高职高专语法讲解与练习

1、语法精讲 概述动词的时态、非谓语动词，定语从句和虚拟语气等语法结构是高职高专学生必须掌握的基本语法知识，也是AB级考试试题中常出现的语法点。本讲参考了高职高专英语通用教材，结合AB级考试的语法考点列出历年真题，并从语法定义、例题分析、试题链接、综合训练四个方面来帮助学生正确理解和掌握语法结构。这将有助于提高学生们的阅读理解能力，对英汉翻译的准确判断也十分有帮助。一、动词的时态I. 定义时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语时态通过动词形式的变化来实现。它表示两个概念范畴。即时间和方式。时间指动词的行为或状态是发生在现在、过去或将来。方式指动词的行为或状态经常发生、正

2、在发生或已经发生。将二者综合起来，就构成了十几种时态。以下几种是我们必须要掌握的。一般现在式 现在进行式 现在完成式一般式： 一般过去式 进行式 过去进行式 完成式：过去完成式一般将来式 将来进行式 将来完成式1. 一般现在时：一般现在时是以动词原形来表示的。用法：1.表示习惯性、经常性、重复发生的动作、特征或状态以及客观事实和真理等。2.用于时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时3.表示预先计划或安排好的将来行为4.询问或引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信件内容。例题分析1. I go running three times a week. 我每周跑步三次。（表示反复发生的动作）2.When the

3、y leave school, they will go to work in Tibet. 毕业后他们将到西藏工作。（在时间和条件从句中用一般现在时代替将来时）3. Light travels more quickly than sound. 光比声音运行得更快。（表示客观真理）4.Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun. 伽利略坚持认为地球绕著太阳转。（宾语从句所述的是客观真理，它的谓语动词需用一般现在时）2. 一般过去时：一般现在时表示过去某时间的动作或状态。用法：1.表示过去某个特定的时间或某一段时间发生的动作和情况。2.

4、表示过去的习惯。3.在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。4.用于虚拟语气，表示现在或将来的一种愿望、假设或非真实情况。例题分析1. We had a good swim yesterday.昨天我们好好游了一次泳。（.表示过去某个特定的时间）2. When we lived there , we used to go that place. 我们住在那儿时，常去那个地方。（表示过去的习惯。）3. I wouldnt go with you if it rained tomorrow。 如果明天下雨的话,我就不和你一起去了。（在条件句中表示过去将来的动作。） 4. I wish I wer

5、e a doctor. 我希望我是一名医生。（对将来的一种愿望和假设）3.一般将来时：一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况，通常跟有一个表示将来的时间状语，如soon，next week，tomorrow 等，其形式一般为shall 或 wil加动词原形。用法：1.表示将来的动作或状态。 2. 表示将来经常发生的动作。3.be going to 表示最近打算要做的事情。 4. be to do 表示按计划要发生的事情。5.be about to do 结构表示“即将(正要)做某事”。6.go, come, leave, start, arrive, take off 等现在进行时表示计划、安排将

6、要发生的动作。 例题分析1. Our teacher is coming in a minute. 我们老师一会儿就来。（come,go等动词进行时表示计划）2. We shall come and work in the factory every year. 每年我们都会来该工厂工作。（表示将来反复发生的动作） 3. The English party is about to begin. 英语晚会即将开始。（be about to do表示即将发生的动作）4. 现在进行时：由助动词 be 的适当形式(am, is ,are) + 现在分词构成。用法：1. 表示说话的时刻或现阶段

7、正进行的动作或发生的情况,常与时间状语 now, at present, at this moment, these days等连用。2. 有时可表示一个按计划即将发生的动作，但仅适用少数词，而且常带有一个时间状语。常见的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive 等。例题分析1. It was a dark night and strong wind was blowing.   那是一个漆黑的夜晚，风在呼呼地刮着。（表示过去某一时间内正在进行的动作。）2. Professor Wang is attending a conference in Paris.王教授正

8、在巴黎参加一个会议。(表示说话的时刻正进行的动作) 3. I am leaving for Shanghai. 我准备前往上海。（与leave, arrive 等连用表示意图或打算）5. 过去进行时：过去进行时由 was (were) +v-ing构成用法：1.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,这一动作常用过去的时间状语表示。 2.表示过去某一时间内正在进行的动作。3.过去进行时还常常用于故事中情节的描述。例题分析1.I am busy at the moment. I am working on the computer.此刻我在忙.正在电脑上工作。（at the moment表示正

