16.与表示国家或民族的形容词连用,指代该全国全体人民.e.g. The Chinese love peace.17.用在姓氏复数之前表示全家人或夫妇俩.18. 其后有某种修饰语(如介词短语、定语从

7、句、分词短语或不定式等)的名词前,表示特定的人或物时.e.g. The book on the desk is mine.19.与单数可数名词连用,表类别.e.g. The horse is a useful animal.20.表同位关系的时间、地点、语言名词前.e.g. I began to learn the French language in the University of Wuhan in the month of November of 1999. 21.与农历有关的节日名词前(即与festival连用时).e.g. Children are always looking f

8、orward to the Spring Festival.22.用在整十的复数形式前表年代.e.g. In the 1870s, when Marx was over fifty, he began to learn Russian.23. 习惯用语中.(高考词汇)e.g. at the age of, at the beginning of, all over the world, all the best, go to the cinema, make the bed, the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the other

9、 day, in the end, the moment, take the place of, on the radio, all the same, by the side of, by the way, on the way, in the habit of, in the charge of三. a /an的使用.1. 表泛指意义的单数可数名词前或“一类”或“其中的一个”意义时.e.g. A good book can enrich a person.2.表频率,表示“每” 、“每一”意义时.e.g. People have three meals a day.3.某些抽象名词表具体意

10、义或被某一形容词修饰了的时候.e.g. It gave me a surprise to meet you here again. As a teacher, he was a failure. However, as a leader, he was a success. Comrade Lei Feng led a miserable life during his childhood.4.有比喻意味或不确切的人名之前表达“一个叫”意义时.e.g. Li Hao is a living Lei Feng in our class. A Mr. Smith wants to see you.

11、5.当某一动作或情况并未到此结束仍有继续下去的可能性的时候,必须用“a /an+序数词”结构.e.g. Although he has failed six times, he would like to have a try a seventh time.6. 与形容词最高级连用表示“很、非常”.e.g. Yesterday was a happiest day for me, for Id just won the first prize.7.否定比较级表达最高级意义时,常用借助于不定冠词a/ an. a/ an+比较级e.g. _ What do you think of the fil

12、m? _ Oh, Ive never seen a worse one. _ How do you like Tom? _ Im afraid that no one in my class has a cleverer brain than he.8.有时表示一次性行为,特别是用在名词化了的动词前.e.g. have / take a look at ; go for a walk; come to an end; come to a stop9.当一日三餐名词(breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner)或其他一些名词如time, life, help, pleasu

13、re, world, part等被某一(些)形容词修饰了的时候.e.g. a delicious breakfast / a wonderful dinner/ a great help 10.固定短语结构中:have a cold / stomachache, have a match, a great number of, in a word, have a word with, make a promise, in a minute, as a matter of fact, take a seat.【特别注意】英语中,有些名词永远都不会与不定冠词连用.它们是advice, equipm

14、ent, fun, furniture, information, news, luck, clothing, wealth.四.零冠词.1.表泛指意义的复数名词物质名词,以及介词后的抽象名词前.e.g. Children are often compared to flowers. Books are stairs that help people make progress.2. 复数名词表类别、属性时,不用冠词.e.g. Horses are useful animals. Most animals have little connection with animals of a dif

15、ferent kind unless they kill them for food.3.由Day构成的与公历有关的节日名词前e.g. Childrens Day / Teachers Day / National Day / May Day4. 表泛指意义的月份、季节、星期、学科、语言、材料等名词前e.g. on Sunday / in spring / in ink5.球类、棋类名词前.e.g. play football / chess / basketball 6. 介词by后接表交通、通讯方式等名词前.e.g. by train /by telephone / by machine7

16、.泛指一日三餐名词前.e.g. After breakfast, we are to visit Mountain Tai and have lunch there.8. 官衔职务名词作表语补语或同位语时.e.g. He is monitor of our class. Lincoln was elected president of the U.S. Dong Li, capital of Dongfanghong II, is a strong-minded man.9.方位副词前. e.g. Japan lies east of China.10. “fromto”结构中重复使用的单数名

