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1、1Lesson 5 FUEL OIL SYSTEMCHAO HAI PENGMARINE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT1. Marine engines must operate successfully on heavy fuel oils which may vary (变化) in quality(质量) and analysis(成分,分析) depending upon the source(来源) of their crude oil (原油)and the refinery(冶炼) processes.2、Accurate(精确的)(精确的) and complete(

2、彻底(彻底的,全部的)的,全部的) analysis(成分)成分) are difficult to obtain(达到,获得)(达到,获得) but specifications (规范,说明)(规范,说明)should confirm(确认,确确认,确定)定) that certain parameters(参数)(参数) are not exceeded(超过)(超过). Samples(样品)(样品)of the oil delivered (送)(送)should be kept for reference(参考,参照)(参考,参照).3、Density(密度)(密度) of the

3、 oil must be given (usually measured at 15.c ), since the consignment(交付,运送)(交付,运送) will be measured by weight. It will be necessary to know this to adjust(调节)(调节) centrifuges to give efficient purification.由于交货时是用重量来度量的,因此必须给出由于交货时是用重量来度量的,因此必须给出油的密度(通常为摄氏油的密度(通常为摄氏15度下测量的)。这度下测量的)。这也是必须知道的参数当调节分油机

4、分油效率也是必须知道的参数当调节分油机分油效率时。时。Viscosity(黏度)(黏度) is required, to calculate(计算)(计算) temperatures at which the fuel is treated(处理)(处理) and injected(喷射)(喷射) into the engine. Flash point(闪点)(闪点) for the fuel must be below 60.c although the actual value (实际(实际值)值)need not be stated. This minimum(最小(最小值)值) is

5、 for safety reasons. Other factors(因素)(因素) should also be considered when selecting a fuel oil. 在选用燃油的时候,其他因素也应该考虑。在选用燃油的时候,其他因素也应该考虑。 Among those which affect combustion are the fuel oils viscosity(燃油黏度)(燃油黏度), cetane number(十六烷值)(十六烷值) and calorific(卡路里(卡路里) value(发热量)(发热量); the sulphur (硫)(硫)in i

6、t and its carbon(碳)(碳) residues(残渣)(残渣) and ash(灰)(灰) are factors that decide the formation of combustion products; 在这些因素中影响燃烧的因素有燃油黏度在这些因素中影响燃烧的因素有燃油黏度,十六烷值,和发热量。含硫量,残炭以,十六烷值,和发热量。含硫量,残炭以及灰分是决定燃烧产物形成的决定因素及灰分是决定燃烧产物形成的决定因素 。 and the engines maintenance(保养)(保养) has a lot to do with its flash and sett

7、ing points(凝(凝点)点), specific gravity(比重)(比重), viscosity(黏(黏度)度), water content(水分)(水分) and the mechanical impurities(机械杂质)(机械杂质) in it. 并且,主机的保养工作和燃油的闪点、凝并且,主机的保养工作和燃油的闪点、凝点、比重、黏度、含水量以及机械杂质都点、比重、黏度、含水量以及机械杂质都有很大关系有很大关系The fuel oil system(燃油系统)(燃油系统) for a diesel engine can be considered in two parts

8、- the fuel supply(供油)(供油) and the fuel injection(燃油喷射)(燃油喷射) systems. Fuel supply deals with the provision of the fuel oil suitable for use by the injection system。主机的燃油系统可分为两部分主机的燃油系统可分为两部分供油系统和供油系统和燃油喷射系统燃油喷射系统.燃油供应提供适合于喷射系统燃油供应提供适合于喷射系统的燃油。的燃油。 Fuel oil supply(供油)(供油) Fuel to be used is first tra

9、nsferred from storage tanks (储存柜)(储存柜)to a settling tank(沉淀柜)沉淀柜) in which it is heated to allow some water and sludge to settle out by gravity and be drained off. 燃油首先从日用柜驳运到沉淀柜,加热使燃油首先从日用柜驳运到沉淀柜,加热使部分水分和杂质靠重力沉淀析出,并通过部分水分和杂质靠重力沉淀析出,并通过放残放掉。放残放掉。 The fuel is then passed through(通过)通过) the purificati