9、在进行的动作）2. At nine oclock yesterday morning we were waiting for the bus.昨天早晨九点我们在等车。(表示过去某一时间内正在进行的动作) 3. I t was a dark night and a strong wind was blowing. 夜很黑，大风呼呼地吹著。（过去进行时可用来描写故事发生的背景）6.将来进行时：将来进行时的构成形式是:will/should+be+v-ing用法：1.强调在将来某一刻或某一段时间中一个动作正在进行或发生； 2.表示计划或决定要做的事，在口语中常用来表示预计即将发生或势必发生的动作。例

10、题分析1. We ll be having a meeting tonight from 7 to 9. 今晚7点到9点，我们将在开会。（强调在将来某一刻正在进行的动作；）2. Next month ,the Arctic Sunrise will be visiting the Philippines and Thailand.下个月北极日号将访问菲律宾和泰国。(表示计划或决定要做的事)7.现在完成时：现在完成时由 have (has) + 过去分词构成用法：1.表示动作或状态发生在过去，但对现在有影响。2.表示动作或状态从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在(可能还要继续下去)。3.句中有 so

11、far；up to now；up to present； these days 等表示到现在为止这段时间的状语，需用现在完成时。4.在 It is the first/second/third/time that 结构，It is the only结构，It is the best/finest/worst/most interesting etc.结构，It is (has been) sincethat结构中，从句中的谓语动词需要用现在完成时。例题分析1. We have set up many new factories in this area. 我们已经在这个城市建立了许多新工厂。（

12、表示动作发生在过去对现在有影响）2. I havent watched any television so far this week. 这周我一直没有看电视。（so far表示到现在为止这段时间的状语，需用现在完成时） 3.This is the third time Ive stayed in this hotel.。 这是我第三次住这个宾馆。（It is the first/secondtime that 结构中用现在完成时。）8. 过去完成时：过去完成时由 had + 过去分词构成用法：1.过去完成时表示过去的将来。 2.过去完成时表示过去某时刻以前发生和完成的动作或存在的状态，常用由

13、by, before等介词或连词引起的表示过去某一时间为止的时间状语。 3.过去完成时也常用在 no sooner.than 和 hardly/scarcely. when (before) 等句型中。4.用于虚拟语气条件句中表示与过去事实相反。5.动词 hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan等用过去完成时表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。例题分析1. By the end of last term we had learned 1200 new words. 到上学期末我们已经学了1200 个新单词。（by the

14、end 与过去某一时间连用要用过去完成时）2 Hardly had he entered the office when (before) the phone rang. 他一进办公室，电话铃就响了。（hardly/scarcely. when (before) 等句型中要用过去完成时）3. I hadnt had any English before I came here. 来这以前我一点英语都不懂。（主句和从句的谓语动词发生在不同的时间点，先发生的动作要用过去完成时。）4. We had meant to tell her the news but found that she

15、 wasnt in. 我们打算告诉她这条消息，但发现她不在家。 （mend用过去完成时表示本来打算做而没有做的事。）9. 将来完成时：将来完成时的构成形式是shall / will + 过去分词用法：1.表示在未来某一时刻前已完成或发生的动作而对所说的将来时间点仍有影响。 2.将来完成时可用来表示一种猜测。例题分析1. By 2008,we will have completed all the tasks. 到2008 年我们将完成所有的任务。（by the time/by the end 与将来时间连用要用将来完成时。） 2. I guess the rain will have stop

16、ped by tomorrow. 我猜想到明天雨已经停了。（将来完成时可用来表示一种猜测。）试题链接1. If it_fine tomorrow, we will go to a picnic.A.is B.be C.was D.will be2. I wish I _young again。 A. will be B. am C. was D. were 3. I _ you the book as soon as possible.A. returned B.will return C. would return D.am returning4. He _ take over my wor

17、k. A.is B.was to C. is to D.be to5 .He_ for Shanghai tomorrow. A.leave B. leaves C.is leaving D.will leave6.They_ many great achievements during the past few years.A.had made B.have made C.made make7. Mary_ ill for three weeks. She is still in hospital.A. has been B. am C. was D. had been8. John_ so

18、me Chinese before he came to China.A. learned B. learns C. had learned D. learn 9.If a doctor had been available, the boy _ A.hadnt died B. didnt die C.will not die D. would not have died. 10.Hurry up! Or she _ before we get there. A.left B.leaves C.has left D.will have left11. It is high time they