17、词,以及“名词+介词+(同样)名词”结构中的名词前都不使用任何冠词.e.g. from area to area / arm in arm / day by day11.man作“人类”讲时.e.g. Man can conquer nature.12. as引导的让步状语从句句型中的单数名词前.e.g. Hero as he is, he is still modest. Child as she is, she knows a lot.13. turn后的单数名词作表语. e.g. She has turned doctor.13.介词by后接表度量衡单位的时间、长度、重量、面积、价钱等总

18、称名词前.e.g. by time / by weight / by area / by length14. 由地名构成的专有名词前.e.g. Wuhan University is in Wuhan.15. 单数可数名词已被物主代词数词指示代词或名词所有格修饰. 16.当两个或两个以上的名词用and连接且含有对比的含义或习惯上总是一起使用时.e.g. Father and son attended the meeting together. The two were like teacher and student, though they were the same age. Husban

19、d and wife sat together in their home.17.固定短语结构中.come into use / put into practice / out of question / out of the question/ at present1. The sign reads“ In case of_ fire, break the glass and push_ red button. A. × a B. × the C. the ; the D. a ; a2. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand

20、 feet is quite_ exciting experience. A. × the B. × an C. an ; an D. the ; the3.Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _IQ. A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest4.The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool used. A. 

21、15; ; × B. the ; the C. the ; × D. × the5. Most animals have little connection with_ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food.A. the ; a B. × a C. × ; the D. the ; the A. 6.Paper money was in_ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteen c

22、entury. the; B. the ; the C. × the D. × ; ×7. - Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. - Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a ; the B. the ; the C. the; a D. a; a 8. Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today. A. a;&

23、#215; B. the ;an C. the ; the D. × ; the9._ news conference does not always offer_ truthful information. A. / ; / B. The ; / C. A ; the D. A ; /10. Though they are_ people of different sorts, they always buy dresses of _ style. A. / ; the B. the ; a C. / ; a D. the ; the11. Dolly _ sheep, the w

24、orlds first cloned animal, was given _ shot to end her life on Feb.14 because she was suffering from a lung disease common in much older sheep. A. / ; a B. the ; a C. a ; the D. / ;the第二课时 名词一名词的分类名词 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 teacher, bus,. 集体名词 people，crew. 不可数名词 物质名词 rice, air, water 抽象名词 success, friendship

25、专有名词 China, Bill Gates, the Great Wall,二 专有名词指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg:Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写三普通名词专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词，指作为个体而存在的人或东西。可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments，也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream四 集合名词表示由个体组成的集体。Eg: army; audience; crew; family

26、; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Eg: His family isnt large.His family are all music lovers.在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police

27、are looking for him. 五 物质名词: 指无法分为个体的东西。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent(清洁剂); fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季）snows (积雪）waters(海域)六: 表示一些抽象的概念。Eg: edu

28、cation; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.有时也可以加冠词。He works hard for the welfare of the poor. 1. I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement C. attention

29、D. appreciation2. We all know that _ speak louder than words. A. movements B. performances C. operations D. action3. The new law will come into_ on the day it is passed. A. effect B. use C. service D. existence4. You will find this map of great _ in helping you get round London. A. price B. cost C.

30、value D. usefulness5.My parents always let me have my _ of living. A. way B.method C. manner D. fashion6.- Who did you spend last weekend with? - _. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers7. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _.A. wait B. time C. patience

31、 D. rest8. _ of Mrs Whites came back home yesterday. She had been in the United States for years. A. A daughter B. The daughter C. Her daughter D. daughter9.He gained his _ by printing_ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works10. It will be _ to jump int

32、o the lake to have a swim on a hot summer day.A. fun B. a fun C. funny D. the fun第三课时 代词一 代词的分类n 人称代词 I , you ，she ，him n 疑问代词 who whom whatn 物主代词 my 、your、hers n 关系代词 which 、that、whon 反身代词 myself、yourselves n 连接代词 who、which、whatn 相互代词 each other、one another n 不定代词 one、each、another、neithern 指示代词 thi

