从词句篇的角度试论高中英语写作教学指导

1、论文题目：从词句篇的角度试论高中英语写作教学姓名：陈 星 辰作者单位：惠阳区中山中学学科：英 语学段：高 中联系电话词句篇的角度试论高中英语写作教学 惠阳中山中学 陈星辰【摘要】本文通过分析新课程标准下高考作文分数比例的变化，作文题材的分类及其写作教学在整个高中英语教学中的重要份量，从词句篇的角度，结合教学实例与分析，提出与英语写作教学的有机结合。【关键词】高考作文，词句篇教学，高中英语写作教学一新高考，新题型，新挑战自新课程标准颁布以来，全国中学英语教学领域有两件大事值得我们给予特别的关注。其一，广东、山东、宁夏、海南等省率先进行新一轮的课改实验。其二，自2004年

2、起全国许多省市开始实行高考自主命题。广东省从2007年开始实行新课程标准下的新高考英语题型。广东省2007、2008年高考英语题型、分数分配、时间分配一览表题序题型题量赋分时间(分钟)听力第一节：听独白或对话153030第二节：听取信息55语言知识及应用第一节：完形填空102015第二节：语法填空101510阅读第一节：阅读理解153025第二节：信息匹配5105写作第一节：基础写作11510第二节：读写任务12525总计62150120由上述表格看出，广东省2007、2008年高考英语写作部分分为两节，共计40分，同阅读理解部分的分数权重相同。可见随着普通高中英语课程标准的深入实施，高考改革

3、的基本思路已经清晰可见。在高考试题中更加重视对学生书面语言表达能力的考查。近年来的高考试题在题材方面是呈多样化趋势。写作的题材有中学生非常熟悉的极具时代特征的网上交友问题，有我国关于建设和谐社会的热门话题，有2008年奥运会的志愿者问题，有读书以及书展的问题，更有涉及家庭伦理和家庭道德的问题等等。 写作题材的多样化也是增加难度的一种形式。有些话题更突破了简单叙事的文体，学生写作时必然要掌握一些用英语论述问题的基本技能，也就是说，题材的变化带来了体裁的相应变化，同时对学生用简单的语言论述问题的技能也提出更高的要求，此其一也。写作话题的广泛带来的另一个问题就是学生的词汇量必须跟上，否则想建高楼而没

4、有砖瓦，岂不是空谈？有些单词学生在阅读时遇到肯定能够理解他们的含义，但是在写作中运用这些单词则完全是另一回事；同时用简单的词汇表达较为复杂的意思更是硬功夫。二. 学生在英语写作中的常见问题1. 语言运用问题：单词拼写错误，语法错误；组织句子时受母语干扰的问题；用英语表达试题的限定内容时，感到语言驾驭吃力；重复使用同一句型或同一词语，即所谓的语言重复或啰嗦。2谋篇，立意问题（写作技巧问题）短文结构的完整性问题；段落或句子之间的衔接和过渡问题；缺少画龙点睛之笔，从而使短文缺乏明确的主题。三. 教学设想笔者根据普通高中英语课程标准的要求，围绕NSEFC教材的写作内容，并结合自己多年的教学实践，在任教

5、的班级进行了一系列写作教学尝试。本文从词句篇的角度，提出在高中英语写作教学中如何结合单元教学话题，把握单元教学任务，从词汇，句型到篇章教学循序渐进，指导学生出色完成单元写作任务。这一教学尝试完全符合新课程的教学理念。很好地帮助学生在学习单元词汇，句型及词汇活用的优秀篇章后，尝试完成单元写作任务时，能把本单元全面学习的词汇，句型融会贯通，结合单元话题，做到活用词汇，综合句型，正确谋篇。 四. 从词句篇的角度，把握单元写作教学笔者在把握好单元主题和教学任务的基础上，将每一单元的教学内容细化，取其精华，从词汇，句型到篇章步步为营，做好单元写作教学指导。以下教学实例采用NSEC Module 1 Un