19、_this road. A. mend B.mended C. must have mended D. will mend12. It is the first time we _here. A. came B. have come C. are coming D. come13. I _my breakfast when the morning post came. A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having14. Tome _the four oclock train this afternoon. A. arri

20、ved at B. is arrived in C. arrives at D. is arriving on15. It _almost every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining常用的几种动词时态比较1. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 现在完成时 一般过去时 表示过去动作对现在的影响 表示过去动作的事实 He has gone to Beijing. 他到北京去了。 (强调人已不在这里) He went to Beijing (last week).他(上星期)到北京去了

21、。(强调动作发生在上周，人现在也许已回来) 动作仍在继续 该动作现早已终止 My uncle has lived in Rome for four years. 我叔叔在罗马住了四年了。 (现在还住在那里)My chief purpose has been to find out areal solution.我主要的目的是找到真正解决问题的办法。 (一直在作出努力)My uncle lived in Rome for four years.我叔叔在罗马住过四年。 (现在不住在那儿了)My chief purpose was to find out a real solution.我当时的主要

22、目的是想找到真正解决问题的办法。 (过去的努力) 2. 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别 现在完成进行时 现在完成时 强调动作的延续性 We've been living here for ten years. 我们在这儿已住了十年。 We've lived here for ten years. 我们在这儿已住了十年。 表示动作仍在进行 表示动作在过去已结束 The students have been preparing for the exam. 学生们一直在准备考试。 (还在进行)The students have prepared for the exam. 学生们对

23、考试作了准备。 (已经结束) 3. 过去完成时和一般过去时的区别 过去完成时 一般过去时对于过去某一时刻的过去 表示的是对于现在的过去时间 All delegates had arrived before 6 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午六点以前，所有的代表都到了。They finished that work yesterday. 他们昨天完成了那项工作。试题链接1. The train _ before I reached the station. A. has left B. had left C. was leaving D. left2. We _ the mat

24、ter several times this year. A.were discussing B.are discussing C.have been discussing D.had been discussing 3. Julia hadnt reached the restaurant when Jim _ there. A. got B. has got C. had got D. was getting4. Have you been to Shanghai? Yes, I _ there last year. A. have been B. had been C. went D.

25、have gone5. Mary always has a lot of letters to write. She _ letters all afternoon and she still _. A. wrote, has not finished B. has written, didnt finished C. has written , has not finished D. wrote ,didnt finished6. Over the twenty years the roles women play at home and in work _. A. had changed

26、B. would have changed C. have changed D. would changed7. Many years ago, Jim _ in Paris with his uncle for a long period of time. A. had been living B. had lived C. lived D. has been living 8. Since she left home, I _ at all well. A.wasnt sleeping B.am not sleeping C.hadnt slept D.havent been sleepi

27、ng 9. I hope that they_the road by the time we come back. A.will have repaired B. would have repaired C have repaired. Dhad repaired10.We _our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had综合练习1. The sun _in the east and _ in the west. A .ri

28、se ,set B. rises , sets C. rose ,set D. is rising ,is setting2. If you _ television every morning, your eyes will ache. A. sit and watch B. will sit and watch C. are to sit and watch D. sat and watched3. When I arrived at his office, he _ on the phone. A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D

29、. had spoken4. It is the thickest book that I _. A. have ever read B. had ever read C. have been reading D. had been reading5. I was so happy to see John again last Sunday. We _ each other for two years. A. havent seen B. hadnt seen C. have seen D. had seen6. She hoped that they _ again someday. A.

30、will meet B. would meet C. meet D .are meeting 7. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A. will find B. find C. have found D. will have found8. Tom _ eat out every day, but now he cant afford it. A. used B. used to C. is used to D. was used to 9. I _ TV when M

31、r. Zhang visited me A. had watched B. had been watching C. was watching D. Have been watching10.Both of his parents _ for many years, leaving him a homeless child. A. have died B. died C. have been dead D. have been dying11.Great changes _ in our institute in the last few years. A. have taken place

32、B. has taken place C. took place D. had taken place 12.So far, I _ to Nanjing city more than twenty times. A. have gone B. have been C. had gone D. had been13.The station master told us the train _ five minutes before. A. left B. has left C. had left D. had been left 14.By the time you arrive in Lon

33、don ,we _ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying15.No sooner _ home than it began to rain. A. we reached B. has we reached C. had we reached D. we were reaching16.The guide told us that an incident _ here in 1925. A. was taken place B. was taki

