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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上动词第一节 考点热点预览1、常见动词的用法,包括这些动词的句型和习惯搭配等;2、行为动词的及物性与不及物性;3、常见的连系动词与助动词的用法;4、常见的同、近义动词;5、短语动词的构成方式和含义(包括及物动词+名词,及物动词+介词,及物动词+副词,不及物动词+介词,不及物动词+副词,及物动词+名词+介词,不及物动词+副词+介词);6、dare和need做情态动词与实义动词的用法比较;7、“情态动词+be+adj./n./doing”对现在情况的推测和“情态动词+have done”对过去情况的推测。本部分的命题热点是语境中的动词词义的辨析和动词短语的用法,以及情态动词

2、表示判断与推测的功能。第二节 主要用法扫描一、 动词概说1、动词的五种基本类型单及物动词:inspect, enjoy等双及物动词:buy, give等复及物动词:keep,suppose等纯不及物动词:boil, sit等连系动词:be, become等2、易受汉语影响的及物或不及物动词下列动词在英语中一般用作不及物动词,但受汉语影响,学生常将其理解为及物动词:arrive (到达), belong(属于), care(关心、照顾), break out(爆发), take place(发生), happen (发生), look(看), speak(说)等。下列动词在英语中一般用作及物动词

3、,但受汉语影响,学生常将其理解为不及物动词:dress(给穿衣), seat(使坐下), marry(和结婚,娶,嫁), serve(为服务), station(使驻扎), wound(使受伤), flee(逃离)等。3、have用作状态动词和行为动词的区别have表示所有关系时,是状态动词,而表示经历时是行为动词。例You had no trouble in finding his house, did you?(这里的have表示一种经历,因此设问部分的did不要改为had)4、have与there be的区别have一般表示“拥有”,there be一般表示“存在”,但若主客体之间的关系

4、是恒定不变的时候,两者均可。例:A week has seven days./There are seven days in a week.5、对mind问句的回答在回答Do you mind?这一句型时,要注意排除母语的干扰。例:“Do you mind smoking here?” “No, please.”(不可说Yes, please.)二、连系动词1、连系动词的类型表示状态:be, remain, keep, seem, appear(似乎), prove(后来证明是)。表示知觉:feel, look, sound, smell, taste等。表示变化:become (一般不与将来

5、时连用), get, turn, grow, go(一般表示消极变化), come, fall等。2、连系动词的基本用法 (1)连系动词的词义不完整,须和表语一起构成复合谓语。例:It feels good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea in summer.(2)连系动词后不可跟副词。(3)连系动词没有被动语态。(4)有些连系动词同时还可以用作行为动词,其中有的词义也跟着变化,如feel (link v.)摸起来,感觉,给人的感觉是,-feel (vt)摸,觉得;get (link v.)变得-get (vt.)得到,买/(vi.)到达;k

6、eep (link v.)保持-keep (vt.)保持,饲养等;look (link v.)看起来-look (vi.)看。三、情态动词1、情态动词的分类(1)转语性情态动词和纯情态动词转语性情态动词一般以to结尾,语义、功能与纯情态动词基本相同。两者的对应形式:转语性情态动词 纯情态动词be going to / be about to willbe able to canhave to / have got to mustbe to should /ought to used to would注意:除used to外,转语性情态动词有人称和数的变化。(2)用法类似情态动词的词语:had

7、better, would rather等。2、情态动词表示推测的用法情态动词must, may, cant等可以表示推测。其后接简单不定式(动词原形)时,表示对现在情况的推测,接完成不定式(have + 过去分词)时则表示对过去情况的推测。例:He isnt in the classroom. He must be on the playground.Rose might have come to school in time for class, but he got up rather late.(这里不能用“might+动词原形”表示过去时间的可能性)情态动词在表示推测时,若要将其所在

8、句子改为反意问句,其设问部分的谓语不应与情态动词一致,而要与谓语动词或助动词相一致。例:He cant be over twenty, is he?It must have rained, hasnt it /didnt it?She must have been asleep at that time, wasnt she?注意:(1)表示否定的推测一般用cant,而不用mustnt。因为后者表示“不准许”。例:He cant be in the classroom, because I met him at the school gate just now.(2)表示可能性时,may只能用

9、于肯定句或否定句,一般不要用于疑问句。在疑问句里,我们往往用can或其他手段,而might没有这种结构限制。例:“Can they have missed the bus?”(不能用may) “Yes, they may have done.”(不能用can)Is it likely to rain?(不能说May it rain?)3、情态动词的语气强弱和可能性大小(1)情态动词有语气强弱、可能性大小之分,现按由弱到强、由小到大的顺序排列如下:might(很不肯定)-may-could-can-should -ought to -would -will -must(几乎肯定)。例:Ill g

