2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析

1、2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题万解析PassagelQ日题）题材：历史文化类 题目：TattooonTikopia 题型：判断4+图表填空5+表格填空4 文事大忌: 本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景（定义、历史），科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。ATherearestilldebatesabouttheoriginsofPolynesianculture,butonethingwecanensureisthatPolynesiaisnotasingletribebutaco mplexone.PolynesianswhichincludesMarq

2、uesans , Samoans,Niueans,Tongans,CookIslanders,Hawaiians,Tahitians,andMaori,arcgeneticallylinkedtoindigenouspeoplesofpart sofSoutheastAsia.Itsasub-regionofOccania,comprisingofalargegroupingofoven,000islandsscatteredoverthecentralandsou thernPacificOcean,withinatrianglethathasNewZealand,HawaiiandEast

3、erIslandasitscorners.BPolynesianhistoryhasfascinatedthewesternworldsincePacificcultureswerefirstcontactedbyEuropeanexplorersinthelate18t hcentury.ThesmallislandofTikopia,formanypeople-evenformanySolomonIslanders-issofarawaythatitseemslikeamythicall and;aplacelikeNamiathatmagicallandinC.S.Lewis,class

4、ic, TheChroniclesofNamia.TiMpybetSeeopSeofite,andtheircultureshavelongfascinatedscholars,travelers,andcasualobservers.LikethepioneersPeterDillion,DumoniDUrvill eandJohnColleridgePattersonwhovisitedandwroteabouttheislandinthe1800s,RaymondFirthisoneofthosepeoplecapturedbyt healluringattractionofTikopi

5、a.Asaresult,hehadmadeanumberoftripstotheislandsince1920sandrecordedhisexperiences,obse rvationsandreflectionsonTikopia,itspeople,culturesandthechangesthathaveoccurred.CWhileengagedinstudyofthekinshipandreligiouslifeofthepeopleofTikopia,Firthmadeafewobservationsontheirtattooing.Bri efthoughthesenotes

6、aretheymaybeworthputtingonrecordasanindicationofthesociologicalsettingofthepracticeinthisprimitive Polynesiancommunity.TheoriginoftheEnglishword tattooactuallycomesfromtheTikopiawordtatau1.Thewordfortattoomarksingeneralistau,andtheoperationoftattooingisknownastatau,tabeingthegenerictermfortheactofst

7、riking.DThetechniqueoftattooingwassimilarthroughoutPolynesia.Traditionaltattooartistscreatetheirindelibletattoosusingpigment madefromthecandlenutorkukuinut.First,theybumthenutinsideabowlmadeofhalfacoconutshell.Theythenscrapeoutthesootan duseapestletomixitwithliquid.Bluingissometimesaddedtocounteract

8、thereddishhueofthecarbon-basedpigment.Italsomakest heoutlineoftheinscribeddesignsbolderonthedarkskinoftattooingsubjects.EFortheinstrumentsusedwhentattooing,specialistsusedarangeofchiselsmadefromalbatrosswingbonewhichwerehaftedontoahandlewhichwasmadefromtheheartwoodofthebushandstruckwithamallet.Theta

9、ttooerbeganbysketchingwithcharcoaladesig nonthesupinesubject,whoseskinatthatlocationwasstretchedtautbyonemoreapprentices.Thetattooerthendippedtheappropriat epoints-eitherasingleoneorawholecombintotheink(usuallycontainedinacoconut-shellcup)andtappeditintothesubjectsskin,h oldingthebladehandleinonehan

10、dandtappingitwiththeother.Thebloodthatusuallytrickledfromthepunctureswaswipedawayeit herbythetattooerorhisapprentice,thelatterhavingalsoservedbyrestrainingapain-wrackedsubjectfrommoving,fortheoperation wasinevitablypainfulatestoffortitudethattattooerssoughttoshortenbyworkingasfastaspossible.Infact,t

11、attoosnearlyalwaysfes teredandoftenledtosickness-andinsomecasesdeath.FInancientPolynesiansociety,nearlyeveryonewastattooed.Itwasanintegralpartofancientcultureandwasmuchmorethanabody ornament.Tattooingindicatedonesgenealogyand/orrankinsociety.Itwasasignofwealth,ofstrengthandoftheabilitytoendurepai n.

12、Thosewhowentwithoutthemwereseenaspersonsoflowersocialstatus.Assuch,chiefsandwarriorsgenerallyhadthemostelabo ratetattoos.Tattooingwasgenerallybegunatadolescence, andwouldoftennotbecompletedforanumberofyears.Receivingtattooconstitutedanimportantmilestonebetweenchildhoodand adulthood,andwasaccompanied

13、bymanyritesandrituals.Apartfromsignalingstatusandrank,anotherreasonforthepracticeintra ditionaltimeswastomakeapersonmoreattractivetotheoppositesex.GThemalefacialtattooisgenerallydividedintoeightsectionsoftheface.Thecenteroftheforeheaddesignatedapersonsgeneralran k.Theareaaroundthebrowsdesignatedhisp

14、osition.Theareaaroundtheeyesandthenosedesignatedhishapu,orsub-triberank.The areaaroundthetemplesservedtodetailmsmaritalstatus,likethenumberofmarriages.Theareaunderthenosedisplayedhissignatur e.Thissignaturewasoncememorizedbytribalchiefswhouseditwhenbuyingproperty,signingdeeds,andofficiatingorders.Th

15、ech eekareadesignatedthenatureofthepersonswork.Thechinareashowedthepersonsmana.Lastly,thejawareadesignatedapersons birthstatus.HApersonsancestryisindicatedoneachsideoftheface.Theleftsideisgenerallythefathersside ,andtherightsidewasthemothers.Themanutahidesignisworkedonthemen sback.Itconsistsoftwover

16、ticallinesdrawndownpine,withshortverticallinesbetweenthem.Whenamanhadthemanutahionhisback,hetookprideinhimself.Atgatheringsofthepe oplehecouldstandforthintheirmidstanddisplayhistattoodesignswithsongs.Androwsoftrianglesdesignonthemenschestindica tehisbravery.ITattoowasawaydeliveringinformationofitsow

17、ner.It salsobodtoifeinasmettualpower,protectionandstrength.ThePolynesiansusethisasasignofcharacter,positionandlevelsinahierarchy.Polynesianpeoplesbelievethataperson irspiritualpowerorlifeforce,isdisplayedthroughtheirtattoo.部分答案:判断题1.ScientistsliketodoresearchinTikopiabecausethistinyplaceisofgreatrem

18、oteness.2.FirthwasthefirstscholartostudynoTikopia.3.FirthstudiedtheculturedifferencesonTikopiaaswellasonsomeotherislandsofPacific.精心整理4.TheEnglishword “tattoo isevokedfromthelocallanguageoftheisland.答案：1.Y2.N3NG4Y答案：5coconutshell6soot7liquid8heartwood9wingbone表格填空题答案：10(the)forehead11chin(area)12mother sancestry13verticallines14triangles参考阅读：C9T4P3TheDevelopmento