33、s、that、those、these 二 一些重要的不定代词的用法不定代词有both, either, neither, one, the other, another, little, few, some, any, each, every, no, none等，从实际应用和理解出发，重点学习以下几个： (一) both, either, neither (二) one, another, the other (三) little, a little, few, a few (四) some / any, no / none, each / every, many / much 不定代词含义

34、数量关系作定语时名词的数作主语时动词的数Both两者都=2复数复数Either两者中的任何一个=2单数单数Neither两者都不=2单数单数All三者或三者以上都3单数或复数单数或复数None三者或三者以上都不3单数或复数Each每一个2单数单数Every每一个3单数单数(一) both, either, neitherboth为“两者都”，neither为“两者都不”，either为“两者之一”。这三个单词都用于指两个人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。 作主语： 1) Both (of them) enjoyed the rice. 他们两人喜欢吃米饭。 2) Neither (of us

35、) is a doctor. 我们俩都不是医生。 3) Either (of you) will go. 随你们哪个去都可以。 注意：作主语时，both后面的谓语动词用复数。neither, either后面的谓语动词一般用单数形式。 作定语： 1) Both Zhang Hua's father and mother worker work in a hospital, but neither one is a doctor. 张华的父母亲在一所医院工作，但都不是医生。 2) You may take either apple. 两个苹果任你拿一个。作宾语： 1) I like bo

36、th of the toys very much.   我非常喜欢这两件玩具。 2) The boy could find neither of them and went away.  这男孩找不到他们俩就走开了。 both 还可作同位语，它们句中的位置是在动词be，助动词或情态动词的后面，但在实义动词前面。 1) They are both in good health.  他们两人身体都很好。 2) They will both go there.  他们两人都收到那儿去。 3) They both agreed to take part

37、 in the birthday party. 他们两人都答应参加生日晚会。 此外，either 可作副词用于否定句，表示 “也”，相当于肯定句中的 “too”。 This is not mine. That is not, either.  这不是我的，那也不是。 neither 表示“也不”的时候，常用在倒装的结构形式中： I don't like to play football. Neither does he. 我不喜欢踢足球，他也不喜欢。 She hasn't got a bike. Neither have I. 他没自行车，我也没有。 

38、60;    注意，both 和 and, either 和 or, neither 和 nor 可构成连词。表示“和两个都”，连接主语时谓语动词是复数；“不是就是”；“或或”，“既不也不”；“都不” 连接两个并列主语时谓语动词的数一般应与靠近谓语动词的主语保持一致，如： 1) Both Zhang and Wang are good students.   张、王都是好学生。 2) Either you or he is right.  不是你就是他对的。 3) Neither he nor i am a scientist.

39、60; 他和我都不是科学家。 (二) one, another, the other1. one 常用来作代词，替代前文所出现的可数名词，表示人或物，以避免重复。例如： I haven't got a ball pen. I'll have to buy one. (= a ball pen) 我没圆珠笔，我得去买一支。 He is one to think more of others.  他是个能多为别人着想的人。 2. the other, another 都可解释为 “另一个”。other 加上定冠词用于两者中的另一个，another 指三者以上中的

40、另一个。例如： He was two brothers. One is a doctor, the other is a teacher. We've received two parcels, one from my uncle, the other from my aunt. I don't like this one, show me another, please. I've just bought three things. One is a walkman, another is a pocket calculator, the third is

41、a video game. 3. another 还有 “再” 的意思，例如： Have another cup of coffee, please. 再喝一杯咖啡吧！ She could have to stay here for another week. 他将在这里再待一个星期。 4. other 有 “另外” 的含义。例如： Where are the other students? 其他学生在哪里？ The boy is much cleverer than the other two. 这孩子比另两个更聪明。 5. others 和 the others 表示复数的泛指和特指。例如

42、： In the park some are playing games. Others are walking near the river. I have five colour pencils. One is red, another is blue and the others are green.6. the rest 也可作 “其余的” 解释。它用作主语时注意谓语动词的单复数。例如： The rest of his life was spent in America. 他的余生是在美国度过的。 He has eight books. Two are in English. The