10、et some beer in case Mary should come.(这里的should不宜改为will,因为连词in case意为“万一”,用should可使一件事听起来可能性小些,这样就与连词的含义统一了起来。)(2)could, might, would有时用作can, may, will的过去式,有时只是表示比can, may, will更不肯定或语气更委婉,这时,可以指现在时间,有时还可以指将来时间。例:Could you help me to carry the box?(could指的是现在时间,语气比较委婉)The two governments might reach

11、 agreement in a day or two.(might指的是将来时间)(3)在回应由would, might, could引起的请求时,应分别用will, may和can,以示语气的肯定,态度的诚恳。例:“Would you please open the door?” “Certainly I will.”“Could I use your phone?” “Yes, of course you can.”4、can, may, must的否定式(1)can作“能”、“可以”讲,否定式为cant或cannot。(2)may作“可以”讲时,否定形式为may not或cant, mu

12、stnt,语气由弱到强,意思为“不可以”。 may作“可能”讲时,否定形式为cant或cannot,意思为“不可能”。(3)must表示必要性,作“必须”讲时,其否定式为neednt,意思为“不必”。例:“Must I clean the room before six?” “No, you neednt.” must表示义务,作“应该”讲时,不定式为mustnt,意思为“不应该”。例:“Must I put it here?” “No, you mustnt.”must表示推断,作“准是”讲时,否定式为cannot或cant,意思为“不可能”。例:“Must it rain tomorrow

13、?” “No, it cant.”5、“情态动词 + 完成不定式”的用法“情态动词 + 完成不定式”可以表示“本来可以(能够,应该)怎样,而实际上并没有怎样”。这种用法属于虚拟语气的范畴,在高考中考得较多。例:Yesterday he went to the hospital, but the doctor told him that there was nothing wrong with him, he need not have gone there. 后一分句不宜改为he did not need to go there,因为句中的“不必去”是实际上已经发生过而从结果来看根本没有必要做

14、的动作,这是虚拟语气的一种,要用“need not + have + 过去分词”的形式,如果用did not need to go,则表示这一动作还没有做,也没有必要做。试比较下面两个句子:Sam drove the car to the airport to meet Mary, so she did not need to take the bus.(玛丽没乘坐公共汽车)Sam drove the car to the airport to meet Mary, so she neednt have taken the bus.(玛丽实际上乘坐了公共汽车)请再看两个例子:Tom shoul

15、d have brought her the ticket. I wonder why he changed his mind.Its still early. You neednt have hurried.6、个别情态动词的用法及其要注意的地方(1)used to的否定式有两种,即usednt to, didnt use to;构成一般问句时在句首加did或将used提前;have to的否定式为dont have to, 构成一般问句时,在句首加do,其肯定回答用have to或must,否定回答用dont have to或neednt。(2)need, dare两词既可用作情态动词,也

16、可用作实义动词,用作情态动词时只能用于疑问句、否定句和条件句,不可用于肯定句,而作为实义动词可以用于所有句子。例:“What need I do now?” “You need to examine it a second time.”I dont think the boy dare risk climbing the tall treeI dont think the boy dares to risk climbing the tall tree.注意:need作情态动词用于疑问句,如出现肯定的回答应该用must(因为情态动词need不用于肯定句);反之,用must;作情态动词用于疑问句

17、,如果是否定式回答,则要用need not。例:“Need I start off at once?” “Yes, you must.”“Must I answer all the questions?” “No, you need not, only four of them.”dare not在宾语从句或间接引语中,可以替代dared not表示过去。(3)shall在陈述句中可用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意图或决心,有“命令”、“告诫”、“允诺”等意思。例:Tell him he shall have a ticket tomorrow.注意:will和shall都可以表示“意志”,前

18、者一般表示主语的意志,后者一般表示说话人的意志。试比较:He will do anything for money.为了钱他什么事都做得出。(自觉自愿)You shall have the money back next week.下周你一定要归还这笔钱。(他人要求)(4)表示征询意见时,主语若是一、三人称用shall,主语若是第二人称用will。试比较:Shall he go with us, too? 他也跟我们去,好吗?Will you please go with us? 你和我们一起去,好吗?(5)can和be able to都可表示能力,can表示客观上具有某种能力,be able

19、 to强调通过努力而能够怎样,有manage to do或succeed in doing的含义。例:He couldnt swim well, but he was able to swim to the shore when the ship sank.另外,can没有完成式和不定式等形式,故有时要用be able to来替代它。例:This is all the information Ive been able to get so far.Ask that policeman over there. He ought to be able to help you.(6)must没有时态

20、的变化,要表示过去的“必须”要用had to,但在间接引语中must和had to可以通用。(7)must与have to, can 与be able to不能连用。(8)will和would可以用来指习惯性动作或特征性动作,这时will指现在时间,would指过去时间。例:A lion will attack a man only when hungry.Whenever he came here, he would bring some presents to my parents.(9)must, should和ought to都可以表示“义务”,但语气强弱不同。must语气最强,说话人

