情态动词加have加过分

1、7 情态动词+have+过去分词英语中，表示对过去某种情况进行推测或对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行推测，常用情态动词must, may, might, can, could, should, ought to, would等have过去分词表示。一般来说，说话人的语气或推测的把握程度不同，使用的情态动词也不同。现分述如下：1. musthave过去分词：表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行推测。只用于肯定的陈述句中(在否定句及疑问句中用can ),意思是"一定已经"。例如：If he had really been there, I must have seen him.如

2、果他当时确实在那里，我一定会看见他。Her watch must have stopped. I will go and call her.她的表准是停了。我去叫她。2. maymighthave过去分词：表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测，即说话人认为过去某事发生的可能性或某状态存在的可能性一般。可用于肯定句(意思是"可能已经")和否定句(意思是"可能没有")；might的语气没有may那么肯定。例如：She may have read the book.她可能已经看过这本书了。He might not have got your let

3、ter.他或许没有收到你的来信。3. cancouldhave过去分词：表示对过去某种行为或存在的状态的怀疑或不肯定推测。can常用于否定句(意思是"不可能已经")和疑问句；could除用于否定句及疑问句外,还可用于肯定句(意思是"那时可能;本来可以")。例如：Don't worry-they could have just forgotten to phone.别担心-他们很可能只是忘了打电话。Where can he have gone?他可能去哪里了呢?4. needhave过去分词：该句式常用于否定句，表示过去做了不必做或不需要做的事情或

4、过去做某事纯属多余，含有"根本不必；本来不必"之意，也可用于疑问句。例如：You needn't have told them that.你没有必要告诉他们那个。Need they have done it last week?他们上周做这事有必要吗?5. shouldought tohave过去分词：肯定式表示"过去本应做某事(但没做)"；否定式表示"过去不该做某事(但做了)"。该句式含有不满或责备之意。例如：You're right. I should have thought of that.你说得对。我应当想到

5、那点(但没想到)。She ought to have been more careful.她本该更小心些。6. wouldhave过去分词：表示过去本来要做某事却因某种原因未做，通常用来说明某种情况，但不像用should或ought to那样含有责备之意。例如：I would have written to you earlier but I have been ill.我本来要早点给你写信，但我生病了。If I had seen the advertisement I would have applied for the job.我要是看见那个广告了，我就申请那份工作了。从A、B、C、D中选

6、出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。1. John _ a better job, but he was too careless.A. should do B. must have done C. could do D. could have done2.I don't know why he is late.Nor do I. He _ have had an accident.A. can B. should C. might D. must3. The playground is all wet. It _ rained last night.A. had B. can have C.

7、 should have D. must have4. It's already eleven o'clock. He _ to bed.A. must have gone B. must go C. should have gone D. can't have gone5.Who told you my address?I don't remember clearly. It _ Tom.It _ Tom. He doesn't know it.A. may have been; can't be B. can be; mustn't

8、be C. must have been; can't have been D. may have been; mustn't have been6. John passed the exam. He didn't study very hard. The exam _ difficult.A. can't have been B. must have been C. couldn't be D. might have been7. We _ have hurried. We had to wait twenty minutes before the m

9、eeting began.A. needn't B. should C. must D. couldn't8.Mary looks sad. Did you tell her about the accident?Yes, but I _ have told her.A. should B. shouldn't C. must D. ought to not9. She _ have gone to college, but she didn't pass the exam.A. might B. wouldC. must D. need10. He must

10、have seen the inspector last night, _ he?A. mustn't B. hasn't C. didn't D. doesn't【答案与简析】1. D。根据后面的but he was too careless，说明约翰的工作本来可以做得更好(表示一种可能性)，但是他太粗心了；如果用B:约翰的工作肯定做得更好，但是他太粗心了。不合逻辑。2. C。由Nor do I可知，说话者对他为何迟到没有把握。指没有把握的推测一般用may/mighthave过去分词表示，而canhave过去分词一般用于否定句或疑问句，故可排除A。3. D。备

