2019高三语法专题句子成分分析—知识详解综合练习

1、高三语法专题：句子成分分析句子成分的分类：从句法功能的角度讲，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语（宾补&主补）和同位语。请看下面句子成分的分析，并注意这些句子成分在句子中的位置。Mr Smith , an English teacher told me that he would help me to learn English if he was free this evening.史密斯先生，一位英语老师，告诉我说，如果他今晚有空，他会帮我学习英语。主要成分分析：Mr Smith : .told.次要成分分析：Mr Smit

2、h , an English teacher told me that he.JJ Jhelp me to learn English if he was free this evening.句子成分的用法在了解了句子成分的定义和分类之后， 下面结合具体的例子，详细讲解有关句子 成分的用法要点。一、主语句子的主体主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是谁或什么。更确切地说，主语是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。主语通常由名词（短语）、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句等充当。（1） 名词： A tree has fallen across the ro

3、ad.（2）代词：He told a joke but it fell flat.（3） 数词： Three is enough.（4） 动名词： Smoking is bad for you.（5） 不定式：To find your way can be a problem.（6） it 形式主语：t is certain that he will win the match.（7）从旬：That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的主语（2017

4、浙江高考）Up till now, 3 boys and 4 girls have joined the team.（2016 江苏高考）Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面语法填空：（2017 全国卷 I 语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.分析空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当 （句子成分）， 且指代前面整个主句的内容，故应填 O（2015 安徽高考改编）（ig

5、nore） the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.分析句意：忽视这两个研究结果的不同将会是你犯的最严重的错误之一。分析句子结构可知，句中谓语为 ,设空处在句中充当 （句子成 分），故用。二.谓语一一主语的行为谓语（Predicate）或谓语动词（predicate verb）是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，其位置一般在主语之后。谓语是句子的灵魂，谓语的变化可以反映：时 态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，这些也是高中语法重要的内容。实义动词（短语）可

6、以单独作谓语，有时态、人称和数的变化；系动词不能单独作谓语，系表结构才可以作谓语；助动词和情态动词不能单独作谓语，“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”才可作谓语。（1）实义的动词（短语）：He worked hard all day today.The plane took off at ten o ' clock.（2） 系表结构： He was free this evening.（3）情态动词 /助动词 + 实义动词：The work should have been finished yesterday.链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的谓语（2017 全国卷）In the exhib

7、ition, you will enjoy many special kinds of paper-cuttings.（2016 全国卷）I should be available any time after school next week.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面语法填空：（2017全国卷）Later,engineers（manage） to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels 燧道），which became known as the Tube.分析空格处在句中充当主句的 （句子成分），根据时间状语later和 定语从句

8、的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的 （时态），且engineers 与manage之间为 （主动/被动）关系，故填 。（2017全国卷 I 语法填空）Fast food（be） full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.分析本句是由分号连接的两个并列分句，其中空格处所在的第一分句为 结构；主语是 ,为 （可数/不可数）名词短语，所以系动词应填be的第三人称单数形式，且此处叙述的是客观事实，故填。三.宾语一一动作的

9、对象宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。1.宾语表现形式：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。(1)名词：Do you fancy a drink?(2)代词：They won' t hurt_us.(3)数词：If you add 5 to 5, you get_10.(4) 不定式： Does she really want to leave home?(5) 动名词： We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen.(6)从何(即宾语从句)：Do you u

10、nderstand what I mean?(7) it 形式宾语：I find it difficult to learn English well.2.宾语的种类(1)按是否直接跟动词后面：直接宾语(Direct Object);间接宾语(Indirect Object)直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果(一般是物sth.)间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的(一般是人sb.)My aunt give me a toy car. He show his passport to the officer.主 谓 问宾直宾主 谓 直宾间宾(2)介词后面的宾语，构成 介宾结构”I am interest

11、edjn computer studies.介词宾语(英语中除了动词宾语外，介词也有宾语，构成 介宾结构”)链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的宾语（2017 北京高考）My classmates and I decided to do something.（2016 全国卷 n ） I know you take good pictures and you've always wanted to dosomething for environmental protection.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面语法填空：(2017 全卷)But Sarah, who has taken p

12、art in shows along with top models, wants (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.分析根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用 作动词want的 语(句子成分)。(2017 江苏高考)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of it used to charge.分析句意：我们选择这家宾馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是他们以前要价的一半。分析句子结构可知，空格处既引导 从句，又在从 句中

13、作 charge的, 故应填。四.表语一一主语的特征表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构)，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有：名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。(1) 名词： The wedding was that Sunday.(2)代词：Seventy-four? You don' t look it.(3)数词： We are seven.(4)形容词：Are you busy?(5)副词：I am here.(6)不定式：All I could do was to wait.(7) 动名词：

14、 Seeing is believing.(8) 过去分词：I'm very pleased with what he has done.(9)介词短语：She is in good health.(10) 从旬：That is why I was angry.常见的6类系动词：1 .状态系动词：be (am> is、are)是2 .感官系动词:feel(摸起来);look; sound； taste; smell3 .动态系动词：become;turn; get; go; grow; fall (进入，陷入某种状态)54 .静态系动词：keep; remain依然是)；stay

15、御持)链接高考：1.找出下列句子中的表语（2017全国卷）You know we Chinese have a lot of traditional art forms, of which paper-cutting is one of the most popular.（2016 全国卷）I will be very grateful if you can help me.2.从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习：（2017全国卷 ）However, be（care） not to go to extremes.分析句意：小心不要走极端。系动词 be后应用 （词性），care的形 容词形式是 作