10、on(分油,分离)(分油,分离) system and discharged(驳运,排放)(驳运,排放) to a daily tank (日用柜)日用柜). Settling and service tanks are lagged (加保温套,防护套)(加保温套,防护套)to conserve(保护,保存)保护,保存) heat. 燃油通过分油系统驳到日用柜。燃油通过分油系统驳到日用柜。 为了保温为了保温,沉淀柜和日用柜都加了保温防护层。,沉淀柜和日用柜都加了保温防护层。 From the service tanks(日用柜)(日用柜) the treated(处理过) oil is pu

11、mped through a pressurized fuel system(压力燃油系统) to the engine. With the oil temperatures necessary for high viscosity fuel(高粘度燃油)(高粘度燃油), and the possibility that a trace(痕迹、踪迹)痕迹、踪迹) of water may still be present, it is necessary to maintain the engine pump suction and circulating connections under

12、pressure to inhibit(避免,禁止)(避免,禁止) boiling(沸腾)(沸腾), gasification(气化)(气化) and cavitation(气穴)(气穴). 由于高粘度燃油需要保持油温,并且有种水分的残留依然由于高粘度燃油需要保持油温,并且有种水分的残留依然可能存在,因此必须保持泵的吸口和循环环节有一定压力可能存在,因此必须保持泵的吸口和循环环节有一定压力,从而避免沸腾,气化、气穴现象的发生,从而避免沸腾,气化、气穴现象的发生。 The oil first passes to the supply pump which raises its pressure

13、to about 4 bar; this pressure is maintained in the circulating returns. 燃油首先经过供给泵加压使其压力达到约燃油首先经过供给泵加压使其压力达到约4bar, 这个压力在循环回路里被维持。这个压力在循环回路里被维持。The circulating(循环) or booster(增压) pump draws oil from the primary (初级的)discharge, raising its pressure to 10-12 bar and delivering it through the heater, vis

14、cosity regulator and fine filter to the main engine fuel pumps. 循环泵或者增压泵从第一级出口吸入油,把循环泵或者增压泵从第一级出口吸入油,把压力加至压力加至10-12bar,通过加热器、黏度控制,通过加热器、黏度控制器和细滤器最终传至主机燃油泵。器和细滤器最终传至主机燃油泵。 The viscosity regulator(粘度计) controls the fuel oil temperature in order to provide oil at correct viscosity for combustion. 粘度控制器

15、控制燃油的温度为了提供利于粘度控制器控制燃油的温度为了提供利于燃烧的合适黏度的燃油。燃烧的合适黏度的燃油。 In large two-stroke engines the fuel oil injectors will circulate fuel during the period they are not actually injecting it to the cylinder. 大型二冲程柴油机,燃油喷射器在实际没大型二冲程柴油机,燃油喷射器在实际没有喷射燃油到气缸的时期,会使燃油在其有喷射燃油到气缸的时期,会使燃油在其中循环。中循环。 This ensures that the sy

16、stem remain fully primed and at uniform (统一的,相同的)temperature. The circulated oil is returned to a buffer (缓冲柜)or venting(放气) tank from which it passes either back to the low pressure part of the system before the circulating pump suction, or into the service tank(日用柜). Various(各种) safety devices(安全装

17、置) must be included in the system with alarms to detect(探查,侦查) loss in oil pressure, low tank level(低油位), etc. Quick closing valves(速闭阀) which can be operated from outside the machinery space must be fitted to all tanks and to the main inlet(主进口) to the engine. Fuel pumps must have remote switches (

18、遥控装置)by which they can be stopped in an emergency. Fuel Injection 燃油喷射燃油喷射 The function (功用)of the fuel injection system(燃油喷射系统) is to provide the amount of fuel at the right moment and in a suitable condition for the combustion process. 燃油喷射系统的功用就是在合适的时间和燃油喷射系统的功用就是在合适的时间和合适的情况下给燃烧过程提供一定量的燃合适的情况下给燃