11、选项B常用于否定句或疑问句，故可排除；备选项C通常有责备的语气，在此不合题意；备选项D表示一种有把握的推测，符合The playground is all wet这一前提。4. A。由前句的"现在已经十一点钟了"，说明现在很晚了，故备选项A (他肯定已经睡觉了)符合题意；而备选项D(他不可能已经睡觉了)和备选项C(他本来已经睡觉了)均不合题意。5. A。由I don't remember clearly可以看出，说话者对所发生的事情不太有把握，故第一空用may have been表示不肯定的推测；由He doesn't know it可知,该说话者对前一位的

12、推测予以否定，故第二空填can't be，表示"不可能"。must表示推测时一般用于肯定句，故可排除D。6. A。既然约翰学习不是很努力，也能通过考试，说明那次考试"不可能很难"，故选A符合题意。7. A。我们到达开会的地方等了二十分钟才开始开会，说明我们来开会的时候匆忙是"不必要的"，故选A。needn't have done sth.表示过去不必做某事(但做了)。8. B。玛丽现在很悲伤，是因为我把那次事故告诉了她；如果我当时没有告诉她，她现在就不会悲伤了。言外之意是：我当时不该告诉她那次事故。指过去不该做某事(但

13、却做了)，常用should not/ought not tohave过去分词表示。9. B。她本来可以上大学的，但她没有通过考试。wouldhave过去分词表示过去本来要做某事，却因某种原因而未做成。10. C。含must have done句式的反意疑问句，若陈述部分含表示过去时间的状语,反意疑问部分用过去式。本题有过去时间状语last night，故选C。8 should和ought toshould 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 sh

14、ould（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。1) should和ought to表示责任、建议或劝告，翻译为"应该"，后者语气强一些。【例如】You should listen to the doctor's advice if you want to recover soon.Such things ought not to be allowed.2) should接动词的完成式，是一种谴责，表示过去应该做而没有做或过去做了而不应该做。【例如】I missed the class. I should have come earlier.I

15、shouldn't have made such a foolish mistake. 我，不是作家，不能用手中的钢笔描写生动的生活；我，不是画师，不会用手中的彩笔构画精彩的生活；我，更不是智者，用自己独具的慧眼来看透生活；我，只是个无知的孩子，正试图用迷惑的眼睛读懂生活9 had better表示"最好"had better(常简略为'd better)是一固定词组，had better"最好"，用于表示对别人的劝告、建议或表示一种愿望。其用法有以下几点：一、had better后面必须跟动词原形。had better后跟动词原形(即不

16、带to的不定式)，构成had better do sth.句型。这里的had不能用have来替换。如：You'd better go to hospital at once.你最好立即去医院看病。Tom, you'd better go there today.汤姆，你最好今天去那儿。二、主语不论是第几人称，句子不论是什么时态，都要用had better的形式。如：Now you(he，we) had better listen to the teacher.你(他，我们)现在最好听老师讲。三、had better可用于的时态。1.had better用于指现在。如：Now y

17、ou had better listen to the radio.你现在最好听收音机。You had better be quiet.你最好安静一些。2.had better用于指将来。如：You had better start tomorrow.你最好明天动身。We had better buy the more expensive one. It will last much longer and so it will be cheaper in the end.我们最好还是买贵些的,它更经久耐用，所以到头来，它还是更便宜些。3.had better用于进行式，表示讲话人提出建议时，动

18、作正在进行。如：We had better be watching the TV play.我们最好现在就看到电视剧。We had better be starting back now.我们最好现在就动身回去。4.had better + have + V-ed可表示"本该做而没有做的事"。如：You had better have done it .如果你把那件事办妥就好了。(但实际上你没有那样做)You had better have stayed with us .要是当时你和我们呆在一起多好啊。(实际上没有)四、had better的否定式。如： 常用的否定形式是

19、将否定副词not直接放在had better的后面。如：You had better not miss the last bus.你最好不要错过末班公共汽车。You had better not leave for Nanjing the day after tomorrow.你最好后天不要动身去南京。注意：否定副词not绝不能放在had的后面。如：不能说：You hadn't better go.而应该说：You had better not go.五、had better的疑问式。had better通常不以普通疑问句的形式出现。但有时用于否定疑问句，常用Hadn't+主语