16、语（句子成分）。（2014 全国卷 R 短文改错）The teachers here are kind and helpfully.分析:该句是“”结构，其中连词and连接并列的 语（句子成分）,故后者需要用 词（词性）。五.定语一一名词的修饰语定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、 介词短语和从句等。（1） 形容词： She is a natural musician.（2） 名词： A baby girl is crying.（3）代词：Your hair needs cutting.（物主代

17、词）Everybody ' s business is nobody ，s （business所有格）（4） 数词： Do it now, you may not get a second chance.（序数词前置定语）（5） 副词： The room above is my sister（常国司作定语后置）（6） 不定式： Her promise to write was forgotten.（不定式作定语后置）（7） 动名词： Learning methods vary from person to person.（8） 分词： The broken window has bee

18、n replaced by a new on & 过去分词） The girl rose her head and saw the rising surfi（在分词）（9） 介词短语：This is a map of China.（10） 从旬（定语从句）:The car that is parked outside is mine.链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的定语（2017 全国卷 I 书面表达 ）Therefore, before class, you can read some books related to the history of the Tang Dynasty

19、to better appreciate the poems.（2016 北京高考书面表达）All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习：（2017 浙江高考语法填空 ）But something made her look closer, and she noticed a （shine） object.分析分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作 （句子成分）修饰名词 object,故应用 词形式（词性）。”发光的；”发光的，

20、发亮的" 或（2017 全国卷 I 短文改错）It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.分析本句为and连接的并列分句，stop在第二分句中作 （句子成分），为 词（词性）,修饰名词应用 。六、状语一一动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等。状语的分类：状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随

21、等 。（1）时间状语：多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于旬中Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?(2)地点状语：多置于旬末，有时也位于句首和句中There are plenty of fish in the sea.She kissed her mothe匚on_the_platform(1台).(3)原因状语：包括表理由的状语，多置于旬末，有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them.(4)结果状语：多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常

22、位于旬末。She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldn' t hear what she said.(5)目的状语：多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示常位于旬末强调时放句首。In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.(6)条件状语：多由短语和从句表示，常置于旬末和句首。We ll be lucky to get there before dark.If he were to

23、 come, what should we say to him?(7)让步状语：由短语和从句表示，常置于旬末和句首。He helped me although he didn ' t know me.(8)程度状语：常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.(9)伴随状语：常由短语和独立主格等表示。He stood there, pipe in mouth.链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的状语(2017浙江高考)However, they still approached to the wolf bravely.(2016四川高考

24、)Among the four seasons in a year, summer is my favorite.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习(2017全国卷!§法填空)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been(fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.分析unpleasant是词形式(词性)，故用fair的 形式(词性)作 （句子成分）。（2017全国卷法填空）It is（certain） f

25、un but the lifestyle is a little unreal.分析此处应该使用 词形式（词性）作 语（句子成分），修 饰形容词fun。七.补足语一一宾语或主语的补充说明补足语是用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语；补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语。They paint the house green. He died young.J J J JJ J J主 谓 宾 宾补主 谓 主补宾语补足语较常见也是经常考查的内容，宾补在被动语态中将变成主语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、和等。

26、（1）名词（短语）：They named the child Jimmy.（名词）My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.（名词短语）（2）形容词（短语）：He boiled the egg hard.（形容词）I found the book very interesting.（形容词短语）（1） 介词短语： We found the old lady in good health.（4） 不定式： The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.（5） 分词：I he

27、ard Jean singing this morning.（现在分词）He had his wallet stolen yesterday.（过去分词）链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的补足语（2017全国面表达）So I invite you to attend an exhibition of it.（2016 上海番羽译）Although I was then too young to understand the meaning of the film, I remember my family were moved to tears.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习（2017全国

28、卷 OS文改错）When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!分析本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句，主句谓语动词为 ,“theirstudents是宾语，“pick the fresh vegetables ”语（句子成分），根据 invite的固定用法 “invite sb. to do sth可知，此处应在pick前力口 。（2015 浙江高考）Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it （perform） li

29、ve is quite another.分析在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空 格处为hear的 语（句子成分），宾语it与perform之间为 （主 /被动）关系，故填 。八.同位语一一同等重要的修饰语对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位 的句子成分叫做同位语。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。（1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.（2

30、） 代词： They all wanted to see him. He himself doesn ' t know why.（3）数词：Are you two ready?（尔们俩准备好了吗？（4）不定式：Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.（5） 动名词： The first plan,attacking at night, was turned down.（6） of 短语：The city of Rome is a attractive

31、 place.（7）从句（同位语从句）:The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.链接高考：1 .找出下列句子中的同位语（2017全国卷面表达）I'm Li Hua, one of your students in your cultural class. His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fuelled.2 .从句子成分分析角度完成下面练习（2017全国卷短文改错）Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our sch

32、ool.分析改法1: all在句中充当主语 Mr.and Mrs. Zhang的 语（句子成 分），因为主语是两个人，故同位语应用 而非 。改法2: 。（2018济宁一模短文改错）Mr. Johnson cares for us student very much.解析：名词student在句中作us的 语（句子成分），故根据us的意义可知，student需要用 （单数/复数）形式。综合练习.分析句子成分1 .Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class. 2.One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future 3 .Music can make ou