43、rest are in Chinese. 他有几本书，两本是英文，其余的是中文。 (三) little, a little, few, a few 1. little 与 a little 两者都用来修饰不可数名词，little 作 “很少”，“几乎没有” 解，有否定的意思，a little 作 “少许”、“有一点” 解，有肯定的意思，例如： In this way they can make the trip with just a little money. 用这种方法他们只花很少的钱就能旅行。 There is little left, is there? 没剩多少了，是吗？ 2. fe

44、w, a few 用来修饰可数名词，前者表示否定，后者表示肯定。 A few of us speak English well. 我们中有几个人英语讲得很好。 There were few eggs is the fridge, so he went to the supermarket and bought some. 冰箱里几乎没鸡蛋了，所以他去超市买了一些。 3. few 作主语时，谓语动词仍用复数，例如：   Few men know this, do they?4. 常用词组有 quite a few (好几个)，only a few (只有一个)，a very few (

45、极少数)。例如： He studied Chinese for quite a few years. 他学汉语已有好几年了。 (四) some / any, no / none, each / every, many / much（1）some 和 any:some (一些，某个) 句中可作主语、宾语、定语等，常用于肯定句。作定语时，它可修饰可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词是单数时，some 表示 “某个” 的意思。例如： There are some newspapers on the table. I am going to buy some orange juice. Have you a

46、ny questions? Yes, I have some. I have read that in some magazine. 当说活者表示提议、请求或期望得到肯定回答时，在疑问句中也可用 some。例如： Would you like some tea? Could you lend me some money?any “一些” 用法相同于 some, 但多用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句。例如： Is there any ink in your pen? Put up your hands if you have any questions.注意： 1. any 用于肯定句中有 “任何一

47、个” 解。常用于比较级句子中。    Tom runs faster than any other boy in his class. Tom runs faster than any of the other boys in his class. 2. some, any, every, no 可以与 body, thing, one 构成合成代词，这些代词都作单数看待，表示人或物： Something is wrong with my bike. Something is asking to see you. Nobody is absent. If you

48、want anything, call me.（2）no 和 none:none (没有一个，全不，都不) 是名词性的不定代词，可作主语和宾语，常和 of 短语连用，不以作定语。none 作主语代替不可数名词时，谓语用单数形式。代替可数名词时，谓语用单、复数均可。例如： None of us is / are from Beijing. None of the money is mine.none 与 all 相对，有 “全不” “全部” 的含义，因此 all 是全肯定，none 是 all 的全部否定，但都指三者以上的人或物。 We all made mistakes. None of us

49、 was correct.no 是形容词性的不定代词，只能用作定语，可修饰可数和不可数名词。no 等于 not a 或 not any 加上名词。例如： I have no money. I have not any money.no one 相当于 nobody，意为没有人，谓语用单数。 （3）each 和 every ：each (每个，各自的) 强调个体，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。 every (每个，一切的) 相当于all，强调整体，只能作定语。 Each boy has a dictionary. 每个孩子都有一本词典。 Every boy has a dictionary. 所

50、有的孩子都有一本词典。 注意： every 构成的常用词组 every other day  每隔一天 / every other five days 每隔五天 every other line 每隔一行 / every five days 每五天 （4）many 和 much ：many 修饰可数名词的复数，谓语用复数，much 修饰不可数名词，谓语用单数，它们可用在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，还可在肯定句中作主语或修饰主语。例如： So much for today. There are many buses and cars in the street.many 已被 a lot

51、 of, a large number of, a great many 所代替。 much 已被 a lot of, plenty of, a good deal of, a great (large) quantity of 所代替。 但 a lot of / lots of 只能用于肯定句。1. _ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. A. Each B. Any C. No one D. None2.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ m

52、oney on us. A. all ; no B. any ; no C. none ; any D. no one ; any3.There is a tree on _ side of the street. A. every B. all C. either D. both4.There is a desk on _ side of the room. A. both B. either C. all D. every5. Which side can I sit on the boat? If you sit still, you can sit on _. A. every side B. all sides C. both sides D. either side6.It is said that _ of his parents have gone to Beijing. A. all B. every C. both D. either 7.Some students are absent-minded, _ of them heard what the teacher said. A. all B. none C. every D. not