20、+better.?结构,作为一种劝告形式，比肯定形式的语气更婉转一些。如：Hadn't you better take an umbrella?你不认为该带一把伞吗?Hadn't you better ask him first?你不认为该先问问他吗?六、had better在反意疑问句中。在反意疑问句中，疑问部分一般用"had+主语？"，但有时可用"will you?"表示一种请求或建议。如：You'd better not go out today, had you? 今天你最好不要外出，好吗？I must stay at h

21、ome this afternoon. You had better come to my house, will you?今天下午我必须留在家里，你最好来我家，好吗？七、在祈使句中，had有时可以省略。如：Better not do it .最好别做那事。Better not wait for them.最好不要等他们。八、had better的被动式。You had better do it.->It had better be done.You had better have done it.->It had better have been done.九、had bette

22、r在间接引语中的用法。在直接引语变为间接引语的过程中，had better同第一人称或第三人称连用时，保持不变；had better同第二人称连用时，可以保持不变，也可用advise+宾语+不定式(宾补)来表示。如：He said, "Ann had better hurry."->He said (that) Ann had better hurry.He said, " I had better hurry."->He said (that) he had better hurry.He said to me," You had

23、 better hurry." ->He said (that) I had better hurry.->He advised me to hurry.十、had better在表示对别人劝告、建议时，不宜用于与陌生人、长辈及上级的交谈中。对长辈说话时，最好不用had better。比较有礼貌的说法是：It might be better for you.； It would be better for you.。如：It might be better for you to help me，Grandpa.爷爷，您最好能帮我一下。练习 下列各句都有一处错误，请改正。1

24、.You'd better to wait for me at the school gate.2.I have better write to him now.3.You had not better go there.参考答案：1.去掉to。2.have应改为had。3.将not置于better后面。10 would rather表示"宁愿"一、 "would rather+动词原形"是英语中常见的一个惯用句式（美国英语中多用had rather）。'd rather为would（或had）rather的缩写形式。would (had

25、)在此决无"过去"之意，且无词性、时态的变化。该句式常用来表示选择的意愿，意为"宁可；宁愿；最好"。例如：He'd rather work in the countryside. 他宁可到农村去工作。If you'd rather be alone, we'll all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家里看点书。二、 would rather与than连用，可

26、构成另一个惯用句式，即："would rather.than."意为"宁可（愿）（而）不要（愿）；与其不如"。用以表达主语的意愿，强调经过选择后做其中一件事，而不愿做另一件事。例如： I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。三、 在使用"would rather.than."句型时，应注意以下几点：1. than 后边也应接动词原形，但如该句型前后连接的两个动词相同，则than之后的那个动词可省去。例如： I'd rather

27、 know that now than afterwards. 我宁可现在就知道这件事，而不是以后。2. would rather.than.也可改写成 "would.rather than.",其用法及含义仍不变。例如： Facing the enemies, our soldiers would die rather than surrender. 面对敌人，我们的战士宁死不屈。3. 有时为了表示语气上的强调，可将rather than置于句首。例如： Rather than refuse to help you, I would borrow money from m

28、y friends. 我宁可向朋友借钱，也不愿拒绝帮助你。4. would rather后也可跟从句，表示主语宁愿让某人干某事。这时，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事；用过去完成时表示已经做过的事或过去要做的事。例如：I'd rather she set out to do the work now. 我宁愿她现在就着手做这项工作。I'd rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. 我但愿你明天早上能在机场见到她。I'd rather you hadn't told him

29、 the news that day. 我真希望你那天没有把那个消息告诉他。5. would rather后还可接动词的完成式，表示主语要做某事，而结果却事与愿违。例如： I'd rather have left a note on her desk. 我本想留张字条在她书桌上的。（事实上没有留）试比较 I'd rather I left a note on her desk. 我宁可留张字条在她的书桌上。四、 巩固练习。1. 选择最佳答案。1） -Shall I open the window to let some fresh air in?-No, _ .A. I'