19、烧过程提供一定量的燃油油 That means, the fuel injection system for diesel engines must be able to supply a metered amount of (一定量) fuel to each cylinder for each power stroke according to the load(负荷) on the engine, 这意味着,燃油喷射系统必须能够根据主这意味着,燃油喷射系统必须能够根据主机的负荷向柴油机的每个缸在做功冲程提机的负荷向柴油机的每个缸在做功冲程提供一定量的燃油。供一定量的燃油。and must

20、 include a timing mechanism to ensure that delivery of this fuel commenced(开始) at the correct moment, and must have a means to atomize the fuel。同时必须包含一个定时机构从而确保燃油同时必须包含一个定时机构从而确保燃油供应在正确的时刻开始,并且有一定的方供应在正确的时刻开始,并且有一定的方式雾化燃油。式雾化燃油。 The type of the fuel injection system most commonly used in modern dies

21、el engines is the jerk pump system. 现代柴油机通常所用的燃油系统的形式现代柴油机通常所用的燃油系统的形式 是是高压燃油喷射泵系统高压燃油喷射泵系统。 In the system, a separate(单独的) injection pump(喷射泵) is provided for each cylinder which operates once every cycle. The barrel (套筒) and plunger (柱塞), together with the cam(凸轮轴), are dimensioned(定尺寸) to displac

22、ed (置换)fuel at the rate (速率)it is required in the combustion chamber(燃烧室). Ports(开口) in the barrel in combination with(结合) slots (槽)in the plunger determine (决定)the amount of fuel delivered and the timing of its entry to the cylinder. Each pump is connected to the injector, or injectors, serving one

23、 cylinder. These injectors(喷油器) have spring-loaded (弹簧负荷)needle valves(针阀) which are set to ensure that the fuel is raised to a sufficiently high (足够高)pressure to cause atomization(雾化) when they automatically open (自动打开)to admit(使进入) it to the cylinder.The engine is also provided with a governor(调速器

24、)(调速器) which is designed to regulate(调节)(调节) the engines speed by adjusting the quantity of oil injected. When the engine runs at a speed higher or lower than is set, the governor will act automatically and reduce or increase the fuel oil supply so that the engine speed can be adjusted. 柴油机也安装有一个调速器

25、,他通过调节燃油喷射量来控柴油机也安装有一个调速器,他通过调节燃油喷射量来控制机器的速度。当机器在比一个比设定速度较高或者较低制机器的速度。当机器在比一个比设定速度较高或者较低的速度运转时,调速器将自动动作,减少或者增加燃油供的速度运转时,调速器将自动动作,减少或者增加燃油供应,从而调控机器的速度。应,从而调控机器的速度。 The flyweight(飞重) type governor with a adjustable spring (可调节的弹簧)is one of those most commonly used for large marine engines. The regulat

26、ing movements(调节动(调节动作)作) of the flyweights are transmitted(传输) to the fuel pump regulating rods(调节杆) by means of built-in (组装)servomotor(伺服机构). The oil pressure necessary for operating this governor is delivered by a gear-type oil pump built into the governor。 用来操作调速器的油压是用一个装在调速器里面的齿轮泵来建立。 The gene

27、ral indications of good combustion are similar in any operation diesel engine: a clear exhaust, power produced and exhaust temperatures normal for the throttle (节流(节流)setting. There should be on uneven running, knocking from cylinders or the fuel system. 在所有运转的柴油机在所有运转的柴油机, 其良好燃烧状况的显示通常其良好燃烧状况的显示通常是

28、相同的:淡淡的尾气,产生的功率,废气温度是相同的:淡淡的尾气,产生的功率,废气温度正常。没有不均匀运转,缸内和燃油系统没有敲正常。没有不均匀运转,缸内和燃油系统没有敲击声。击声。 Viscosity(黏度), or resistance to flow(流动阻力), in a fuel oil is important when considering combustion. It must be low enough to ensure correct atomization(合适的雾化) at the fuel injector. Since viscosity reduces as temperature is increased, it will be necessary to heat heavy fuel oil to reduce its viscosity to about 15cst at 50.C before atomization for combustion. 既然黏度随着温度的升高而减小,因此在燃烧雾化前需要把

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