6、it 4进行词句篇写作教学的相关论述及分析。本单元的中心话题是“地震”，内容涉及“中国唐山地震”、“美国旧金山1906年地震”、“地震后重建的新唐山”、“地震的基本知识”、“在地震或突遇的灾难中如何自救、救人”等。本单元的语言知识和技能都是紧密围绕这一主题设计展开的。考虑到本单元在语言运用方面“词汇学习”和“语法学习”安排的部分练习带有很大的主观性，为了更好地适应中低层水平学生的学习，笔者在相关配套练习上也作了调整或改变。1. 词汇教学在进行每单元的阅读教学之前，笔者先列出单元课文重点短语的中文注释，要求学生在完成阅读后在文章中找出相应的英文翻译。在处理Module 1 Unit 4 Eart

7、hquakes 的词汇上，笔者列出了如下短语要求学生参照课文内容翻译并在规定时间内背诵下来。1.好像；仿佛 2.结束；终结 3.二十世纪最大的一次地震 4.沦陷在废墟中 5.成千上万; 好几万 6.数十万 7.救援人员 8.被困在废墟下面 9.掘出 10.掩埋死者 11.在户外搭起临时住所/避难所 12.许多的;大量的 教学实践证明，记忆短语及固定表达法比单纯背单词在翻译句子和写作时更具成效。学生反应更为迅速，表达更加地道。2. 句型教学在处理本单元的句型上，笔者从文章中精选出了下列句子并标示出重点短语及语法结构, 要求学生在教师完成句型分析之后能流利背诵。本单元重点语法内容是定语从句的学习，

8、主要学习定语从句的功能，位置，先行词，关系词特别是关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。(1)课文重点句型：But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.It seemed as if the world was at an end!It was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundred kilometers away.A huge

9、crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses, roads and canals.The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.It was a city whose hospitals, 75% of its factories and buildings and 90% of its homes were gone.Later that afternoon, another big

10、 quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. (2)语法聚焦:定语从句1).即学即用:指出关系代词在定语从句中的成份：The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. The

11、girl whom I met is Lucy. A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. I like the book which you bought yesterday. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor. I like the person to whom you just talked.We shall never forget the days that we spent together. 2).巩固练习：选关系词填空:who, whos

12、e, which ,thatThe girls _ served in the shop were the owners daughters. The man _ I saw told me to come back today.All the apples _ fall are eaten by those naughty boys.The house, for_ he paid $150,000, is now worth $300,000.His house, _ windows were broken, was a depressing sight.紧接着，在以上短语及课文句型语法学习

13、的基础上，笔者要求学生完成词汇句型的活用。(3)课文概要翻译：1976年7月28日凌晨，二十世纪最大的一次地震在唐山市爆发了。成千上万个家庭遇难，城市2/3的人在地震中死去或受伤，无数的房屋倒塌，一座大城市就沦陷在一片废墟之中。在当日下午，比第一次强烈的地震震撼着唐山。更多的房屋倒塌，更多的人死亡，很多医生和救援人员被困在废墟下面。就在这生死存亡的危急时刻，大批战士和救援人员赶赴唐山，挖出受困的人们，为幸存者搭起临时住所，大量的物资分发到群众手中，整个城市又重新被唤醒了。(4)句子翻译：当看到浓烟不断地从屋顶冒出来时我们都惊呆了。(shock)建筑物的大部分在大火中被毁了。(destroy)火

14、灾过后，整栋大楼倒塌了，成为了废墟。(fall down; in ruins)幸好消防队员及时赶到把大楼里的许多人们救了出来。(rescue；a great number of)虽然消防队员已经尽力帮助挖掘出了很多困在废墟中的人们，但不幸的是，还有很多人无法及时逃出，被活埋在了废墟下，已经死亡。(dig out; trap; bury)要是我当时没在香港旅游而是呆在家里的话，对我来说可能也是一场灾难。(disaster)3. 篇章教学为了能让学生真正对单元词汇融会贯通，笔者特别设计了与之配套的短文填空及语法填空。thousands of, electricity, smelly, at an