30、;d rather not B. I'd rather you not C. I'd rather you didn't D. I'd like not to2) I would rather you _ with us yesterday, but you left.A. had stayed. B. stay C. stayed D. have stayed3) - _ , I think well of him.-But I would rather _ to see him yesterday.A. Personally； go B. Personall

31、y； have gone C. As far as I am concerned； D. As far as I am concerned； went4） -Do you mind if I keep pets in this building?- _ .A. I'd rather you didn't , actually B. Of course not, it's not allowed here C. Great! I love pets D. No, you can't5） -Would you _ have tea or wine?- _ . I p

32、refer coffee.A. rather; Either B. rather; Neither C. like; Neither D. rather; Both6） -Did you quarrel with the boss?-Yes, but _ that.A. I'd rather do B. I'd like to do C. I'd rather not have done that D. I'd like to have done2. 完成句子。1) I would rather _ （去）.2) I would rather _ （不去）.3)

33、 I would rather _（你常去那）.4) I would rather _ （你明天去那）.5) I would rather _ （你昨天去了那）.6) I would rather _ （去那而不待在这）.7) I would rather _ （很受罪而不愿你去那）.答案与解析1. 1）答案C。本题考查情景交流用语。I'd rather not是I'd rather not open the window.的省略句，意思是"我不愿开窗"。I'd rather 后不跟you not 结构，B项语法不正确。I'd rather

34、后可跟从句，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时态，所以选项C为正确答案。2）答案 A。解此题的关键是would rather后接从句，从句用虚拟语气，用过去完成时表示过去要做的事，又根据信息词yesterday 进一步说明选项A是正确的。3）答案 B。根据信息词yesterday。4）答案A。意为"实际上，我但愿你不要（养宠物）"， 正好符合语境。5）答案 B。考查would rather do something句式和neither的用法。两者都表否定。6）答案 C。意为："我但愿过去没有和他争吵"。符合语境。在做题中，尤其要注意对would rather

35、have done something的理解，它和其他情态动词的完成体用法类似, 表示"宁愿（过去）做了某事"，实际上没做。2. 1) go 2) not go 3) you often went there 4) you went there tomorrow 5) you had gone there yesterday 6) go there than stay here 7) suffer a lot than you would go there11 will和would一、will表示意志、意愿，有"愿、要"之意。例如：1) We will

36、fight on until final victory is won.2) I will do my best to help you.3) She will not shove the heavy load on to others.在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意思，有"你.好吗、你愿."。例如：1) Will you help me with my work?2) Will you join our discussion?表示习惯、经常性、倾向性，有"惯于、总是"等意义。例如： Every morning he wi

37、ll have a walk along this river.在if ,when ,until等连词引导的表示时间或条件的从句中要用一般时表将来，但在if 从句中有时为了表示意愿也可用will ，有"愿意"的意思。例如：1) If you will read this article ,you will realize you are wrong.2) If they won't help us ,we can not finish the task within one month.二、wouldWill 的过去式，表示对过去时间的意志、意愿、决心，有"

38、;愿、要、偏要"的意思。例如：1) I promised that I would do my best.2) I told him not to go ,but he would not listen to me.表示请求或个人的想法、看法，使语气婉转，有"愿、倒"等意思，例如：1) Would you please take a seat?2) Would you mind opening the window?3) I would like to express my thanks to you.表示过去习惯性的动作，着重动作的重复，有"总是、总会

39、"等意思。例如： On Sundays he would come to our village and work with us.表示虚拟、假设、条件等，有"要、将要、会、就会"等意思。例如1) If you had come earlier ,you would have seen him.2) It would be better to adopt the new method.注意：1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。Would you like to go with me?2）Will yo

40、u? Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。Would you like some cake?3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。Won't you sit down?12 情态动词的回答方式问句 肯定回答 否定回答Need you? Yes, I must. No,I needn'tMust you? /don't have to.典型例题1）-Could I borrow your dictionary?-Yes, of course, you_.A.

41、might B. will C. can D. should答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。2）-Shall I tell John about it?-No, you _. I've told him already.A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't答案A。needn&#

42、39;t 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。3）-Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.-_.A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。13 带to的情态动词带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to hav