land, people and history of Canada

1、The LandWhere Is Canada?The LandProvincial CanadaWelcome to Canada!Canada is the second largest country in the world. (Over 10 million square kilometers.)Longest coastline in the world.10 provinces and 3 territories.A large and geographically diverse country with a small population.Density 4:1The 4

2、parts of the CanadaGreat Lakes and St. Lawrence LowlandsCanadian Shield Canadian Interior PlainsWestern CordilleraThe Lakes in Canada Canada has numerous lakes which cover 7.6% of its landmass. Among them, the Great Lakes on the border between Canada and the U.S are the largest group of the freshwat

3、ers lakes in the world. Canada shares with the U.S Niagara Falls, one of the most spectacular natural wonders on the North American continent.The Great Lakes Superior, Ontario, Huron. Erie, and Michigan. The Great Lakes helped industrial development by making transport easier. They helped develop tr

4、ade with the USA. They also provide hydroelectric power.St. Lawrence Lowlands Alongside Lake Ontario: has highly developed agriculture. Political and economic centre of the country. Over 50% of pop. Live here. of industrial production.Canadian Shield Largest area of the country: 36% of landmass: mos

5、tly bare rocks. Extensive mineral reserves. Name comes from the fact that it covers most of the northern part of the country and shields it from the Arctic.Interior Plains or Great Plains The barn of Canada. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. 18% of the country. Once the home of t

6、he Buffalo. Endless horizon.Western Rockies 16% of the country. Various topography: snow, forests, rivers. Okanagan Valley is a major wine industry.The Forests and mountains in Canada Canada is abundant in forest resources. In fact, approximately 39% of the country is covered with forest. Westward,

7、toward the Pacific Ocean, the area is covered by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockey Mountains. The countrys highest peak is Mount Logan (洛根山) located in the southwestern part of the Yukon Territory at 5,959 meters.Climate (What is the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada

8、? Maritimes: cold, damp, cloudy. Great Plains: long, warm summer days. Western Rockies: wet and mild on coast, dry inland. Arctic region: severe winters at -35/50c Coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada is -81c.Canadians enjoy four very distinct seasons and each season has its own characteristi

9、cs. Fall is the most beautiful season of all, the maple trees are the most shinning scenery in the whole country. Terrorism suspects appear in court in CanadaRaed Jaser, 35, did not enter a plea and waived his right to have the charges read against him after being charged with terrorism Monday and w

10、as remanded into custody until his next court hearing on May 23.Jasers lawyer, John Norris, was able to secure a publication ban on future evidence and testimony. No details were available about Jaser. Neither man is a Canadian citizen.waves of immigrationthe first wave: most of them are Frenchthe s

11、econd wave: most of them are Britishthe third wave: most of them are Europeansthe fourth wave: substantial non-English or non-French speaking populationthe fifth wave: most of them come from South Asia and China and this trend is expected to continueThe PeopleTwo CulturesThe 2006 census a total popu

12、lation of 31,612,897 in Canada.Both English and French are the official languages at the federal level.Self-Reported Ethnic Origins(2006 Census) Other Origins(2006 Census) The LandCanadian Provinces and PopulationMulticultural History 1969 Official Languages Act made English and French official lang

13、uages of Canada. 1971 13% 2001 17.6% bilingual. This idea is in tension with the more multi-cultural population. 35% British origin and 25% French origin. But half of all immigrants 1981-91 from Asia. Chinese 3rd most popular language. Multi-racial nation emerging.Chinese Canadians History 188 first

14、 Chinese gold miners arrive in BC. 1872 BC denies Chinese Canadians the right to vote. 1885 head tax of $50 regulates Chinese immigration to Canada. Head tax raised to $100 in 1900. 1919 Chinese population of Vancouver 6,000. 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act (repealed 1947). 1947 Chinese given the vote in

15、 Canada. 1957 first Chinese Canadian elected to federal parliament.4.Major4.Major CitiesCitiesCanadas capital and its major cities are situated in the south, near its border with the United States.Ottawa（渥太华）：（渥太华）：the capital of Canada, the countrys fourth largest city, located in the Ottawa Valley

16、Toronto (多伦多）：多伦多）：Located in Ontario（安大略省）（安大略省）,the largest city in CanadaMontreal (蒙特利尔）：蒙特利尔）：Located in Quebec(魁北克省）魁北克省）, the second largest city in CanadaVancouver (温哥华）：温哥华）： Located in British Columbia（英属哥仑比（英属哥仑比亚）亚）, Canadas third largest city (the forth, Ottawa)OttawaOttawaOttawa is the

17、capital city and the fourth largest city of Canada, located in the province of Ontario(安大略省).Area: 4,662 square kilometersPopulation:1.23 million TorontoTorontoToronto is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. Toronto also has the distinction of being Canadas financial cap