21、通常比较权威,所发出来的命令或劝告比较强烈。如果强调为环境等外在因素所迫,一般用have to。例:You must go at once.(说话人比较权威)You will have to see the film this afternoon if you dont want to miss it. (=It wont be showing any longer.)(为环境所迫)should和ought to同义,但前者主观色彩较浓,表示较强的劝说和敦促时,往往用should而不用ought to。例:You shouldnt (=oughtnt to) come so early.You

22、 should mind your own business.(在这句话中,规劝的语气很强,should不宜改为ought to。)注意:含有ought to的反意问句,其设问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。四、短语动词(以双词动词为限)1、短语动词的构成vi.+prep.(及物):look at (看)vi.+adv.(不及物):look out (小心)vi.+prep./adv.(及物或不及物):take off (脱下/起飞)vi.+prep.(及物):join in (和一起参加)vi.+adv.(及物):turn off (关)vi.+prep./adv.(及物):wi

23、pe off(将从擦去)/wipe off (将擦去)三词动词的构成方式通常是“v. +adv. +prep”,它们可以接宾语,其中的介词和动词不能分离,其意义有些可以从字面上看出,有些则不能,如do away with(废除),catch up with(赶上),run out of (用完)等。2、短语动词的意义原意性短语动词(从字面上能看出含义):turn down (开小些)/look out (朝外看)转意性短语动词(从字面上不能看出含义):turn down (拒绝/look out(小心)强意性短语动词(语气比单纯动词强):build up (=build )(增进)完成性短语动

24、词(强调动作的完成性):burn down (烧毁)/drink up(喝掉)3、短语动词的分离情况(指动词是否与后面的副词或介词分开)选择性分离(vt.+adv.且宾语是名词时):turn on the light /turn the light on 强制性分离(vt.+adv.且宾语是代词时):turn it on不可分离(vi.+prep):look at it4、不能接宾语的短语动词(vi.+adv.): break out, look out等。五、动词句型 1、既接直接宾语又接间接宾语的动词:bring, build, buy, cook, draw, find, get, gi

25、ve, hand, keep, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, post, promise, return, save, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell等。注意:(1)如果直接宾语在前,间接宾语在后时,间接宾语要加介词to或者for,如give something to somebody(=give somebody something)。下列动词后用to:give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pass, pay, post, return,sell, send, show, take, teach,

26、 tell等;下列动词后用for:build, buy, cook, draw, find, get, , keep make, save等;有些动词两者均可跟,但含义有别,如:write, sing, read, do, bring, fetch等。(2)有些词的两个宾语都是直接宾语,因而用介词不妥。例:I asked him several questions.Answer me the question, please.Forgive him his rudeness.They envy us our success.He teaches us English.(3)有些词不能带双宾语,

27、汉语意思中的直接宾语或间接宾语有时需要用介词引出。例:The factory can only supply us with thirty percent of what we need.(不可说The factory can only supply us thirty percent of what we need.)He announced to us some news. (不可说He announced us some news.)Can you explain to me the sentence? (不可说Can you explain me the sentence?) 2、接宾

28、语+宾补的动词:ask, advise, call, consider(认为), choose, elect, find, force, feel(认为,觉得), hear, help, like, let, make, order, persuade, see, tell, watch等。3、带原形动词作宾补的动词:notice, help (to), feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, watch, see, look at, observe等。巧记:注意:半帮助,一觉,二听,三让,四看。注意:(1)help作“帮助”讲,即主语直接参与后面的动作

29、时,不定式符号to可有可无;作“有助于”讲,即主语不直接参与后面的动作时,不定式符号to不可省略。例:This medicine will help you to keep healthy. 这药有助于增进你的身体健康。(2)上述动词在改为被动语态后,后面所跟的作补足语用的不定式要带to。4、可以后接“宾语 + (to be ) + 形容词或名词短语等形式”的动词:believe, consider, discover, find(=consider), feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, see (=understand), u

30、nderstand 等。但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略。例:I thought him to have had lunch.5、可以或习惯接“what, which, who, when, where, how, whether + to do”这一结构做宾语或宾语补足语的动词:know, learn, understand, show, think, ask, wonder, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, remember, guess, imagine, tell, advise, inform, inquire, find

31、out等。这种结构相当于一个从句。例:I wonder(have no idea) where to spend my holiday.(=I wonder where I should spend my holiday.)注意:know, learn, understand, show, think等动词后接动词不定式做宾语时习惯上要在不定式前加上上面所列举的那些连接代词或连接副词。6、常接不定式做宾语补足语的短语动词:wait for, ask for, care for, long for(渴望), prepare for, call on, depend on等。7、宾语是“人 + on / in /at / by等 + the + 身体部位”的动词:hit, beat, strike, pat, touch, pull, catch, take, wound等。此为间接表达方式,身体部位前用定

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