34、ng place C. would taken place D. had taken place17.While Laura _ in the garden, it suddenly _ to rain. A. sat began B.was sitting began C. sat was beginning D. was sittingwas beginning 18.We never imagined that John _ a doctor. A. would become B. will become C. became D. becomes19. Mr. Smith _ some

35、Chinese lessons before he came to China in 1975. A .has learned B. learned C. has been learned D. had learned 20.It _ for a week and the streets are flooded. A. rained B. is raining C. has been raining D. should have rained III历年真题1. On his way home he suddenly remembered that he (not lock) _ the do

36、or of the office. (2004.B)2. He was told that the stranger (wait) _ for him for two hours. (2004.B)3. The room (be on) _ fire for five minutes when I got there. (2005.B)4. I lost my bag the day before, but it _ now. (2005.B) A. has found B. was found C. had been found D. is found5. I _ for three yea

37、rs by the time I take my examination. (2006.B) A. has been studying English B. studies English C. will have been studying English D. studied English6. When we got to the station, the train _for 5 minutes. (2006.B)A. has left B. had been leaving C. had been away D. left二 非谓语动词 定义在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他

38、语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。 1动词不定式（the Infinitive） A作主语 例句: 1)To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面第一句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.B作表语例句: 1)Her jo

39、b is to clean the hall.C作宾语常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse,manage, help, agree, promise, prefer; continue; arrange.例句:1) We should continue to learn as long as you live.2) I have no choice but to stay here. (充当介词宾语) 3) He gave us some advice on how to learn

40、 English. (与疑问词连用) 4) Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. (不定式宾语后有补足语，用 it 作形式宾语)D作宾语补足语在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade，allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.例如：I didnt expect you to arrive so

41、 early.有些动词如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等与不带有to 的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。 例句： 1) I saw him cross the road. 2) He was seen to cross the road.E作定语 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，与所修饰名词主要是动宾关系。例句： 1) I have a meeting to attend. 2) Its time to go to bed.注意：1.不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词；但如果不定式修

42、饰 time, place, way，则可以省略介词。例句： 1) He found a good house to live in.2) The child has nothing to worry about.3) What did you open it with?4) He has no place to live (in ).2.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式。1) Have you got anything to send? 2) Have you got anything to be sent? F作状语 表示目的例句： 1) He work

43、ed day and night to get the money.2) She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. (wrong)To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. (right) 表示结果例句： 3) He arrived late to find the train gone. 表示原因例句：4) They were very sad to hear th

44、e news. 表示程度例句：5) It's too dark for us to see anything.试题链接1. Its advisable _ twice before accepting that offer. A. for your thinking B. for you to think C. of your thinking D. of you to think 2. The problem of _ as his successor was quickly disposed of. A. which to select B. whom to select C. s

45、electing which D. selecting whom 3. Mr. Green ran all the way up to the station only _that the train had left fifteen minutes before. A. finding B. to find C. to be find D. to be finding4. There are more than fifty proposals _ at the conference. A. to discuss B. to be discussed C. discussing D. havi

46、ng discussed 5The chairman would prefer the matter _at the next meeting. A. being discussed B. to be discussed C. discussing D. to discuss6My suggestion is _. A. to carry out the plan immediately B. to carrying out the plan immediately C. being carried out the plan immediately D. carried out the pla

47、n immediately7. The doctor advised me_on a stick diet. A. to go B. going C. I should go D. go 8. I regret _you that I can t go to Hangzhou for a visit next Sunday with you because I ve caught a bad cold. A. to tell B. telling C. leaving D. left9. The order _machines will come from the control room.

48、A. stopped B. stopping C. to stop D.having stopped10. I have bought this stool _. A. sit with B. sitting with C. to sit D. to sit with2动名词（the Gerund）例题分析A作主语例句: 1) Reading aloud is very helpful. 2) It's no use quarrelling. (动名词作主语时常用it作形式主语)B作表语 例句: 1) Her job is taking care of the children.C作宾

49、语 例句: 1) They haven't finished building the dam. 2) We have to prevent the air from being polluted。注意: 动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it。 3) We found it no good making fun of others. 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consi

50、der, admit, deny, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keep from, stopfrom, protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like要知道如下动词既可跟动名词又可接不定式，但意思差别较大。（1）remember to do 记住要做某事 (2) forget to do 忘记做某事 remember doing 记得做过某事 forget doing忘记做过某事 (3) try