18、ital.Area: 630 square kilometers Population: 2.5 million Montreal is the second largest city in Canada and the largest city of Quebec. Montreal held the 21st Olympics Games in 1976. It is the second largest French-speaking city in the world after Paris.Area: 365.13 square kilometers Population:1.62

19、millionMontrealMontrealVancouverVancouverVancouver is a city in the province of British Columbia. It is the largest metropolitan center in western Canada and the third largest in the country.Area: 114 square kilometersPopulation: 580,000A Brief History of CanadaHistory1.Discovery and Exploration2.Eu

20、ropean Colonization3.The Canadian Confederation4.Canada in the Early 20th Century5.Post-war Canada How did Canada get its name? Canada was named by the French Explorer Jacques Cartier in 1534. Cartier was looking for a village near Quebec. The local Huron-Iroquios Indians pointed him to the place an

21、d called it Kanata. Cartier mistook the village for the whole region. Discovery and explorationThe name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word, kanata, meaning village or settlement. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explore

22、r Jacques Cartier towards the village of Stadacona.Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada. Key character: Jo

23、hn Cabot & Jacques CartierSome Historical FactsThe Beginning In the early 1500s the Spanish, French, British and Italians were all try to get to North America. The French explorers and missionaries got to Canada first. Jacques Cartier landed at the gulf of the St Lawrence waterway and this led to th

24、e founding of New France. lEuropean Colonization Britain and France Early History Discovered in 1497 by John Cabot who was looking for a trade route to Asia. French exploration began in 1535 with Jacques Carrier. From 1604 France and then Britain established permanent settlements.In 1763 following t

25、he 7 Years War all of Canada comes under British control.Some Historical Facts England Takes OverFrance wasnt all that interested in its new colony, and mostly ignored Canada. The Hudsons Bay Company was founded in 1670, primarily as a fur trading enterprise (Fur was the only real thing Europe was i

26、nterested in about Canada, and this company still exists today as the major department store chain in this country). Canada is known as a peace-loving country, but its beginnings are, like most nations, bloody. England officially declared war on France in 1756, starting in Europe what is known as th

27、e Seven Years War. In 1763, France surrendered and gave Canada to England.Middle History: British Canada In 1774 British parliament passes the Quebec Act to protect French language and religion. In 1791 following American War of Independence Canada is split into upper and lower Canada: English speak

28、ing Ontario and French speaking Quebec. This is the first time that Canada is officially used to refer to Canada. In 1841 upper and lower Canada united into the Province of Canada. British CanadaThe reason of passing the act: To deal with the French population and to avert conflict in Quebec. Influe

29、nces: The act guaranteed the French protection of their language, religion,and the use of French civil law and British criminal law.British CanadaReason: American War of IndependenceAmerican refugees who remained loyal to the Britain,reuired to be treated differently. Influences: It divided the prov

30、ince into French-speaking LowerCanada, later the province of Quebec, and English-speaking Upper Canada, later Ontario, granting each its own elected Legislative Assembly. united as the British colony, the Province of Canada Upper Canada and Lower CanadaCanadian Confederation A New Country Is Formed:

31、 In 1867 the Dominion of Canada was created under the British North America Act(BNA Act) passed by the British government. Sir John A. Macdonald became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion that included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Within the next six years Manitoba, British C

32、olumbia and Prince Edward Island were admitted into the Dominion.The Fathers of ConfederationSelf-governing dominion British North America Act （英属北美英属北美法法） the Constitution Act Statute of Westminster 威斯敏斯特法案an equal partner of Britain a member of the Commonwealth of Nations 18671931Beginning of self

33、-government: 1864 The British North America Act created a federal system of government, British monarch as sovereign, and a parliament with 2 houses. 1867 The Constitution Act created the self-governing dominion of Canada. At this time Canada was only 4 provinces : Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, an

34、d Nova Scotia. 1885 growth of Canada helped by completion of Canadian Pacific Railway.Canada in the Early 20th Century: Canada was involved in World War one as a result of Great Britains declaration of war in 1914. In 1919, Canada was permitted to join the League of Nations as an independent, free-v

35、oting member, and it was until 1931 that the Statute of Westminster finally affirmed the independence of Canada. The Great Depression in the 1930s caused the economic hardship all over Canada. In response, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in Alberta and Saskatchewan enacted many measures of

36、a welfare state. WelfareWelfare The federal governments power increased since the 1950s to its historical height.With taxing and spending powers gained from the provinces,the Liberal government led by Mackenzie King laid the foundations of the canadian welfare state.Old age pensions were increased,unemployment insurance was expanded and federal-provincial welfare programs grew rapidly.In1949,Newfoundland was incorporated into Canada as the tenth pro