15、end, right away, shake, destroy, pond, disaster, shock1)短文填空On September, 2006, I had an awful experience of my life. That day, _1_ suddenly was cut down, and I had nothing to do, so I decided to go to bed early when I felt the floor _2_ under myself. The bed was also shaking. I got out of the bed _

16、3_ and looked out of the window. I noticed that the water of the _4_ in front of my house rose and there was also something _5_ in the air. Then I knew what was happening. Earthquake! Quickly, I took my clothes and ran out into the street. At that time, the roof burst apart, which really _6_ me. Jus

17、t ten minutes later, the quake was _6_ but caused serious losses. _8_ people were injured. Twelve hundred homes were _9_ and 1,400 buildings made of brick and steel were badly damaged. It was really a _10_ .2)语法填空：My father came back as a hero, for he had been a _1_ (rescue) in the big Tangshan eart

18、hquake and saved many people who had been trapped in _2_. During the _3_, he went _4_ quite a lot of terrible experiences. He tried hard to struggle _5_ the difficulties he faced. When another big quake _6_ Tangshan on the every day, my father was trying his best to _7_ out some miners trapped in a

19、coal mine. _8_( scare) to death ,most of the rescuers ran away, but he cared nothing about the aftershock. He went on _9_. He dug for 8 hours.12 hours. 24 hours.then, in the 26th hour, he heard some miners_10_. 综合运用1)单元写作 本单元“读与写”部分要求学生为报刊写一篇新闻报道，通过阅读一篇报纸上的新闻故事，要求找出其标题、大意、各段的主要细节，并运用 “5W”(what-when-

20、where-who-why)原则写新闻报道提纲。该练习可以帮助学生学会先写提纲再写报道。但考虑到该部分在内容深度及词汇拓展方面的局限性，笔者在安排学生完成相关练习后，根据新高考题型，结合单元教学主题，安排了如下内容。基础写作：假如你是某报社的记者，请根据以下提示，用英文写一篇有关汶川地震的报道。1.2008年5月12日，四川省汶川县发生8.0级地震；2.截至6月30日，地震已造成69195人死亡，374177人受伤，房屋、公路严重受损；3.地震发生后不久，官兵和救援人员赶到灾区，展开救援工作；4.全国各地人民为灾区捐款、捐物，帮助灾区人民重建家园。 本写作内容不仅要求学生运用本单元学到的与地震

21、有关的单词、短语，而且在表述过程中还需运用到刚学的语法内容：定语从句，所以在帮助学生巩固单元词句篇的学习方面发挥了一定的作用。 2)话题拓展 本单元workbook中的 “Listening”，“Listening task” “Using structure”部分还安排了“地震成因及如何防震”，“在地震或突遇的灾难中如何自救、救人”，“居室防震安全规则”等与地震相关知识的听力内容及语言运用训练，而这些内容与地震主题的学习密不可分。所以在完成听力训练和语法训练的基础上，笔者结合这些材料，另行安排了如下综合写作题材。以“地震”为话题，写一篇与地震有关的文章。地震成因；地震的危害性；如何尽量减少地

22、震造成的损失；如何采取措施保护自己免遭地震伤害。因为有了听力练习和语法训练的基础，学生只需重新组织相关内容便能较容易地完成写作要求。如下是在完成单元学习后一位同学的习作。他很好地串联了单元学到的内容，从词汇运用到篇章组织都很到位。学生范文The reason why earthquakes happen is that plates move. When two moving plates move towards and push each other and then jump, an earthquake is felt. During an earthquake, houses fal

23、l down, people are killed or injured and sometimes the whole city is destroyed. To reduce the loss from an earthquake, first, do not build houses along a line where two plates meet. Second, make sure we build houses on rock rather than on sand and make the houses as strong as possible. Third, we sho

24、uld tie televisions, computers and lamps to tables or walls so they wont easily move around and hurt us.But what should we do during a big earthquake? If we are indoors, always keep in mind three principles, “drop, cover and hold”. We must drop to the floor, cover our heads with our hands and hold onto